MR. JOSEPH EVERETT'S (SALISBURY) for "Salisbury Angola Moleskin," in imitation of Velvet. This fubftance is manufactured on 'two chains or warps, the upper one is invariably woollen-yarn, but the under chain is of cotton, linen, filk, mohair, or worfted. Thefe chains are upon feparate beams, the number of threads in the upper chain is two-fifths of the whole number in both chains; wires being introduced when the upper chain is clear upon the furface of the ground, and kept confined by three threads of weft till cut out by an inftrument, thus the face or pile is formed; the weft is of cotton, linen, filk, mohair, worfted, or woollen-yarn.

MR. JOSEPH HATELY'S (CRADELY, WORCESTER) for fome Reducing Fluxes for the Purification of Mineral and Metallic Bodies, &c.

The purification of thefe fubftances is effected by the addition and application of certain fluxes, or any mixture of them together with or without absorbent fubftances of lime, gypfum, chalk, and whiting mixed therewith, confifting of the refidue adhering to falt-pans and boilers, in which the fea-water brine and falt-rock are boiled.

In fome cafes the patentee ufes falt water, &c. to refine copper, lead, tin, zinc, bifmuth, and antimony. The ores are firft cleaned and pulverized for melting in the ufual manner. The fluxes may be used either in a crude or prepared ftate: the latter is upon the whole preferable, which is done by melting the falts, and mixing them with two parts of the recited absorbent fubftances feparately or together in a calcined state. Of this compofition, two pounds are used to every hundred weight of crude oe before expreffed; and double that quantity of the unprepared to the fame quantity of ore aforefaid, more or lefs as the ores or metals may require for rendering them ultimately pure.

To refine iron ores, or iron mine, and pig-metal made from it, the ores, &c. are to be pulverized and calcined in ovens or kilns with vegetable fuel and carbonated pit-coal or coke, and the ore wafhed in water trongly impregnated with common or other falt. The pig metal, or the pig iron extracted by the ufual proceffes, is refined and purified with combuftive and phlo

giftive fubftances, with the addition of fluxes, in the proportion of three pounds to one hundred-weight of pig-metal. The metal fo refined is purified by the addition of fluxes in the following proportions: viz. to the refined metal, while in a fluid ftate, is to be added half a pound of the prepared flux; and to the unprepared pigmetal is added four pounds of the faid flux, if required, to difpel the heteroge neous matter. The former process is preferred when the iron is intended for the fineft and best purposes, and for making fteel; as the fluxes have the beft effect when the metal is in contact with the fuel that poffeffes the least quantity of fulphuc and other pernicious fubitances, that op pofe the malleability, ductility, and stability of metals.

MR. WILLIAM BOOND'S (MANCHESTER) for a new Manufacture of Mixed and Coloured Cotton Velvets, Velveteens, and other Cotton Pile Goods, commonly called. Fuftians.

The cotton being properly prepared, Mr. B. proceeds to fpin it in the following manner: He places a dyed roving, and an undyed or coloured roving in the frame of a fpinning machine, and fpins two or more rovings together into one thread; by this means is obtained a mixture or mottled thread or weft, which is weaved into cotton velvets, velveteens, &c. After the goods are woven, he proceeds to raise the pile, fo as to fhew the mixture, by cutting the face or tuft of the pieces lon gitudinally in a frame with knives, as fuftians in the grey are ufually cut; then be immerges them in lukewarm water, in which a mal! quantity of alum is dif folved: they are afterwards dried in a ftove or in the open air. When dried, the pieces are to be rubbed across or longitudinally with brushes, and a stone to raife the pile, and make it knit together; fome pieces when they have undergone this laft operation are ready for fale; others will require farther labour, which is defcribed in the fpecification. The claim made by the patentee is the weaving mixed cotton, weft, or yarn, into pile goods, and for fi nifhing the fame after they are woven, fo as to make a mixed or mottled pile, fimi lar to mixed woollen cloth or kerfeymere, which has never been practifed before on thefe kinds of cotton pile goods.

