this way a regular succession of good plantation will be kept up, and the expense be gradually incurred. For this is a serious consideration; being estimated, in some districts, at from not less than £70 to £100 the acre. The produce is uncertain; often very considerable; but some seasons nothing, after all the labor of culture, except picking, has been incurred. Where the lands are of the proper sort, and there are hoppoles on the farm, and the farmer has a sufficient capital, it is probably a sort of husbandry that may be had recourse to with advantage; but, under the contrary circumstances, hops will seldom answer. In growing them in connexion with a farm,' says Mr. Loudon, regard should be had to the extent that can be manured without detriment to the other tillage lands. On the whole, hops are an expensive and precarious crop, the culture of which should be well considered before it is entered upon.' From this useful writer we abstract the following account of the diseases of hops. It is apt,' he observes, in the very early stage of its growth, to be devoured, as it rises above the surface of the ground, by the ravages of an insect of the flea kind. At a more advanced age it is subject to the still more injurious effects of the green or long-winged fly, red spider, and otter moth; the former, by the depositing of their ova, afford the means of producing lice in great abundance; by which the plants are often very greatly, if not wholly destroyed, and the larvæ of the latter prey upon the roots, and thus render the plants weak and subject to disease. The honey-dew is another disease to which the hop is exposed about the same time, and by which it is often much injured. The mould occurs in general at a somewhat later period, being equally injurious. Hop-crops are also exposed to other injuries, as the blight and fireblast, but which take place at different times, though mostly towards the latter periods of the growth of the plants. The flea, which is said to be an insect of the same kind as that which is so prejudicial to the young turnip, is observed to make the greatest havock in seasons where the nights are cold and frosty, and the days hot and inclined to be dry; eating off the sweet tender tops of the young plants; and which, though not wholly destroyed, shoot forth afterwards in a far less vigorous manner, and of course become more exposed to diseases. It has been found to commit its depredations most frequently on the plants in grounds that have been dunged the same year; on which account it has been suggested that the manure employed for the purpose of covering the hills should be previously well mixed and incorporated as we have directed; and that it should be applied either over the whole of the land, or only the hills, as soon as possible after the plants have been cut over; but the former practice is probably the best. It makes its greatest depredations in the more early cold spring months, at the latter end of April and beginning of the succeeding month, disappearing as the season becomes more mild and warm. In these cases, the principal remedy is that of having the land in a sufficient state of fertility, to enable the young plants to shoot up with such vigor and rapidity as to become quickly incapable of being fed upon and devoured by the insect. And the frequent stirring of the mould about the roots of the plants by the hoe may be of utility in the same view. With respect to the green or long-winged fly, it mostly makes its appearance about the latter end of May, and in the two succeeding months; being supposed to be produced by the prevalence of north-easterly winds about that period. It is highly destructive to the young leaves of the plants. They are said, under such a state of the wind, to scarcely ever fail covering the leaves: and, by dropping their ova, producing an abundance of lice, by which the crops are often much injured; as, when they have once obtained complete possession of the plants, they seldom or ever leave them before they are wholly destroyed. The forwardest and most luxuriant hop-vines, are in general the most disposed to be attacked by insects of this sort. Their removal chiefly depends upon a change taking place in the wind more to the south, and the setting in of more mild, warm, and temperate weather. It has been found that the otter moth, by depositing its eggs upon the roots of the plants, renders them liable to be attacked by the larva, and the healthy growth of the hops to be thereby greatly impaired, the crops being of course much injured in their produce. Stirring the earth well about the roots of the plants may probably sometimes be serviceable in cases of this kind. 