An Account of an Experiment of forwing Lucerne on a Stubble, made by M. TSCHIFFELI, Vice President of the Oeconomical Society at Berne. I Have hitherto been of the opinion generally received, that Lucerne requires a foil well manured, and properly prepared a confiderable time before the feafon of sowing; but as I have made it a rule, never to adopt any thing in matters of agriculture which I know not to be true, either from my own experience or from that of others, whom I know to be intelligent and of veracity, I laft fummer, 1763, made the following experiment. I had a field containing fomewhat more than an acre, the foil of which I knew to be excellent, being neither too strong nor too light. After having been well plowed and manured, it had this year yielded a plentiful crop of wheat without any mixture of All these circumstances put together induced me to imagine, that I might, with fome probability of fuccefs, fow lucerne upon this stubble. What farther encouraged me in this attempt was the knowledge I had that this foil, of a middling nature, that is, neither too strong nor too light, was continued to the depth of about five feet. As foon as the fheaves were carried off, I caused this field to be plowed in narrow furrows as deep as poflible. The fmall portion of darnel that was mixed with the tubble was then picked out, and the clods well broke. Finally, the land was laid very level with a heavy iron-tined harrow, after which 14 pounds of lucerne feed were fown broad caft, on the 11th day of Auguft, in calm weather, and the feed was covered by means of a light harrow. A mild rain, which fell two days afterwards, greatly conduced to the fuccefs of my experiment. At the end of nine weeks the young lucerne plant were a foot in heighth, equally thick in all parts of the field; and fome good judges allowed, that they were as fine as any reasonable man could with. I shall not, however, this autumn venture to cut it, being of opinion, that in order to ftrengthen the roots it will be beft to let the plants rot on the ground, and to cover them till fpring either with straw or long dung. The event will fhew how far I am in the right, and I fhall not fail, in due time, communicating it to the public. [If this gentleman's experiment should meet with fuccefs throughout, it will be a great inducement to farmer's fowing lucerne, as what in general deters them is the great expence of preparing the land for the reception of the feed. If, however, this ufeful plant can with any probability of fuccefs be fown after corn on a single plowing, it must be deemed a great improvement; but we must remark, that if the English farmer means to fow it after wheat, he muft fow his corn early that it may be early ripe.] An experiment tomake Lucerne thrive in a poor Soil without Manure, by the fame Gentleman. I Caufed the turf of a worn out pafture, containing about half an acre of land, to be raifed with a paring plough. When the turf was half dry, it was piled up in little heaps, about two feet high. Each heap was then fet on fire with the help of fome faggots and dried peat turf. They were then covered, and the turf, in this manner, infenfibly mouldered. This is by much the best method. The afhes of the burnt turf were afterwards fpread as equally as poffible over the foil, and the whole piece was dug at lealt a foot deep. After being laid level, the lucerne feed was fown and harrowed in. Though this land was far from being of a good quality, having a mixture of a whitish clay, yet the lucerne profpered very well during the whole fummer. The feeds of the darnel were burnt by the fire, fo that the crop was not injured by this weed, and I had two cuttings last fummer. This method may then probably be of great advantage to fuch farmers as have lands of a like quality; but as this work requires time, and is more expensive than where the turf is not to be burnt, I will not venture abfolutely to recommend this practice, particularly as I am not yet certain whether this piece, though it has profpered fo well hitherto, will continue to do fo for any length of time. refpect of certain navy, victualling, and transport bills, and ordnance debentures To the African forts and fettlements May 7. For building a blockhouse at Cape Appolonia on the African coaft Mar. 19. To make good on July 5, 1764, deficiencies of duties on 26. To make good deficiency of lalt grants 870,888 38,000 13,000 7,000 5,500 2,400 10,000 48,179 49,742 139,340 249,660 Out of the Sinking Fund 2,100,000 April 2. By monies remaining to be applied of the exceedings of seve- 251,740 4. Money remaining in the Exchequer, granted last session for the militia 20. By