PROCEEDINGS

SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF

THE

LONDON.

HE Reverend William Gibson has given this Society an account of a Burial Urn, difcovered by fome labourers employed in railing gravel, at Colney, in Norfolk. This urn was depofited about three or four feet below the prefent furface; it contained no coins nor any other fubftance excepting burnt bones, afhes, and charcoal; and the earth in which it food was of a brown colour, refembling rotten wood, mixed with ashes of charcoal, and pieces of burnt bone. It ap pears from farther enquiry, that iron fpear-heads, inftruments refembling knives, a horfe-fhoe of an unusual fhape, and fragments of smaller urns have, at different times, been dug up in or near this pit. The parish of Colney is only five iniles diftant from Colney, the unqueftionable Venta Icenorum of the Romans, from whence a line, drawn in a northwest direction to Brannodunum (Brancafter), an acknowledged Roman ftation alfo, where under the Comes littoris Saxonici, vel tractus maritimi, the Dalmatian horfe kept garrifon, will pafs through Colney, Elmham, and South Creake. From this and other circumftances, Mr. Gibson conjectures that thefe works may be a few links of a chain of pofts, fuch as would probably be eftablished between a station fo important as that at Caftor and Brannodunum, which was obnoxious to invafion from the Saxons; while, perhaps, a fimilar chain, through Caftleacre, where Roman remairs are alfo found, might connect the Venta Icenorum with Caftlerifing, an ancient and elevated fortrefs, overlooking one of the best harbours in thofe parts, much expofed to piracies, in which the Saxons fhewed themselves great masters; where alfo are apparent veltiges of Roman fortifications, perhaps more ancient; and where, according to Spelman, a coin of Conftantine the Great was dug up, and brought to him.

At a meeting of the Society, held December 11th, 1800, fome remarks were read from Robert Smith, Efq. refpect. ing a curious Gimmal or Gemmow Ring, which had been dug up at Horley-down, i Surrey.

This ring, according to its name, is conftructed of twin or double hoops, which play within one another, like links

of a chain. Each hoop has one of its fides flat, the other convex; each is twisted once round, and each furmounted by a hand, iffuing from an emboffed fancywork wrift or fleeve; the hand rifing fomewhat above the circle, and extending in the fame direction. The courfe of the twift, in each hoop, is made to correfpond with that of its counterpart, fo that, on bringing together the flat furfaces of the hoops, the latter immediately unite in one ring. On the lower hand, or that of which the palm is uppermoft, is reprefented a heart; and, as the hoops clofe, the hands flide into contact, forming, with their ornamented wrifts, a head of the whole. The device prefents a triple emblem, of love, fidelity, and union. Upon the flat fide of the hoops are engraven, "Ufe de Vertu ;" and on the infide of the lower wrift, the figures "990." The whole is of pure gold, and weighs two penny-weights, four grains.

"

It is of foreign workmanship, and appears to be of no great antiquity, perhaps about the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and the figures were probably meant not to exprefs a date, but the artift's number, fuch as we ftill fee engraven on watches. The following are among the obfervations made by Mr. S. on this occafion :

Rings, it is well known, are of great antiquity, and in the early ages of the world, denoted authority and government, which were communicated, fymbolically, by the delivery of a ring to the perfon on whom they were meant to be conferred. This was the cafe with Pharoah when he committed the government of Egypt to Jofeph.

In conformity to this ancient ufage the Chriftian church afterwards adopted the ceremony of the ring in marriage, as a fymbol of the authority which the husband gave the wife over his houfehold, and over the earthly goods, with which he endowed her.

The gimmal ring is comparatively of modern date, for which we are indebted to the French, whofe fkill in diverfifying the fymbols of the tender paffion has continued unrivalled, and in the language. of whofe country the mottoes employed on almost all amorous trifles are till to be found. And it must be allowed, that the double hoop, each apparently freeyet infeparable, both formed for uniting,

and

and complete in their union, affords a not unapt reprefentation of the married state.