'The honey-dew mostly occurs after the crops have been attacked by some of these kinds of insects, and when the weather is close, moist, and foggy. In these cases, a sweet clammy substance is produced upon the leaves of the plants, which has the taste of honey, and they have at first a shining appearance, but afterwards soon become black. It is a disease that mostly happens in the more forward crops; and the chief dependence of the planter for its removal, according to Bannister, is that of heavy thunder showers taking place; as by this means, when the destruction of the hops has not proceeded too far, they are often much restored, the insects that devour the leaves and vines being greatly destroyed, the growth of fresh shoots promoted, and a favorable bloom brought on the plants. The fen, mould, or mildew, is a disease to which the hop-crop is exposed at a later period of its growth, and which chiefly attacks the part where the hop is attached to the stem. It is said that its production is greatly promoted by moist damp weather, and a low situation; those hop-crops, that grow in low, close, rich, grounds, being the most liable to be attacked by it: and it is found to soon spread itself over the whole crop, after it has once seized upon any part of it. The nature of this vegetable disease has not been yet sufficiently investigated; it has been suggested by Darwin and Willdenow to be a plant of the fungus kind, that is capable of growing without light or change of air, attaching itself to plants already in a morbid condition, and by its roots penetrating their vessels. And, on this supposition, the best remedy is believed to be that of thinning the plants, in order to afford a more free circulation of air, and admit the light more extensively; by which the vigor of the hop-plants may be restored, and the disease be of course removed. In this view, it is probable, by planting the hills more thinly, and making them at greater distances from each other, the disease might in some measure be prevented from taking place. 'Diseases termed blights are frequently met with in hop-crops, at different periods of the growth of the plants, but mostly in the more early stages of their rising from the hills, while the nights are cold and frosty in the spring months, and the days have much sun and heat; by which the living powers of the plants are greatly exhausted in the day-time by the stimulus of heat, and of course much injured, or wholly destroyed in the nights, from being exposed to a freezing air, which is incapable of exciting the actions which are necessary for the preservation of vegetable life. As the presence of this disease is supposed to be greatly connected with the prevalence of winds from the northern or easterly quarters, there is often a flea produced of a similar kind to that which attacks the shoots in their early growth. It is highly injurious, by preying upon the nutriment of the blossoms, and thereby diminishing their weight and changing them to a brown color, which is very prejudicial in their sale at the market. The fire-blast is also a disease that hop-crops are exposed to, in the later periods of their growth, and generally supposed to proceed from the particular state of the air or weather. It has been conjectured to be the effect of lightning, as it takes place, for the most part, at those seasons when it is the most prevalent, and in a very sudden manner and besides, the most forward and most luxuriant vines are the most subject to be affected. It has been suggested, that in exposures that are particularly liable to have the crops thus injured, it may be advisable to plant thinner, to keep back the growth of the plants as much as possible, by extirpating all the most forward shoots, and to employ a less proportion of the earthy compost in their culture.' The hop-grower has the annoyance of being placed under the excise laws. Every grower of hops in Britain being legally obliged to give notice to the excise, on or before the first day of September, of the number of acres he has in cultivation; the situation and number of his oasts; the place or places of bagging, which, with the store-rooms, or warehouses, in which the packages are intended to be lodged, are entered by the revenue officer. No hops can be removed from the rooms thus entered before they have been weighed and marked by a revenue officer; who marks, or ought to mark, not only the weight, but the name and residence of the grower, upon each package. There is a penalty on importing or using corrupt hops, imposed by stat. 1 Jac. I. c. 18. No bitter is to be used in brewing but hops, by 9 Ann. c. 12, sec. 24; and no hops are to be imported into Ireland from other parts but Great Britain, 5 Geo. II. c. 9. Landing foreign hops, before the duty is paid, incurs the penalty of having the hops burnt, and ship forfeited, 7 Geo. II. c. 19. There is also a penalty on sophisticating hops, 7 Geo. II. c. 19 sec. 2; on cutting hop-binds, 10 Geo. II. c. 32, sec. 4; and by 6 Geo. II. c. 37, sec. 6, this is made a felony, without benefit of clergy. For the duty upon hops see stats. 