berger medal of honor of Brown University was made by the faculty to Dr. William W. Keen, of Philadelphia.

PROFESSOR G. H. PARKER, director of the Harvard Zoological Laboratory, has been elected to honorary membership in the American Otological Society.

DR. LEO LOEB, professor of pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, has been elected a foreign member of the "Deutsches Zentralkomitee zur Erforschung und Bekämpfung der Krebskrankheit."

DR. EDWARD CURTIS FRANKLIN, professor of chemistry, Leland Stanford University, has received the degree of doctor of science from Northwestern University.

DR. DAVID WHITE, of the United States Geological Survey, received the honorary degree of doctor of science from Williams College on June 22.

RALPH ARNOLD, geologist and petroleum engineer, received the degree of doctor of engineering from the University of Southern California on June 18.

DR. HUBERT WORK, secretary of the interior, and former president of the American Medical Association, delivered the commencement address at the University of Colorado on June 15, on which occasion he received the degree of doctor of laws.

HONORARY degrees conferred by the University of Pennsylvania at its commencement exercises on June 17 include the following: the doctorate of laws on Dr. Livingston Farrand, president of Cornell University; the doctorate of science on Dr. John Robbins Mohler, chief of the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, Washington, and on Dr. Alfred Newton Richards, professor of pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania.

FOR distinguished services in public health, hygiene and original work in protective serums, Dr. William H. Park, on May 14, received the gold medal of the National Institute of Social Sciences.

ON the occasion of a meeting to celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the College Entrance Examination Board, Dr. Thomas Scott Fiske, secretary of the board and professor of mathematics in Columbia University, was presented with a silver bowl and a gold purse.

To commemorate the seventieth birthday of Professor Bohuslav Brauner, of the Charles' University, Prague, his friends and pupils have published a jubilee number of the Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. The volume contains 33 original papers on research work in all branches of pure chemistry, covering 350 pages.

SIR CHARLES T. RUTHEN has been elected president of the Institution of Structural Engineers, England.

DR. AUGUSTE PETIT, of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, has been elected a member of the Paris Academy of Medicine in place of the late Dr. Jean Camus.

DR. JOHN M. COULTER, who recently retired from the professorship of botany at the University of Chicago, will be on the staff of the Lincoln School, of Teachers College, Columbia University, during the next academic year. Dr. Coulter will also act as general adviser in the work of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, and will reside in Yonkers, N. Y.

EDWIN R. MARTIN, assistant professor of electric power engineering at the University of Minnesota, has resigned in order to take a position in the industrial power division of the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company at East Pittsburgh.

PROFESSOR SIDNEY DEAN TOWNLEY, of Stanford University, has been appointed visiting lecturer on astronomy at Harvard University for the academic year 1925-26. He will take the place of Assistant Professor Harlan T. Stetson, who will be on leave of absence.

DR. WARO NAKAHARA, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, has been appointed associate pathologist at the government institute for infectious diseases, Tokyo Imperial University, and research associate in the division of experimental therapy at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Tokyo.

DR. GEO. D. SHEPARDSON, head of the department of electrical engineering at the University of Minnesota, has been granted a sabbatical furlough for the year 1925-26, which will be spent largely in foreign travel. During his absence, Professor F. W. Springer will be acting head of the department.

DR. ALBERT EINSTEIN has returned to Germany, following a three months' visit to Brazil and the Argentine.

DR. C. H. BEST, the associate of Dr. Banting in the discovery of insulin, leaves Toronto in July for Europe, where he will spend a year in medical research.

MISS ANNIE J. CANNON sailed for England on June 1, to visit observatories in England and in France and to attend the triennial meeting of the International Astronomical Union at Cambridge, England, in July.

EDWIN R. EMBREE, secretary of the Rockefeller Foundation, will leave this summer for a year or more on behalf of the foundation in the countries of the

Pacific, visiting universities and investigators in the biological sciences.