loans on Exchequer Bills = 80,000 Out of duties granted laft feffion on account of fecuring the 800,000 60,000 May 6. By money to be paid for maintenance of French prisoners £ 7,996,953 Note, Feb. 7. Several ftamp duties were granted in the British colonies and planta tions in America. Note, Alfo 12 Mar. Several duties were granted upon the postage of letters in America and England. Note, Alfo 14 Mar. Principal on navy, victualling and transport bills, made out before June 30, 1764, and delivered before March 26, 1765, to be intitled to the feveral annuities therein mentioned; and also an additional duty of 4s. per chaldron on coals exported; and alfo 1s. in the pound for wrought filks, &c. and alfo, 21. in every 100 for any fort of white callicoes and muflins exported, befides the old subsidy, and several duties upon policies of affurance. Note, Alfo. 25 Mar. Leave given for the importation from the Isle of Man of goods the product of the East Indies, upon payment of one half of the old subfidy. Note, Alfo 20 April. Several duties were granted upon fugar, rice, deals, coffee, foap, and linnen cloth. An 0 An Account of an Experiment of forwing Lucerne on a Stubble, made by M. TSCHIFFELI, Vice Prefident of the Oeconomical Society at Berne. Have hitherto been of the opinion ge The event will fhew how far I am in the right, and I fhall not fail, in due time, communicating it to the public. [If this gentleman's experiment should meet with fuccefs throughout, it will be a great inducement to farmer's fowing Inerally received, that Lucerne requires lucerne, as what in general deters them is a foil well manured, and properly prepared a considerable time before the season of sowing; but as I have made it a rule, never to adopt any thing in matters of agriculture which I know not to be true, either from my own experience or from that of others, whom I know to be intelligent and of veracity, I laft fummier, 1763, made the following experiment. I had a field containing somewhat more than an acre, the foil of which I knew to be excellent, being neither too strong nor too light. After having been well plowed and manured, it had this year yielded a plentiful crop of wheat without any mixture of weeds. All these circumstances put together induced me to imagine, that I might, with fome probability of fuccefs, fow lucerne upon this ftubble. What farther encouraged me in this attempt was the knowledge I had that this foil, of a middling nature, that is, neither too strong nor too light, was continued to the depth of about five feet. As foon as the sheaves were carried off, I caufed this field to be plowed in narrow furrows as deep as poflible. The final portion of darnel that was mixed with the tubble was then picked out, and the clods well broke. Finally, the land was laid very level with a heavy iron-tined harrow, after which 14 pounds of lucerne feed were fown broad caft, on the 11th day of Auguft, in calm weather, and the feed was covered by means of a light harrow. A mild rain, which fell two days afterwards, greatly conduced to the fuccefs of my experiment. At the end of nine weeks the young lucerne plant were a foot in heighth, equally thick in all parts of the field; and fome good judges allowed, that they were as fine as any reasonable man could with. I shall not, however, this autumn venture to cut it, being of opinion, that in order to ftrengthen the roots it will be beft to let the plants rot on the ground, and to cover them till spring either with straw or long dung. the great expence of preparing the land for the reception of the feed. If, however, this ufeful plant can with any probability of fuccefs be fown after corn on a fingle plowing, it must be deemed a great improvement; but we must remark, that if the English farmer means to fow it after wheat, he must fow his corn early that it may be early ripe.] An experiment tomake Lucerne thrive in a poor Soil without Manure, by the fame Gentleman. I Caufen the turf of a worn out of fand, containing about half an acre of land, to be raised with a paring plough. When the turf was half dry, it was piled up in little heaps, about two feet high. Each heap was then fet on fire with the help of fome faggots and dried peat turf. They were then covered, and the turf, in this manner, infenfibly mouldered. This is by much the best method. The afhes of the burnt turf were afterwards fpread as equally as poffible over the foil, and the whole piece was dug at leaft a foot deep. After being laid level, the lucerne feed was fown and harrowed in. Though this land was far from being of a good quality, having a mixture of a whitish clay, yet the lucerne profpered very well during the whole fummer. The feeds of the darnel were burnt by the fire, fo that the crop was not injured by this weed, and I had two cuttings last fummer. This method may then probably be of great advantage to fuch farmers as have lands of a like quality; but as this work requires time, and is more expensive than where the turf is not to be burnt, I will not venture abfolutely to recommend this practice, particularly as I am not yet certain whether this piece, though it has profpered fo well hitherto, will continue to do fo for any length of time. The Life of Archbishop Cranmer. A [Continued from p. 315.] FTER lord Cromwell's death, in whose behalf he had written to the King, he retired, and lived in great privacy, not meddling at all in ftate affairs. In the year 1541, he gave orders, purfuant to the King's directions, for taking away fuperftitious fhrines; and the year following, procured the act for the advancement of true religion, and the abolishment of the contrary, which moderated the rigour of the fix articles. In 1543, his enemies preferred accufations against him, for oppofing the fix articles, and other parts of popery. Nay, he was complained of in the houfe of commons, for preaching herefy against the facrament of the altar; and alfo in the privy council, where the fubftance of his accufation was, " that he, with his learn"ed men, ad fo infected the whole "realm with their unfavory doctrine, "that three parts of the land were be<<< come abominable heretics. That it might prove dangerous to the King, "being like to produce fuch commotions and uproars, as were fprung up * in Germany: and therefore they de"fired, that the archbishop might be fent to the Tower, till he could be "examined." All these were fuppofed to be contrivances of Gardiner's, and would have been fufficient to have ruined him, if the King had not protected him. amining Bishop Bonner, with a power to imprifon or deprive him of his bishopric. The fame year he ordained several priefts and deacons according to the new form of ordination in the common prayer book; which through his care was now finished, and fettled by act of parliament. A review was made of this book the end of the next year, and in 1552, it was printed again with amendments and alterations, and authorized by parliament. In 1553, he opposed the new fettlement of the crown upon Jane Gray, and would no way be concerned in that affair; nor would he join in any of Dudley's ambitious projects: however upon the death of Edward VI. he appeared for her. But now, after the acceffion of Queen Mary to the throne, his troubles came on him apace. He was first ordered to appear before the council, and bring an inventory of his goods; which he did upon the 27th of Auguft, when he was commanded to keep his houfe, and be forth coming. September the 13th, he was again fummoned before the council, and ordered to be at the Star-Chamber the next day; when he was committed to the Tower, partly for setting his hand to the inftrument of the lady Jane's fucceflion, and partly for the public offer he had made a little before, of justifying openly the religious proceedings of the late King. November the 3d, he was attainted, and found guilty of high treafon, upon which the fruits of his archUpon Henry the VIIIth's deceafe, he bishopric were fequeftered: but upon his was one of the regents of the kingdom, humble and repeated application, he was and one of the executors of his will; pardoned the treafon, and 'twas refolved and, upon the 20th of February 1545-6, he should be proceeded against for hecrowned King Edward VI. to whom he refy. In April 1554, he, Ridley, and had been godfather; as he had been alfo Latimer, were removed to Oxford, in to the Lady Elizabeth. Soon after he order for a public difputation with the caufed the homilics to be compofed, papifts, which was accordingly held upon compofing fome of them himfelf; and the 18th of that month and two days laboured earnestly in promoting the re- after they were brought before the comformation. For this purpose, he pro- miffioners, and asked, whether they would cured the repeal of the fix articles; the fubfcribe to popery? which they unanieftablishment of the communion in both mously refufing, were condemned as hekinds, and a new office for the facra retics. Some of Cranmer's friends petiment; the revifal and amendment of tioned the Queen in his behalf: putting the other offices of the church; frequent her in mind, how he had once preferved preaching; a royal vifitation to infpect her in her father's life-time. For the into the manners and abilities of the cler. King, it feems, was refolved to fend her gy; and visited his own diocefe himself to the Tower, and to make her fuffer as for the fame purpofe. In the year 1549 a fubject, because he would not obey the he was one of the commiffioners for ex- laws of the realm, in renouncing the : Pope's "prophets, in the Old and New Tef"tament. And now, added he, I come "bleth my confcience, more than any "thing I ever did or faid in my whole “life; and that is, the fetting abroad a "writing contrary to the truth, which I "here now renounce as things written "with my hand, contrary to the truth " which I thought in my heart, and "written for fear of death, and to fave my life if it might be; that is, all "fuch bills or papers which I have writ "ten and figned with my hand fince my degradation, wherein I have written many things untrue. And for as much as my hand offended, writing "contrary to my heart, my hand thali "firit be punished: for, when I come to "the fire, it shall be first burned. As Pope's authority and religion; but was prevented by Cranmer's interceffion. This however had no effect upon the Queen, to the great thing that so much trou who was determined to give him up: and a new commillion was fent from Rome for his trial and conviction. Accordingly, on the 12th of September 1555, he appeared before the commiffioners at St. Mary's church in Oxford, where he was accufed of blafphemy, perjury, incontinency, and herely of blafphemy and herefy, for his writings against popery; of perjury, for breaking his oath to the Pope; and of incontinency on account of his being married. At laft he was cited" to appear at Rome within eighty days, to anfwer in perfon: but no care being taken to fend him, he was by an order from thence, degraded and deprived. for the Pope, I refufe him as Chrift's enemy and antichrift, with all his falfe "doctrine: and as for the facrament, I "believe as I have taught in my book "against the Bishop of Winchester." Thunder-ftruck, as it were, with this unexpected declaration, the enraged popifh crowd admonished him not to diffemble: "Ah, replied he with tears, "fince I have lived hitherto, I have been a hater of falfehood, and a lover of fim"plicity, and never before this time have "I diffembled " Upon which, they pulled him off the ftage with the utmoit fury, and hurried him to the place of his martyrdom over against Baliol college: where he put off his cloaths with hatte, and standing in his fhirt and without hoes, was fattened with a chain to the take. Some prefling him to agree with his former recantation, he answered, fhewing his hand, "This is the hand Hitherto the Archbishop had manifefted a great deal of courage and wif-" dom in his fufferings, but at last human frailty made him commit fuch a fault, as was the greatest blemish of his life: for, from various motives, that especially of faving his life, he was fubtilly drawn in by the papifts, to fign a recantation, wherein he renounced the proteftant religion, and re-embraced all the errors of popery. But neither did this work at all upon Queen Mary, who was ftill refolved to commit him to the flames: and who foon after fent for Dr. Cole, provost of Eton, and gave him inftructions to prepare a fermon for that mournful occafion. On the 24th of February, a writ was figned for the burning of Cranmer; and on the 21st of March, which was the fatal day, he was brought to St. Mary's church, and placed on a kind of ftage over-against the pulpit. While Cole was haranguing, Cranmer expreffed great inward confufion; often lifting his hands and eyes to heaven, and frequently pouring out floods of tears. At the end of the fermon, when Cole defired him to make an open profeffion of his faith, as he had promifed him he would, he first prayed in the molt fervent manner. Then he exhorted the people prefent, not to fet their minds upon the world; to obey the Queen; to love each other; and to be charitable. After which he made a confeffion of his faith, beginning with the creed, and concluding with these words, "And I believe << every word and fentence taught by our "Saviour Jefus Chrift, his apoftles and that wrote, and therefore it shall first "fuffer punishment." Fire being applied to him, he ftretched out his right hand into the flame, and held it there unmoved, except that once he wiped his face with it, till it was confumed; crying with a loud voice, “This hand hath "offended;" and often repeating "This "unworthy right hand " At last, the fire getting up, he foon expired, never firing or crying out all the while; only keeping his eyes fixed to heaven, and repeating more than once "Lord Jefus receive my fpirit." He died in the 67th year of his age. He was an open, generous, honest man: |