39 & 40 Geo. III. c. 81; and 48 Geo. III. c. 134 for preventing frauds in the trade of hops: these acts regulate the mode of packing, bagging, and weighing them. HOPE, n. s. & v. n. HOPEFUL, adj. HOPEFULLY, adv. HOPE FULNESS, n. s. HOPELESS, adj. HO'PER, n. s. HO'PINGLY, adv. Sax. popa; Dut. hope; Germ. hoffen; Gr.OTEVE. Expectation of future good attended with pleasure; confidence in a future event, or the future conduct of any person that which gives hope; the object of hope: to live in expectation or confidence as to the future: hopeful, likely to gratify desire, obtain success, or answer expectation; full of hope: this sense is almost confined to Scotland, though found in good writers: hopeless, without hope; desperate hoper, one that has pleasing expectatations: hopingly, with encouragement: hope, a sloping plain between the ridges of mountains. There is hope of a tree, if cut down, that it will sprout out again. Job xiv. 7. He shall strengthen your heart, all ye that hope in the Lord. Psalm xxxi. 24. It is good being put to death by men, to look for hope from God, to be raised up again by them. 2 Mac. vii. 14. If hope me faile, than alle am I In hope I woll comforted be; For love, whan he betaught hire me, Should aie be relese to my wo. Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. With him went Hope in rancke, a handsome mayd, Of chearefull looke and lovely to behold; In silken samite she was light arayḍ, And her fayre locks were woven up in gold. Spenser. Faerie Queene. Are they indifferent, being used as signs of immoderate and hopeless lamentation for the dead? Hooker. Men of their own natural inclination hopeful and strongly conceited, whatsoever they took in hand. Id. Alas! I am a woman, friendless, hopeless. Shakspeare. Thy mother felt more than a mother's pain, And yet brought forth less than a mother's hope; To wit, an indigested deformed lump. The sun shines hot; and, if we use delay, Cold-biting winter mars our hoped for hay. He will advance thee: I know his noble nature, not to let Id. Id. Id. When in heaven she shall his essence see, This is her sovereign good, and perfect bliss; Her joys are full, her motions rest in this. Her longing, wishings, hopes, all finished be; Davies. Sweet hope! kind cheat! fair fallacy! by thee We are not where or what we be ; But what and where we would be; thus art thou Our absent presence, and our future now. Crashaw. One sign of despair is the peremptory contempt of the condition which is the ground of hope; the going on not only in terrours and amazement of conscience, but also boldly, hopingly, and confidently in wilful habits of sin. Hammond. Hope! of all ills that men endure The only cheap and universal cure! Thou captive's freedom, and thou sick man's health! Thou loser's victory, and thou beggar's wealth! Cowley. Dryden. Id. Id. Hopeless of ransom, and condemned to lie In durance, doomed a lingering death to die. She was his care, his hope, and his delight, Most in his thought, and ever in his sight. Who knows what adverse fortune may befall! Arm well your mind, hope little, and fear all. Id. So stands the Thracian herdsman with his spear Full in the gap, and hopes the bunted bear. Why not comfort myself with the hope of what may be, as torment myself with the fear on't? Id. Hope, of all passions, most befriends us here; Passions of prouder name befriend us less. Joy has her tears; and transport has her death; Hope like a cordial, innocent though strong, Man's heart at once inspirits and serenes. Young's Night Thoughts. But to the generous still improving mind Thomson's Seasons. The wretch condemned with life to part, And every pang that rends the heart Goldsmith. From side to side, beneath the glittering morn, HOPE, in ethics, is the desire of some good, attended with a belief of the possibility, at least, of obtaining it; and enlivened with joy, greater or less, according to the greater or less probability of our possessing the object of our hope. Alexander, preparing for his Asian expedition, distributed his hereditary dominions among his friends; allotting to some villages, to others boroughs, to others cities; and, being asked what he had reserved for himself, replied, Hope. HOPE (Dr. John), professor of botany in the university of Edinburgh, was born in Edinburgh on the 10th of May 1725. After finishing the usual course of education, he studied medicine at the university of Edinburgh. Having finished his academical education, he visited other medical schools, and upon his return obtained the degree of M. D. from the university of Glasgow in 1750. A few months after he was admitted a member of the royal college of physicians in Edinburgh, and entered upon the practice of medicine in that city. In 1761 Dr. Hope, by a commission from his majesty, was appointed king's botanist for Scotland, and superintendant of the royal garden at Edinburgh; and a few weeks after was elected, by the town council of Edinburgh, successor to Dr. Alston in the professorships of botany and materia medica. In 1777 he was nominated regius professor of medicine and botany in the university, and had the offices of king's botanist and superintendant of the royal garden conferred upon him