PROFESSOR C. W. EDMUNDS, of the University of Michigan Medical School, has been invited by the Health Committee of the League of Nations to attend a conference to be held in Geneva on international standards which are to be adopted for a number of important drugs and medicines. He will sail the latter part of July.

DR. CHARLES L. PARSONS, Secretary of the American Chemical Society, has sailed from New York to attend the meeting of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry at Bucharest.

DR. ROBERT B. OSGOOD, professor of orthopedic surgery at the Harvard Medical School, has been invited to deliver the first lecture of the Owen Orthopedic Foundation in London, England.

DR. REYNOLD A. SPAETH died from septicemia on June 26 in Siam, where he had gone under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation to assist in the reorganization of the University of Bangkok. Dr. Spaeth was thirty-eight years old and had been associate professor of physiology in the school of hygiene and public health of the Johns Hopkins University.

DR. WILLIAM CURTIS FARABEE, curator of the American section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, died at the age of sixty years on June 24 after a long illness following from his South American explorations.

SENATOR E. F. LADD, formerly professor of chemistry at North Dakota College and president of the Agricultural Experiment Station, died on June 22 at the age of sixty-five years.

REAR ADMIRAL JOSEPH EDGAR CRAIG, at one time chief of the U. S. Hydrographic Office, died on June 21, aged eighty years.

DR. ALBERT HEALD VAN VLEET, professor of botany in the University of Oklahoma since 1898 and dean of the graduate school since 1909, died at his home in Norman, Oklahoma, on June 22, aged sixty-four years.

RICHARD M. HUNT, assistant curator at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, died on June 25.

In the presence of a large and distinguished gathering in the University Museum at Oxford University on June 10, the vice-chancellor unveiled and accepted on behalf of the university a bronze plaque which has been affixed in the building to the memory of Sir William Osler, late Regius professor of medicine. The plaque is the work of M. Vernor, of Paris. Sir Herbert Warren, president of Magdalen, presented the

plaque on behalf of the subscribers, and after the unveiling a wreath of laurel was placed at its foot by Mr. Fulton (Magdalen), representing the Inter-State Post-Graduate Assembly of American Physicians and Surgeons. Sir Humphry Rolleston, president of the Royal College of Physicians and Regius professor of physic in the University of Cambridge, paid a tribute to Sir William Osler.

THE American Society of Plant Physiologists will meet, by invitation, with the Corn Belt Section of the American Society of Agronomy at Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan, on July 9 and 10. The meeting is to be a field meeting and offers opportogether on common ground. tunity for plant physiologists and agronomists to get

THE Sixth International Chemistry Conference convened in Bucharest on June 26. Previous congresses have met in Rome, Brussels, Lyons, Cambridge and Copenhagen. About 150 delegates from 17 different countries, representing various chemical societies, attended the four-day conference.

THE thirty-sixth congress of the Royal Sanitary Institute will be held at Edinburgh University from July 20 to 25. Sir John Gilmour, secretary for Scotland, as president, will deliver his inaugural address to the congress on Monday, July 20. Six hundred and seventy-five delegates have been appointed from nearly 400 sanitary authorities.

ACCORDING to Nature, the Italian government and the International Institute of Agriculture have established a joint committee to organize a World's Forestry Congress, which will be held at Rome early in May, 1926. Experts in forestry and representatives of the timber and allied industries are expected to attend from all parts of the world. The provisional program of the congress embraces a wide range of subjects, on which reports and papers will be read and discussed. At the same time there will be held, in connection with the International Fair at Milan, an exhibition of forest products and of the machinery. used in the conversion of timber. Various excursions to Italian forests will be planned to follow on the conclusion of the congress.

THE University of Toronto has received a grant of $50,000 from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Foundation for work in the field of child study. The grant is on the basis of $10,000 per annum for five years, to which an additional sum is being contributed through the efforts of the Canadian Mental Hygiene Committee. A similar grant has been given to McGill University for child work in Montreal.

