In addition to these general properties Style has also 243 Special properties; thus, 244 SUBLIMITY 245 suitable to a description of sublime objects. 246 As a state of mind, 247sublimity is incapable of definition. 248 We may express or arouse it, however, by referring to such conditions as beget that feeling. 249The contemplation of vastness begets sublimity. 250 So, also, power, 251awfulness, 252obscurity, 253great loudness, and most of all, 254moral greatness. 255To be sublime in writing, there must be a 256 sublime subject, a 257vivid conception of the strong points, and 258generality of expression, (259that the main thought may not be detracted from by unnecessary words.) 260 BEAUTY is of many kinds; as 261beauty of color, 262figure, 263motion, 264complexity, 265countenance, 266moral beauty. Beauty in writing requires 267 Beauty of Subject, and 268 Beauty of Expression. (269 Not necessarily concise, as in sublimity.) 270 WIT-expresses such relations between ideas as will excite 271 surprise, but nothing more. 272Is brief. 273 PUN expresses unexpected relations between words, 274not ideas. 275Is an inferior kind of wit; 276often made tiresome; 277 but sometimes very effective. 278 Wit and puns have great dangers and 279great advantages. 280 Care is required not to lose more than is gained. 281HUMOR-is not only funny, but kind; 282milder than wit; 283 and may be long-continued. 284 Wit attacks enemies; 285humor may be indulged at the expense of friends. 286SLANG PHRASE unauthorized language; 287 colloquial expres sion. 288 Lingo. (Of gypsy origin.) 289 VERSIFICATION is the 290mechanism of Poetry. 291Object, to please. 292 Pleases by regularity of vocal impulse. 298 RHYTHM is the harmonious relation of syllables with refer ence to accent. 294 RHYME is the chiming of one syllable with another. 295 VERSE is a line of poetry. 296 STANZA is a number of lines suited together. 297 Couplet, two successive lines that rhyme. 298 Triplet, three successive lines that rhyme. 299 Quatrain, is a stanza of four lines. 800 Foor is synonymous with 301 Meter, the measuring unit of the line. 302 Monometer, a line of one foot. 303 Dimcter, line of two feet. 304Trimeter, line of three feet. 305 Tetrameter, line of four feet. 808 The kind of foot depends upon the number of syllables and the position of the accent. 3091ambus-foot of two sylables accented on the second. foot of two syllables accented on the first. 811 Anapaest-foot of three syllables accented on last. 313 Spondee-foot of two syllables accented on both. 814 Whole viz.: These four kinds of feet give rise to four kinds of verse; 315 Iambic, 316Trochaic, 317 Anapaestic, 318Dactyllic. Six kinds of meter, as above, to each kind of verse, produce 319 twenty-four kinds of verse in English poetry. All kinds are illustrated in the text. 321 Mixed Verse- when two kinds of meter are found in the same line. 322 Difficult, but sometimes acceptably accomplished. 323 Some particular forms of stanzas have become celebrated historically. 324 Rhythm-Royal - is a peculiar seven line stanza. 325 Spenserian Stanza - contains nine lines peculiarly related. Other kinds are known as 327 Short Meter, 328 Long Meter, 382 POETRY — is the versified expression of such thought and feeling as is the product of an 833elevated imagination. 334 Epic -a heroic poem. 335 Dramatic Poetry - includes 336 Tragedy and 337 Comedy. It in cludes 339 Odes and 340Sonnets. Odes are 341 Sacred (342psalms and 343hymns), 344 Moral, 345 Amatory, (Love songs,) 346Heroic, 347 Comic, 348 Bacchanalian. 849 Elegy 350 Epitaph-351 Poetry for a tomb. 852 Pastoral-rustic poetry, (353 Eclogues, 354[dyls.) 855 Didactic-written for the purpose of instruction. 356 Satire-ridicules the follies of men. 357 Lampoon-attacks individuals. 858 PROSE COMPOSITION — includes 359 Letters, 860 Diaries, 361 News, 362 Editorials, 363 Reviews, 364Essays, 885Treatises, 366Travels, 867 History, 388Fiction, 369 Discourse. 870 MENTAL PHILOSOPHY. All the powers of the mind are reducible to three classes, 871 Thinking, 872 Feeling and 373Willing. Hence the three grand divisions of mental attributes, — the $74Intellect, the 875Sensibilities, and the 376 Will. They are sub-divided as below, and the part played by each and all will be frequently exemplified by references from the text. By these numerous examples, the reader will obtain a much clearer understanding of all varieties of mental activity, than could be obtained through any formal definition of these terms. Therefore the definitions are omitted here, but the classification expresses the 377co-ordinate and 878subordinate relations of these powers. More detail and subdivision could have been introduced, but the authors prefer the more 379forcible presentation of generalities. CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEADING PRINCIPLES OF MENTAL INTELLECT. MENTAL ATTRIBUTES. SENSIBILITIES. 394 Emotions 400 Rational... 393Original Conception. 896 Cheerfulness, 897 Melancholy. 4C1Joy or 402Sadness, own exaltation. 415 Bodily, 416 Mental, 417 Hope, 419 Motive.. 420Choice 421 Execution. 422 Relation to others. 423 Freedom. Involved in all these phases of mental action are two special subjects; viz., 425 Aesthetics-426the science of the beautiful. 427 Ethics- the science of the Right, 428 Conscience. 429 Instinct is an innate law of action working by 430impulse. 433 LOGIC-treats of the formal laws of thought. 434INTUITION — is immediate perception or apprehension. 485 Intuitions are the elements of thought. 436THOUGHT is the recognition of one thing in or under another. There are three processes of thought — 437 conceiving, 438judging, 439reasoning. The products of these processes 440 Concepts, 441Judgments, 442 Arguments. 443 A Concept-444is the simplest act of the mind. are 445 A Judgment-446is the recognition of the 447congruence or 448confliction of two concepts. 449 Argument is the derivation of one judgment from other A Concept (idea) expressed in language is a 450term (word). Concepts, in order to become available, must be embodied in verbal signs (words.) These verbal signs constitute language. Therefore, 458 LANGUAGE is the 454product, the 455instrument, and the 456embodiment of Thought. 457 Expression - the communication of thought. 458 Impression — the reception of thought. 459 SCIENCE—is knowledge classified. There are two kinds, Direct and Reflex. 460 DIRECT SCIENCE- is the science of objects, of which there are two kinds 461 Physical Science - 462external phenomena, and 463 Mental Science - 464internal phenomena. 485 REFLEX SCIENCE - is the Science of Sciences - Logic. Reflex Science is of two kinds, 466 Subjective (formal, abstract, pure logic), the relation of thought to its object—the logic of Aristotle. 467 Objective (material, concrete, applied logic), the relation of the object to the thought—the logic of Bacon. 468 A Judgment is true when the relation expressed between the subject and the predicate corresponds to the reality. 469 A Judgment is false when the relation expressed between the subject and the predicate does not correspond to the reality. 470 In other words, the criterion of TRUTH is Congruity. The logical basis for this criterion is the self-evident fact that 471ALL TRUTHS HARMONIZE. 472 A Syllogism-contains three propositions: a 473 Major Premise, a 474 Minor Premise, and a 475Conclusion. 476The conclusion is necessitated by the premises. There are four laws of the Syllogism, viz.: I. 477The truth of the premises involves the truth of the conclusion. 2. 478The truth of the conclusion does not involve the truth of the premises. 3. 479 The falsity of the premises does not involve the falsity of the conclusion. 4. 480 The falsity of the conclusion involves the falsity of one of the premises. O DEFINITION. 481The object of definition is to give precision to thought. Definition defined. 482 A DEFINITION — is such a description of an object as will distinguish it from all other objects. 483 A Nominal Definition is a definition of a term. 484 A Real Definition is a definition of a thing. 485 A Genetic Definition is a definition exhibiting the mode of producing the thing. 486 LAWS OF DEFINITION. First. 487 The subject and predicate must be coextensive. 488 Hence, the simple converse of a definition is true. Second. 489 There are no exceptions to a definition. 490 An exception would invalidate the definition. Third. 491A Definition must be precise. 492Omit nothing essential. Contain nothing unessential. Fourth. 493A Definition must be clear. 494 Else it fails to accomplish its purpose. Fifth. 495A Definition must not involve the circle. 496 Predicate must not contain the word being defined. Sixth. 497 A Definition must not involve negative or divisive attri butes. Seventh. 498A Definition must not involve a problematical judgment. |