for life, which till that time had been granted during pleasure only. Dr. Hope married the daughter of Dr. Stevenson, an eminent physician in Edinburgh; by whom he had four sons and one daughter. He died in November 1786. He was a member not only of the Royal Society of London, but also of several foreign societies; and at the time of his death he held the distinguished office of president of the royal college of physicians. HOPE LAND, an island of the South Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1772 by Mr. Marson. It is intersected by mountains, rising above each and speaks of them as standing at equal distances about the throne of Sol; other in a triple range, which are covered with snow, and so high as to be visible at the distance of twelve leagues. It is not far from Ceram Island, in long. 32° 11′ E., and lat. 46° 45′ N. HOPEA, in botany, a genus of the polyandria order, and polyadelphia class of plants: CAL. quinquefid, superior: COR. pentapetalous; the stamina are many, and coalited into five pencils; there is one style; the fruit is a plum, with a trilocular kernel. There is only one species, viz. a native of Carolina. HOPE, GOOD, CAPE OF. See GOOD HOPE. HOPKINS (Ezekiel), bishop of Derry in Ireland, was the son of a clergyman in Devonshire; and was for some time chorister of Magdalen College, Oxford, and usher of the adjoining school. He was afterwards a presbyterian minister, and was extolled as an excellent preacher. Lord Roberts, happening to hear him preach, was so pleased with his discourse and his manner, that he retained him as his chaplain, when he was sent as lord lieutenant into Ireland, and preferred him to the deanery of Raphoe; and, on his being recalled, so strongly recommended him to his successor that he was soon preferred to the bishopric of Raphoe, whence he was translated to Derry. During the war under the ear! of Tyrconnel, at the revolution, he withdrew into England; and was chosen minister of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, in London, where he died in 1690. His Sermons, his Exposition of the ten Commandments, and that of the Lord's prayer, are much esteemed. His works were printed together, folio, in 1710. HOPLITÆ, or HOPLITES, from oλov, armour, in antiquity, were such of the candidates at the Olympic and other sacred games as ran races in armour. One of the finest pieces of the famous Parrhasius was a painting which represented two hoplites; the one running, in a violent perspiration, the other laying his arms down, as quite spent and out of breath. HOPLITODROMOS, from onλov, armour, and opeμw, I run, in the ancient gymnastic sports, a term applied to such persons as went through those toilsome and robust exercises in complete armour; by which the exercise became much more violent, and the wearing of armour in the time of battle much more easy. HOPLOMACHI, Οπλομαχοι, οἱ ὁπλον, and μαχομαι, I fight, in antiquity, a species of gladiators who fought in armour, either completely armed from head to foot, or only with a casque and cuirass. HOR, a mountain, or mountainous tract of Arabia Petræa, situated in that circuit which the Israelites took to the south and south-east of Edom in their way to the borders of Moab. Aaron died on it. It was also called Seir. HORÆ, 'Qpai, the Hours, in ancient mythology, were esteemed goddesses, the daughters of Jupiter and Themis; at first only three in number, Eunomia, Dice, and Irene; to whom were afterwards added two more, Carpo and Thallote. Homer makes them the door-keepers of heaven. Ovid allots them the employment of harnessing ne sun's horses; Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis; HORAPOLLO, or HORUS APOLLO, a grammarian of Panaplus in Egypt, according to Suidas, who first taught at Alexandria, and then at Constantinople under Theodosius. There are extant, under his name, two books on the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians; which Aldus first published in Greek in 1505, in folio; and they have often been published since, with a Latin version and notes. It is not certain, however, that the grammarian of Alexandria was the author of these books; they being rather thought to belong to another Horapollo of more ancient date: on which head, see Fabricius's Bibliotheca Græca. HORATII, three Roman brothers, who, in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, fought against the three Curiatii, who belonged to the army of the Albans. The two armies being equal, three brothers on each side were chosen to decide the contest of superiority. Two of the Horatii were first killed; but the third, by his address, successively slew the three Curiatii, and by this victory rendered the city of Alba subject to the Romans. See ROME. HORATIUS, surnamed Cocles from his losing an eye in combat, was nephew to the consul Horatius Pulvillus, and descended from the surviving brother who killed the Curiatii. Porsenna, laying siege to Rome, drove the Romans from Janiculum; and pursued them to the wooden bridge over the Tiber which joined the city to Janiculum. Largius, Herminius, and Horatius Cocles, sustained the shock of the enemy on the bridge, and prevented their entering the city with the Romans; but, Largius and Herminius having passed the bridge, Horatius Cocles was left alone, and repulsed the enemy till the bridge was broken under him he then threw himself armed into the Tyber, swam across the river, and entered Rome in triumph. HORATIUS FLACCUS (Quintus), a celebrated lyric Roman poet, was the grandson of a freed man, and was born at Venusium, 64 B. C. He had the best masters in Rome, after which he completed his education at Athens. Having taken up arms, he embraced the party of Brutus and Cassius, but threw away his shield at the battle of Philippi. Some time after he gave himself up entirely to the study of poetry. His talents soon made him known to Augustus and Mecanas, who had a particular esteem for him, and loaded him with favors. Horace also contracted a strict friendship with Agrippa, Pollio, Virgil, and all the other great men of his time. He lived without ambition, and led a tranquil and agreeable life with his friends, but was subject to a defluxion in his eyes. He died at the age of fifty-seven. There are still extant his Odes, Epistles, Satires, and Art of Poetry; of which there have been a great number of editions. The best are those of the Louvre, in 1642, folio; of Paris, 1691, 4to.; of Cambridge, 1699; that with Bentley's emendations, printed at Cambridge in 1711; Fowlis' edition, Glasgow, 1744; and, we may add, the edition printed at St. Andrews, in 1796, under the care of the learned Dr. Hunter, who, in correcting it, compared the text with those of above forty other copies. HORDE, n. s. A clan; a migratory crew of people. It is applied only to the Tartars. Of lost mankind, in polished slavery sunk, Drove martial horde on horde with dreadful sweep, And gave the vanquished world another form. Thomson. Nor would the hostile horde Of many-nationed spoilers from the Po Quaff blood and water. Byron. Childe Harold. HORDEUM, barley, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and triandria class of plants; natural order fourth, gramina: CAL. lateral, bivalved, uniflorous, and triple. The involucrum consists of six leaves, and contains three flowers. Common receptacle toothed and excavated. There are ten species; only one of which, viz:— 1. H. murinum, or wall barley grass, is a native of Britain. 2. H. vulgare, or common barley, cultivated in our fields. Its native place is said to be Sicily. For the culture &c. of common barley, see RURAL ECONOMY. HORDICALIA, or HORDICIDIA, in antiquity, a religious feast held among the Romans on the 15th of April, wherein they sacrificed cattle big with young. A great part of the offerrings were made in the temple of Jupiter. They consisted of thirty cows big with calf, and were offered to Tellus, the earth. The calves taken out of their bellies were burnt at first by the pontifices, afterwards by the eldest vestal virgin. HOREB, or OREB, a mountain of Arabia Petræa, contiguous to and on the south side of mount Sinai; the scene of many miraculous appearances. HOREHOUND. See MARRUBIUM. HORESTI, an ancient nation of North Britain, beyond Solway Frith, mentioned by Tacitus. Their country, according to Camden, is now called Eskdale. חורים We find the Hebrew word HORITES, an ancient people, who at first dwelt in the mountains of Seir beyond Jordan (Gen. xiv. 6.) They had princes, and were powerful, even before Esau made a conquest of their country. (Gen. xxxvi. 20-30.) The Horites, the descendants of Seir, and the Edomites, seem afterwards to have been confounded, and to have composed but one people. (Deut. ii. 2, xxxiii. 2, and Judg. v. 4.) They dwelt in Arabia Petræa and Arabia Deserta, to the south-east of the promised land. Chorim, which in the book of Genesis is translated Horites, used in an appellative sense in several other passages of Scripture, and to signify nobles, or great and powerful men (1 Kings xxi. 8, 11, and Neh. ii. 16, iv. 14, v. 7, vi. 17, vii. 5, xii. 17, Eccl. x. 17, Isa. xxxiv. 12, Jer. xxvii. 20, xxxix. 6); and it has been supposed, that the Greeks might derive hence their heroes, in like manner as they derived Anax, a king, from the sons of Anak, the famous giant. HORIZON, n. s. Gr. ορίζων. The line HORIZONTAL, adj. that terminates the HORIZONTALLY, adv. S view, distinguished into sensible and real: the sensible horizon is the circular line which limits the view; the real is that which would bound it, if it could take in the hemisphere. Near the horizon; parallel to the horizon; on a level. When the morning sun shall raise his car Above the border of this horizon, We'll forward towards Warwick and his mates. Shakspeare. She began to cast with herself from what coast this blazing star should first appear, and at what time it must be upon the horizon of Ireland. Bacon. As when the sun, new risen, Looks through the horizontal misty air, Milton. |