THE International Health Board, New York, has

offered £1,000 a year for five years to establish a chair of tropical sanitation and hygiene at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture at St. Augustine, Trinidad.

A FOUNDATION fund of $50,000 for the first Connecticut college of pharmacy, which will be situated in the old Yale Medical School Building, at New Haven, is being subscribed by the wholesale and retail druggists of Connecticut. Curtis B. Gladding, of Hartford, has been named president of the new college, which opens next fall.

A FUND to be known as the Roald Amundsen Foundation for the Advancement of Norwegian Geographic Research has been established by the Aeronautic Association of Norway. Already 750 subscriptions have been received to be placed at the explorer's disposal.

THE Commonwealth Fund of New York City has established five fellowships in neuro-psychiatry in the Graduate Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. These fellowships are for three years and are for the purpose of training candidates in conjunction with the newly established Child's Guidance Clinic. The course is similar to the three years' course of the graduate school, but special emphasis will be paid in the last year to child's guidance work. The stipend will be about $2,000 a year.

THE Johnston-Lavis geophysical collection, which was bequeathed to the University of London by the late Dr. Henry James Johnston-Lavis, was formally opened at University College on June 25. The opening ceremony was performed by Sir Henry A. Miers, F.R.S., vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester.

THE Newport Chemical Works, Inc., of Passaic, N. J., according to Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering, is establishing a complete experimental station in connection with a projected research program for the development and testing of flotation agents. J. C. Williams, formerly superintendent of the Colorado, School of Mines Experimental Station, has been added to the staff to direct the proposed work.

ACCORDING to the Italian correspondent of the Journal of the American Medical Association, ceremonies in celebration of the laying of the cornerstone of a new institute for cancer research were recently held in Milan. The founding in Italy of an institution of a type similar to those already established in the United States, in England and in Germany is due to the initiative of the communal council of Milan, of which Senator Mangiagalli, professor in the University of Milan, is the president. A public subscription was opened to raise the necessary funds, and in a few months about 10,000,000 liras had been

subscribed. The institute is to be erected in the vicinity of the university and it is thought that it can begin to function in November, 1926.

WE learn from the London Times that the ship Discovery, which was used by the late Captain R. F. Scott in his Antarctic Expedition of 1901-04, has been reconstructed in the yard of Messrs. Vosper and Co., Portsmouth, for another period of service in Antarctic seas. In 1923 the vessel was acquired from the Hudson Bay Company, into whose possession she had passed, for the purpose of carrying a research expedition which will shortly proceed to South Polar waters. In this undertaking the Colonial Office, the government of the Falkland Islands, the Admiralty, the British Museum authorities, the Ministry of Fisheries and the Royal Geographical Society are interested. It is understood that the chief objective is concerned with research in connection with the whaling industry in the Falkland Islands Dependencies, and that oceanography, meteorology and other sciences will also be studied. Dr. S. W. Kemp, superintendent of the Zoological Survey of India, has been appointed director of research to the expedition, and the Discovery will be commanded by Lieutenant-Commander J. R. Stenhouse, R.N.R., one of the late Sir Ernest Shackleton's officers.

The British Medical Journal writes: "William Harvey died in his eightieth year on June 3, 1657, and on June 26 his remains were deposited in a vault adjoining the parish church of Hempstead in Essex. He was 'lapt in lead,' and on his breast in great letters was his name, 'Doctor William Harvey.' By the middle of the last century this vault underneath the Harvey Chapel had become ruinous. On January 28, 1882, the tower of the church fell towards the southwest; it is still a heap of stones in the churchyard. On October 18, 1883, the body was removed from the vault and placed with all due reverence in a handsome white marble sarcophagus erected by the Royal College of Physicians of London in the chapel above the vault. With it was deposited a leaden case containing the edition of the works of Harvey published by the college in 1766, and a vellum memorial recording the circumstances of the removal. It is now proposed to restore the fallen church tower as a further memorial to William Harvey. The village of Hempstead lies in a sparsely populated agricultural district, seven miles from the railway station of Saffron Walden and some fifty from London. It is therefore necessary to make a far-reaching appeal for the sum of £5,000 which is neeed to carry out the project. The clergy of the diocese and the Royal College of Physicians have given their hearty support, and a committee has been set up, including the bishops of the three neighboring dioceses; the president and