Among the numerous love-tokens which lovers have prefented to their mistreffes in all ages, the ring bears a confpicuous part; nor is any more likely, than the gimmal to fteal the impreffion of a miftreffes fantacy," as none fo clearly expreffes its errand.

From a fimple love-token the gimmal was at length converted into a ferious "Sponfalium annulus," or ring of affiance. The lover putting his finger through one of the hoops, and his mistress her's through the other, were thus fymbolically, yoked together; a yoke which neither could be faid wholly to wear, one half being allotted to one, and an equal portion to the other. And in the ufe of the gimmal may be feen typified a community of interefts, mutual forbearance, and a participation of authority.

The French term for it is, "foi" or 66 affiance," which latter word in the "Dictionnaire de Trevoux," is defined, bague ou jonc que l'accordé donne à, fon accordée, ou il y a un fil d'or, et un fil d'argent." This definition not only fhews the occafion of its ufe, but fuppoles the two hoops to be compofed, one of gold, the other of filver; a diftinction evidently meant to characterize the bridegroom and bride. Thus Columella calls thofe vines which produce two different forts of grapes" gemellæ vites," Skinner and Ainfworth among ourselves deduce gimmal from a Latin origin, ufed to fignify fomething of correlpondent parts or double. And Dr. Johnson gives it a more extenfive fignification: and explains gimmal to mean, "fome little quaint devices, or pieces of machinery,' though he is inclined to think the name gradually corrupted from geometry, becaufe any thing done by occult means is vulgarly faid to be done by geometry." The word is not used in Chaucer nor in Spencer in Shakespeare it occurs two or three times; in one of which it feems to bear Dr. Johnfon's fignification: "I think by fome odd gimmals or device, Their arms are fet, like clocks, ftill to ftrike

on."

Upon which a commentator has the following note, "A gimmal is a piece of jointed work where one piece moves within another; whence it is taken at large for an engine. It is now vulgarly called "Gimcrack."

MONTHLY MAG. No. 113.

In fome obfervations made by Taylor Combe, efq. we find that he has, within thefe few years, had an opportunity. of procuring an ancient bronze figure of a goat with one horn, which was the old fymbal of Macedon. Figures reprefenting the types of ancient countries are extremely rare; and neither bronze nor marble fymbols of Macedon had been noticed before this, which was fent for the inspection of the Society of Antiquaries. It was dug up in Afia Minor, and was brought into this country by a poor Turk.

In ancient times Macedon and the adjacent countries abounded with goats, fo much fo that they were made the fymbols not only of many individual towns; but the kingdom itself, which is the oldeft in Europe of which we have any regular and connected hiftory, was reprefented by a goat, with this particularity that it had but one horn.

Caranus, the first king of the Macedonians, commenced his reign 814 years before Chrift. The circumstances of his being led by goats to the city of Edeffa, the name of which he converted into Eege is well worthy of remark. (Urbem Edessam, ob memoriam muneris, Aegas, populum Aegeadas vocavit.) The Cretans called the goat caranus, which is deduced from the Hebrew word keren, for a horn, or from the Greek word keras; hence, says Mr. C. "it will appear that Caranus was fo called in conformity with an idea of power, which was annexed to the word born even in the earliest period of Macedonian hiftory.

About three hundred years after Caranus, the Macedonians became tributary to the Perfians. This event is thus recorded on one of the pilafters of Perfepolis: A goat is reprefented with an immenfe horn growing out of the middle of his forehead, and a man in a Perfian dress is feen by his fide, holding the horn with his left hand, by which is fignified the fubjection of Macedon. A proverb in ufe at the prefent day is grounded upon this ancient practice of fignifying conquest by the capture of the horns. "To take the bull by the horns," is an equivalent phrafe for "to conquer." When Demetrius Phalereus was endeavouring to per-fuade Philip to make himself master of the cities of Ithome and Acrocorinthus, as a neceffary ftep to the conqueft of the Peloponnefus, he faid, Having caught hold of both horns, you will poffets the ox itfelf." NA But

66

But the cuftom of reprefenting the type and power of a country under the form of an horned animal, is not peculiar to Macedon: Perfia was reprefented by a ram. The King of Perfia when at the head of his army, wore a ram's head made of gold and fet with precious ftones, inftead of a diadem.

