the name of a science, is, however, to be confidered as a modern invention, and its ftudy as of a recent origin.

Dante, Petrarch, and feveral others of the reftorers of learning by whom their example was followed, laid the firit foundations of this fcience, by a fearch after the manufcripts of the claffical authors in the monafte ies in which they were immerfed. In the first inftance, nothing more was attempted than to come at and explain the ancient infcriptions; the tafte for antique medals being more recent, and of the date of the fixteenth century. It was the sequel of the early enquiries; but the monuments, in which are recognized the rules of art and the effect of genius, did not as yet attract the attention of the learned.

The reafoning on the theory of painting, inftituted in the fourteenth century, was principally owing to the difcovery of feveral monuments, baths, tombs, &c. which had been buried in the earth; and more efpecially of the feven vaults which the Italians denominate Sette Celle, and in one of which the Laocoon, and feveral paintings in frefco, were found. From the ftudy imitation, and comparison of these monuments, Raphael derived the leffons of his art, and acquired the title of the greatest painter of his age. Although thefe vaults have been fo much neglected, that the fpot where they lie is not at prefent known, ftill the advantages they produced, and the principles which the great masters drew from them, have been tranfmitted to our time.

Raphael and Michael Angelo bestowed all their attention on antique monuments. The former imitated, in his compofitions, a great number of cameos and statues; and this has given rife to the imputation, unquestionably false, that he destroyed feveral ancient monuments; to the end, that the fource and origin of the figures which he had merely iniitated fhould not be found.

At that time those who were poffeffed of any fhare of erudition likewife deemed it neceffary to examine the engraved ftones and ftatues. Accordingly feveral enormous volumes on fabulous history made their appearance, embellished with engravings of the monuments, which led to their explanation.

But in thele efforts the art did not participate. It was referved for Caylus to open the career; for Winckelmann to enlarge it, without, however, cloting it; and for Mengs, Sulzer, Heyne, and Visconti,

to immortalize themselves by treading in their steps.

Archeological Bibliography.

After this brief expofition of the literary hiftory of archeology, it will be proper to enter into fome details relative to Archeological Bibliography, which, however it may have been neglected, is certainly indifpenfable. To be thoroughly acquainted with a fcience, it is necellary to know the different works in which it is treated, and to be enabled not only to find them, whenever they are to be confulted, in the bibliographical order in which they are arranged in public and pri vate libraries, but likewise to follow that arrangement in forming a collection.

To convey a knowledge of the books, the ufe of which may be neceffary, catalogues, ftyled bibliothecæ, (libraries) have been drawn up, and are either general or fpecial. Among the latter are arranged the catalogues, in which there is question of the works only that have for their ob ject a particular part of the science, fuch as the Numifmatic Library of Banduri, that of Hirich, the Dactyliographic Library of Mariette, &c.

In treating of each branch of the archeological fcience, the fpecial catalogues or libraries will be pointed out; at prefent, the general libraries must alone fix

our attention.

At the end of the Bibliotheca Numaria of Labbe, is to be found a fhort fupplement, containing a catalogue of the books on the different parts of antiquities. This catalogue is, however, fo inconfiderable as to afford but little information.

Johannes Albertus Fabricius announced, in 1709, his intention of publishing a Library of the Works on Archeology. At the end of his edition of the Treatife of Vogt, on the Antique Altars of the Christians, he had already given a very fhort catalogue of the hooks of that defcription. This catalogue he augmented and published feparately in 1703, with the title of Bibliotheca Antiquaria, in one quarto volume. A fecond edition, with additions, appeared in 1716; and, laftly, a third edition, which is the belt. This latter edition was edited by Paul Schaffhaufen.

The author has had principally in view to collect the works on the Jewish and Chriftian antiquities. Having annexed to them a lift of the differtations contained in the Thefaurus Magnus of Grævius, and in that of Gronovius, he afterwards points out the beit productions on geogra

phy.

phy and hiftory; and, laftly, the Monographies, or feparate treatifes on different fubjects of antiquity. It may be objected to this work, that it is deficient in method and arrangement, which might have been better; but this defect is fupplied by two ample indexes, one of the fubjects, the other of the authors. On the whole, it is a work the advantages of which cannot be denied, and furnishes a great help to the study of archeology.

The Bibliotheca Bunaviana, or catalogue of the celebrated library of Count Bunau, is likewife of great utility in acquiring a knowledge of the books which relate to archeology. It is more methodically arranged than the Bibliotheca Antiquaria of Fabricius; but, as it does not contain any other notices than those of the works comprized in the library of the above celebrated antiquary, must be regarded as incomplete. It is certain, at the fame time, that the library in queftion was very extensive.

The Bibliotheca Hiftoria of Meufel contains likewife the titles of a great number of productions on Jewish, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman antiquities. Thefe titles are frequently accompanied by fhort notices and by folid judgments, dictated by a juft and found criticifm.

The Alphabetical Tables of the authors cited in the fhort elementary treatises of Profeffor Oberlin, alfo prefent a vast and extenfive nomenclature of works on antitiquities. Many fingular treatifes, the knowledge of which may be of great utility, are pointed out in them.

Oliverius Legipontius, among his differtations on literary history and antiquities, has published one which appears to have

*Johannes Albertus Fabricius was born at Leipfic in 1667. He spent nearly the whole of his life at Hamburg, where he had taken up his refidence, and where he died in 1736, at the age of fixty-eight years. He had a very extenfive memory, and an extreme facility in writing. He never loft an inftant; and, accordingly, the catalogue of his works is fo extenfive, that it is furprifing he fhould have been enabled to complete any one of them. He is justly regarded as one of the best philologifts. His principal works are, his Greek Library; his Latin Library; his Library of the middle Age; his Memoirs of the Men of Letters of Hamburg, and the Infcriptions contained in that City, with Commentaries; befides feveral productions of nearly an equal import. His life has been published by Niceron in his Memoirs; and in Germany, Reimar has compofed a particular Biography of Fabricius.

fome relation to our fubject: it is entitled, De Rei Numaria ac Lithologia Studio. He has confined himself, however, to a few precepts on the numifmatic science.

Treatifes on Archeology.

After having treated the fubject of archeological bibliography, to which the name of literary archeology is much more appropriate than to the branch of the science to which Ernefti has applied it, the general treatifes, or thofe which lead to the study of antiquities, come under confideration.

On this fubject nothing is to be met with, except a few dictionaries, more or lefs extenfive in their plan, and more or lefs perfect in their execution; fuch as the Dictionary of Antiquities in the Methodical Encyclopedia, that of Chompré, &c. I do not fpeak of thofe of Pitifcus and Furgault, because they are merely special, and have an entire reference to Roman antiquities.

The Thefaurus Magnus of Greek Antiquities by Grævius, and that of Roman antiquities by Gronovius, are immenfe collections of Monographies on different fubjects. The catalogue of them is contained in feveral works; but this great compilation does not prefent an ensemble, notwithstanding the editor has obferved a certain degree of method in arranging the different treatises.

It may, indeed, be faid that an univerfal treatise of antiquities does not exift; and this fcience is fo extenfive, that it is perhaps not poffible to embrace all its parts collectively. Relatively to the enquiry, whether there are any general treatifes on the two great divifions of archeology, it fhould be noticed, that the only general work on the part of the manners and ufages is that of the celebrated Montfaucon, in five volumes, which form ten parts in folio, with five fupplementary volumes. The principal aim of the author has been to explain the manners and ufages of the Ancients, conformably to the monuments he had collected from every part

of

*This learned Benedictine was born in Languedoc, in 1655. After having been engaged for a fhort time in military pursuits, he entered, in 1675, into the Congregation of St. Maur, and applied himself, with an indefatigable ardour and zeal, to the ftudy of the languages, and to that of antiquities. He died, in 1748, at the age of eighty-three years. During the courfe of a long and very laborious life, he published a great number of works; of which, thofe only that have a reference to archeology need be cited in thi

place

of the globe, and which he has claffed accordingly. It is unfortunate that he has fometimes adapted monuments without fubjecting them to a rigid criticism, and that he has frequently been misled by incorre& drawings. Notwithstanding this, his work is a collection of infinite value to thole who are defirous to acquire a knowledge of the manners and usages of the Ancients, combined with that of the mo

numents.

Schatz, formerly one of the profeffors of the University of Strafburg, printed at Nuremberg, in the Latin and German languages, an abridgement of the above work, in one folio volume, and with a hundred and fifty plates. The number of monuments which have been difcovered fince the death of Montfaucon, renders a new edition of his complete work, with the additions of which it is fufceptible, a great defideratum to the lovers of antiquities,

Treatifes on Archeography.

A variety of general treaties have been compofed on this fubject. Several of the authors have adopted the analytical order; others, the chronological order; others, again, the geographical order; and others, lastly, the alphabetical order.

Among thofe who have followed the analytical order, may be comprehended the writers who have, in treating of the monuments, diftributed them into different claffes, fuch as the edifices, the infcriptions, the medals, &c. The chronological authors are thofe who have followed the art, in general, in its different degrees of perfection at different epochs, and have applied this mode of procedure to its different branches. The geographical, those who have claffed the monuments accord. ing to the countries in which they are to be found. And, lattly, the lexicographical, thole who have formed dictionaries rela

tive to archeography. The principal general treatifes on that fcience, treated according to the different methods above pointed out, are now to be confidered. (To be continued.)

place. The most confiderable of them is his Antiquity Explained, a fhort account of which is given in the text. It was followed by a Defcription of the Monuments of the French Monarchy, in five folio volumes. He compofed likewife a Greek Paleography, which contains many curious particulars relative to antiquities and the manuscripts of the Greek writers. His Eulogy has been published by M. de Boze, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Belles-Lettres, and in the Literary Hiftory of the Congregation of St. Maur.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

HE ftate of the Bristol Aylum for

the Indigent Blind, as it appears from the accounts of that inftitution for the year 1802, may jufly claim a place among the valuable materials of your excellent publication.