other distinguished fellows of the Royal College of Physicians; Sir H. K. Anderson, M.D., master of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (of which Harvey was a member); Sir Charles Sherrington, M.D., president of the Royal Society; Sir Archibald Garrod, M.D., Regius professor of medicine at Oxford; Sir D'Arcy Power; and Dr. A. D. Brenchley, Master of the Society of Apothecaries. The chairman is Lord Stanmore, treasurer of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, to which Harvey was physician. Donations from members of the medical profession may be sent to Dr. Sidney Phillips, joint honorary secretary of the fund, at the Royal College of Physicians, Pall Mall,

S.W.1."

UNDER the general supervision of Dr. William Gates, director of the department of Middle American Research of Tulane University, the first Tulane expedition, led by Franz Blom (lately with the Carnegie Institution) is on a five months' tour above the Tehuantepec line, visiting many little known or unvisited Maya sites, through Tabasco, Chiapas, Guatemala and out through Peten and Belize. Last November the state of Tabasco invited the New Orleans Association of Commerce to send as its guests a commission to look into the needs and possibilities of that state. The commission represents the Association of Commerce, Tulane and Louisiana State Universities and various local interests, and includes Congressman O'Connor and a member representing the joint banks. The Tabasco state government has requested Tulane University to organize an agronomic plant survey for two years. This will be undertaken by Mr. Earl S. Haskell and A. C. Hartenbower, men who are familiar with conditions in South America, the Philippines, Guam and Mexico, and by Drs. Walter Evans and Spillman, of the Department of Agriculture. Dr. Gates writes that this and work initiated in Honduras are the beginning of a far-reaching program of tropical plant research.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL
NOTES

GROUND has been broken at the University of Pennsylvania for an anatomical laboratory to cost $1,300,000.

THE University of Cincinnati has received $400,000 from a group of donors for the erection of a new hospital.

DR. JOHN M. THOMAS, president of Pennsylvania State College since 1921, has been elected president of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J. Dr. Thomas succeeds President William H. S. Demarest, who resigned July 1, 1924.

DR. PARKE R. KOLBE has resigned as president of

the Municipal University of Akron to accept the presidency of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. He succeeds President Frederick Atkinson, who becomes president emeritus.

DR. DEAN LEWIS, of the Rush Medical School, has been appointed head of the department of surgery at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School and surgeon-in-chief to the hospital.

DR. ALBERT W. GILES, associate professor of geology at the University of Virginia and acting state geologist, has been advanced to a professorship in geology.

DONALD H. MCLAUGHLIN, chief geologist of the Cerro del Pasco Mining Corporation in Peru, has been named professor of mining engineering at Harvard University.

NEW appointments at George Washington University, Washington, D. C., for the academic year 19251926 include the following: Colin Mackenzie Mackall, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins), of St. Johns College, to be professor of chemistry; James R. Randolph, of the U. S. Bureau of Standards, to be assistant professor of mechanical engineering; Franklin L. Hunt, Ph.D. (Mass. Inst. Tech.), of the Bureau of Standards, to be lecturer in physics; Benjamin Douglas Van Evera, of Iowa State University, to be instructor in chemistry; John Philip Mason, of Princeton University, to be instructor in chemistry; William F. Roeser, of the Bureau of Standards, to be instructor in electrical engineering, and Carl J. Frederick, of Nebraska Wesleyan University, to be instructor in physics.