The relation of thefe emblems to Macedon and Perfia is ftrongly confirmed by the vision mentioned in the eighth chapter of the prophet Daniel, which, while it explains the fpecimens of antiquity produced by Mr. C. receives itfelf in return no inconfiderable fhare of illuftration. Nothing certainly is more applicable to the overthrow of the joint empire of the Medes and Perfians by Alexander the Great, than this vifion in the Book of Daniel and its fubfequent explanation; nor at the fame time can better authority be required for the true meaning of the fingle-horned goat, than may be derived from the fame authority.

It is remarkable, fays Mr. C., that the goat which accompanies this paper is a fhe-goat; but that mentioned by Daniel was a male. The variation is of little moment. The figure was probably executed in the reign of Alexander the Great, when Maced n had reached its highest pitch of fplendour; for at no time can it be faid that the country was more productive either in arts or learning, or that its empire was more extenfive. Such a period, then, in the hiftory of Macedon might not have been unfitly reprefented by a female goat.

Of the ufe to which it was originally applied nothing can be faid with certainty, though it was probably fixed to a military ftandard, after the manner of the Roman eagle; this fuppofition is fupported by what is related of Caranus, who ordered goats to be carried before the standards of

his army.

WILLIAM VEEL, ESQ. has prefented to this Society an original letter in the hand-writing of King Charles II. together

with blank commiffions from the fame Monarch, to Colonel Thomas Veel, to raife troops for his fervice. The copy of the letter is as follows:

Antwerp, March 3, 1658.

"I am glad you refolve fpeedily to vifitt your frinds in England. I hope you will finde the conjuncture favorable to your defignes. I can add nothing to what I have fayd at large to you, yett I thinke it not amifle that you be able to fhew your frindes, under my hande, that I am very defirous to receave from remembering any thing that hath been afliftance from them, and that I fhall be fo farre heartofore done by any of them to their prejudice, that you may undertake, I shall reward them for any fervice they fhall do me, and I will make it good. You know to whom to repayre for further information and inftruction.

"I am,

"Yr affectionate frinde
"CHARLES R."

Two of the blank commiffions are dated Bruges, November 24 and 27, 1656; and the others at Bruxelles, the 14th and 15th of May 1659. Thefe papers came into Mr. Veel's hands as heir and executor to his father in 1783; and they appear to have been tranfmitted from father to fon through four generations, and to have been preferved by them with their most valuable papers ever fince the time when they ceafed to be of any further ufe, probably from being deemed an honourable teftimony to Colonel Veel, and proof of the confidence placed in him by King Charles and his Minifters at Antwerp. A fhort history of the Colonel is annexed to these papers.

FRANCIS DOUCE, ESQ. during the late fcarcity, laid before the Society copies of an original communication from Queen Elizabeth concerning the fcarcity of grain; and of a letter from her Majefty's Privy Council to the Sheriff and Juftices of the county of Norfolk, on the fame fubject. The former was given at the Queen's palace of Westminster, January 20, 1565; and the latter is dated at the court at Greenwich, August 3, 1596.

mons, it was difcovered that the walls of the building had been originally painted with a variety of hiftorical and other fubjects. Mr. Smith obtained permiffion in fubfcriptions for a publication of prints, to copy them, for which purpofe he took with defcriptions, for which he has already been honoured with the names of many highly distinguished eminent charac

ters,

ters, at three guineas and a half for each copy, to be paid on delivery. At the time when thele terms were fixed upon, it was intended to engrave feventeen plates, but it has fince been found that, instead of seventeen, they muft unavoidably be extended to upwards of thirty. Mr. Smith, conceiving himself bound by the terms of his original propofal, does not raife, the price to any fub criber who fhall honour him with his name before publication, though, to indemnify himself for the additional expence, he must raife the price to those who apply for it after wards, to fix guineas.

Most of the paintings and ornaments of the Chapel have been drawn and engraven by Mr. Smith; of the reft, fome have been drawn and engraved by other artits; all have proceeded with every affiduity compatible with excellence, and this delay has enabled the artists to add to the number of the plates, and finish them more highly, and gives opportunity for furnishing more intelligence than could have been procured, if the work had appeared earlier. By this, the publifher has also been able to exhibit a fpecimen, (the first he believes with which any book has been adorned,) of a method of producing prints, not from copper, or any other metal plates, but from a ftone on which the drawings have been made; and of this method a fufficient de cription will be given. In order to add to the variety, fome of the cuts are executed in aquatinta, others in mezzotinto, and,

others have been engraven on iron and

feel.

A Child afkeep. Sir Joshua Reynolds pinxt. J. Summerfield, late Pupil of F. Bartolozzi, R A. fculpt.

This plate is infcribed to the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufac tures and Commerce, who last year judged it worthy of their fecond prize.

It is

very well engraved in ttroke, and, confidered as the production of a young artift, has confiderable merit; but it is not characteristic of the ftyle of Sir Joshua; there is a mezzotinto print from the fame picture, which is in that refpect fuperior. Mrs. Scott Waring and Children. Ruffel, R. A. pinxt. C. Turner fculpt.

Of Major Scott, during the time of the trial of Mr. Haltings, we read and heard much; of Mifs Hughes, the lady he married, and who is the fubject of this portraiture, we have alfo read and heard fomething; fo that this picture may be perhaps in a degree interefting to more

than the immediate friends of the parties. To fuch we can fifely announce that it is a very pleafing picture of a hand fome woman and engaging children, extremely well engraved in mezzotinto.

Views in India.

A new and fuperb work, from pictures painted on the pot by Mr. Daniell, Co. Ward, Law, Hunter, and R. Solviws; confifting of Views in various parts of the Eaft Indies, particularly the newly acquired parts of Myfore, and of figures reprefenting the coftume of the natives, which will altogether form a picturesque hiftory of Hindoftan and the manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants.

This work is now publishing by Mr. Orine, and the first and fecond part are ready for delivery to the fubfcribers. The fubjects are interefting; and that part of the work already published, is well executed. The whole will be completed in the courfe of the year.

At the fame place is fold, price is. 6d. in colours, a print recently engraved, particularly defcriptive of the Bengal army

His Majefty King George the III. the Figure copied by Hopkins, from the Picture of bis Review, painted by Sir William Beechey. The Horfe painted from the Life by William Ward.

William Beechey, we noticed in a former The picture of the Review, by Sir Retrospect with a praife to which most of the productions of Sir William are Mr. Hopkins has eminently entitied. Mr. Ward has copied the horse; and it here copied the figure of the King, and forms a fpirited and good mezzorinto, and, as a print, has very confiderable merit, though, as a picture, we do not think of it quite fo highly. The body. of the Sovereign is awkardly cut by the fhadow under the left arm: the hofe is painted with a laborious minuteness; but the great general outline is rather feeble; and the legs are lame, and the hoofs incorrect.

The Honourable Sir Robert Chambers, Chief Fujtice of Bengal. Home pinxt. Calcutta. Daw Sculpt.

This is a very well engraved mezzotinto, and we are told a good likenes of the original; in which cafe it must be friends of the late Chief Juftice of Bena very interesting portrait to the numerous gal.

Sir Richard Carr Glynn, Lord Mayor of Lon don 1798-9. J. Hoppner, R. A. pinxt. W Say Sculpt.

If taken in every point of view, this is on the whole a better print than either Nn 2

of