Of almost all charitable inftitutions, one that provides for the education of the BLIND, is, perhaps, the moft laudable. It relieves human beings, whofe condition is, without fuch relief, at once the most helpless and the most difconfolate. What is more, the charity is not here, as in many other cafes, the mere hopeless indulgence of amiable and Chriftian feelings. It is, by the mercy of Divine Providence, completely effectual. The INDIGENT BLIND, admitted to the benefit of fuch an inftitution as that which exifts hers, become almost as if they received their fight. A new day-fpring of chearfulnefs is let in upon their minds; and they are taught to practile arts by which, with honeft induftry, they may, in independence and honour, earn fubfiftence for themselves.

The total fum of the DONATIONS received up to the 31st of December, 1802, was 2,2781. 58. 7d. The fum of the annual fubfcriptions is 240l. 8s.— The other particulars are well communicated in the following extracts from the laft ACCOUNTS.

Receipts to the 31st of December, 1802. Cafl. received for bafkets £390 5 5 Ditto for white rods Ditto for cloth and laces

35 2 O

13 12 I

leaving between the two extremities, a paffage of 150 fathoms into the Bay, which might then eafily accommodate as far as twelve fail of the line, with a large proportion of frigates and other smaller veffels.

Notwithstanding the difficulties and expence of this undertaking, in June 1788, the eaft mole was carried out a little beyond low-water-mark, and the west had nearly arrived at a fimilar point.

Hitherto the moles had advanced with fecurity, founded on ledges of rock running out from each fide of the bay; but the most arduous part of the work remained to be executed. Opinions were divided as to the best mode of accomplishing the object; but the favourite fcheme was to eke out what had already been done, by ranges of cones, funk in the fea, at proper distances one from another, as had been begun at Cherbourg, oppofite to Portsmouth.

The works at St. John began now to feel the effects of the derangement of the finances of France, and of other caufes, which foon after led to the eventful revolution of that devoted country.

In 1788, only 250 men from the garrifon of Bayonne were employed there; whereas, in the preceding year, a whole regiment had been regularly at work.

The appearance of the lea in this corner, during or after a gale of wind, was defcribed to us to be magnificently tremendous but we had the mortification to view it after a long tract of fummer calms, when not a single shipwreck enlivened the fcene.

The town of St. John, a small irregular place, lying on the bottom of the Bay, has gradually retired before the affault of the waves. In 1782, the sea broke down a ftrong rampart or effacade, compacted of timber and ftone, which lined the fhore, at the ufual high-water mark, and level. led with the ground a convent of Urfuline nurs, with many other buildings, the ruins of which were ftill visible among the fands.

The little river Nivelle comes down from the Pyrenees, and running through the town, is, by means of jetties, rendered capable of admitting fmall veffels at high water but it is intended to take advantage of this ftream, and of the low grounds through which it paffes, to conftruct bafons and docks for hips of the greatest burthen.

The ground within the Bay is, in general, fand; but, in many places, interfperfed with rocks.

The moles at the entrance, were about 60 feet broad at the foundation, but dis minished to 40 feet on the top, including the parapet on the outside.

The trade of St. John de Luz was but inconfiderable, confifting chiefly in a share of the Newfoundland fishery.

The road hitherto from Bayonne lay, in general, over fandy downs, in many places covered with heath and fern; but the eye was occafionally relieved by the view of a cultivated fpot, or a clump of

trees.

The profpect on the right hand extended over the fea, until it ዎet the lofty it

regular coaft of Bifcay; while that to the left, and in front, was closely hemmed in by the majestic Pyrenees, gradually ap proaching the shore.

Beyond St. John the country is better peopled and cultivated, with small inclofures, furrounded with hedge-rows of

trees.

Leaving St. John early in the morning, we travelled about eight miles over this tract, which, though low, is not level, until we arrived on the banks of the Bi daffoa, here feparating France from Spain.

As we went down to the water's edge, a French invalid advanced from his guard. houfe to examine our paffport, and to receive the ufual prefent of a fhilling.

The Bidaffoa, being a boundary ftream, is confidered as neutral, both French and Spanish boatmen plying at the ferry.

Each nation has, or claims, a privilege of wafting to the oppofite Bank all travellers proceeding from its own fide of the river. Thus, whilst we were ferried over to Spain by Frenchmen, another party were conveyed to France by Spaniards.

On the Spanish bank ftands a guardhoufe, with the arms of the kingdom on the frontispiece.

The river Bidasoa, or Vidaffoa, (for the word is fpelled both ways, as the letters band, have, in the Spani language, very nearly the fame found, and are frequently written and printed interchangeably,) rushes down with great rapidity from the Pyrenees, until it reach the flat country, at their feet, a fhort way up from the ferry: there it is divided into a number of channels inclosing small iflands, of which one has acquired fome celebrity in history.

In this fpot were held the conferences between Cardinal Mazarine and Don Lewis de Haro, minifters of France and Spain, for arranging matters between the two countries, by what is called the Peace of the Pyrenees.