DR. EDWARD A. STRECKER, of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, has been appointed professor of nervous and mental diseases at Jefferson Medical College to succeed Dr. Francis X. Dercum, who resigned last April, and Dr. William M. Sweet, professor of ophthalmology at the graduate school of the University of Pennsylvania, has been elected to the chair of ophthalmology to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of Dr. Howard F. Hansell.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE

A NEW BACTERIAL DISEASE OF TOMATO

FRUITS

A DISEASE of tomatoes which caused big losses to the growers occurred last June in Texas, and in August and September in Nebraska. The disease is first noticed in green full-grown tomatoes, but it is hard to detect at this stage unless close attention is given to the stems. When the fruits are green they show a little brown spot or a dark ring around and under the stem. As the fruit is shipped green,

the packers may overlook this condition very easily. When the tomatoes reach their destination they have become a pink color, the disease has advanced and shows more plainly, for the stem end has then become a dark brown. The inspector notices this and, although there is not much external evidence of disease, he breaks the fruit open and finds a hard brown center. The rot is usually down the center and may extend from stem end to blossom end but sometimes it takes an oblique course and includes a portion of the seeds, darkening them also. There is no slime

or ooze.

Bacteria occur in great numbers in the tissues. The same organism was isolated from both the Texas and Nebraska material and the disease was reproduced in green and ripening fruits in the greenhouse, using pure cultures. The dark stem end and hard brown heart formed in the inoculated fruits exactly as in the field. Successful inoculations were obtained last summer by means of needle punctures and this spring good infections have been produced by smearing cultures on the stem and blossom end without puncturing.

Infection occurs mostly at the stem portion where the tough cuticle of the fruit ends, leaving a place where the bacteria can work into the more permeable tissue beneath the caylx. Secondary infection and soft rot may occur with the entrance of fungi and other bacteria. These conditions, however, were found to be rare in the material received. So far as known no infection of the leaves or stem occurs and inoculations on these parts up to this time have been unsuccessful.

The organism causing this disease is a yellow, polar-flagellate species, the biology of which is now

under consideration.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, WASHINGTON, D. C.

NELLIE A. BROWN

HUMAN CONSTITUTION IN RELATION TO DISEASE

It is unfortunate that Dr. Draper in his interesting report of his study of human constitution in relation to disease1 should give, even in a report of progress, a sample of dangerously inadequate statistics. The average anthropometric measurements of persons suffering from contrasted diseases which he cites do indeed "differ widely"; but any one who has worked with statistics must realize that such differences in averages may none the less be totally lacking

1 Draper, George. "The Relationship of Human Constitution to Disease," SCIENCE, LXI: 525-528, May 22, 1925.

in significance. We might accept Dr. Draper's statement that the proper measures of reliability and variability had been computed and found satisfactory in accord with accepted standards. But surely it is time that scientists cease the practice of presenting bare averages as if these by themselves were adequate to establish anything at all, even a presumption. I do not suppose Dr. Draper guilty of such statistical ignorance; but when he mentions the fact of distinct overlapping of types, yet fails to give any indication of the extent of overlapping, he clearly gives a wholly misleading impression of the proper way to handle such data.

One other point: Dr. Draper is clearly aware, when treating morphologic and physiologic traits, of the difficulty of finding baseline characters for the assignment of types. But as is unfortunately too common, his caution somewhat deserts him in considering the "psychic panel." Here he seems assured, at least, that there is a definitely marked "feministic trend in their psychic pattern." Psychologists would be glad to know just what this feministic trend is and, particularly, the evidence that it is idiotypic. HORACE B. ENGLISH

ANTIOCH COLLEGE

LITERATURE ON EARTHWORMS SEVERAL years ago the writer beginning research "on his own" asked for information as to literature on the earthworms (Oligochaetes) from the National Research Council and was told by one of its members to get the cards on that group from the Concilium Bibliographicum. The writer ordered these cards with the hope of getting a fairly complete bibliography of papers published during the years covered by the cards. The incompleteness of the references is surprising. For instance, in the years '07-'22 inclusive, titles of 47 articles on Indian forms alone are missing. Of the forty-seven thirty-three were by one man. These appeared in the following journals: