race revelled more in the joys of life, in the charms of nature and its delights; no race pondered so much over the doom pronounced-."Yet shall he be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb; the clods of the valley shall be sweet unto him, and every man shall draw after him as there are innumerable before him." He touched upon the peculiar characteristics of Welsh funerals and of hymns pertaining thereto, and pointed out how the memory of the dead by the observance of a Palm Sunday was perpetuated. As regarded monumental remembrances the Welsh had incontinently banished that cross, even the Celtic cross which was so striking a feature in Irish graveyards. Their protest against Roman Catholicism was so strong that they banished the cross, and in search for emblems or expressions of mourning for the dead, or the hope of immortality that they adopted as a monumental gravestone the obelisk-connected with Egyptian Polytheism; the urn-associated with Greek and Roman cremation; and that slate chest of forbidding ponderosity which almost seemed as if placed to prevent the dead from rising. They might, however, look in the future for a more elaborate expression of regret for the memory of the dead, for that would come with the development of art, which was the permanent expression of praise or admiration of the effort. The development of art, the growth of national unity (hear, hear), the building of an educational system (hear, hear), the evolution of a satisfactory social system, each and all required much time, devoted courage, noble ideas, and infinite toil (hear, hear). In the words of Ruskin, "you cannot have a noble nation, or a perfect man, any more than a pyramid or a church, but by sacrifices of much contributed life." And if it was true of the more favored nations

of those enjoying genial climates, in writing great traditions and capacities, commanding the instruments of government, and possessing the strings of prosperity and industry— how much more true was this of a nationality like the Celtic, which for countless generations had had to contend with adversities (hear, hear), to battle with and live through tides and conquests all the resources of hostile Statecraft, which, after being stripped of every instrument and even emblem of power, had had to survive studied neglect-perhaps the deadliest form of oppression, for it meant national stagnation (hear, hear). And as they surveyed that chequered history, it was natural they should ask themselves how far they respected the memory of the noble dead of Wales who had kept alive its name and fame among the nations, and who had made possible the revival and strengthening of the national feeling which, like a silent tide, was rising and filling the creeks and inlets of their land at the present day (hear, hear). It was surely their duty to rear worthy memorials to their noble dead, so that they might be to each generation tokens of their respect and admiration for those who had labored or fought or sacrificed for the existence, the enrichment an ennoblement of Wales (applause). The speaker then instanced a few from among the great host of the noble dead of Wales who should receive some permanent expression of national admiration, selecting types in former spheres of activity, viz., those who had labored in the national existence and national unity of Wales-the moral ennoblement of Wales; those who in Wales had borne witness to the relation of man to man. In connection with these he instanced the national labors of Howel Dda, Llewelyn ap Iorwerth, and Owain Glyndwr ; and in connection with the

national ecclesiastical life of Wales Bishop Morgan, the Rev. Daniel Rowlands, Thomas Charles, and John Penry. In other spheres of national life, he alluded to the labors of Dafydd ap Gwilym, Henry Vaughan, Goronwy Owen, Richard Wilson, John Gibson (the artist), and Robert Owen. The reverent memory of those great dead was a priceless treasure, an inspiration enriching and harmonising the national life, and should be enshrined in the warm and living hearts of the youth of Wales. In their colleges and schools generations of youths should ever be reminded of the fathers and benefactors of their nation, so that the schools might become in the highest sense the temples of Welsh nationality, informing the nation of their benefactors, of the debt due to them and to organize how the debt should be paid. In conclusion, he urged upon the students by their work, life and courage to emulate those who, like John Penry and Daniel Rowlands, interpreted the relations of man to God; or, like Dafydd ap Gwilym or Richard Wilson, of man to nature in art and poetry; or Robert Owen, of man to man in the social commonwealth; or like Howel Dda, Llewelyn or Owain Glyndwr, strove to maintain the national unity of Wales in the progressive life of humanity,

17

While agreeing with Mathew Arnold that the Celt has now an opportunity of conquering his conquerors," he was afraid that Grant Allen had exaggerated the extent of the conquest. Referring to the death of Lord Tennyson, he said: We, as Welshmen, cannot but deeply mourn his loss. We feel how immensely he has been influenced by our romantic literature, how thoroughly he has entered into its spirit, and how exquisitely he has expressed himself in his beautiful idylls "Arthur and the Round Table," "Gareth and Lynette," "Geraint and Enid," "Merlin and Vivien," and "Lancelot and Elaine." Those are household names to us, and we rejoice that the greatest poet of modern times should have selected them for his themes. We cannot but wish that many rich mines in our literature, as yet unexplored, may soon be discovered and utilised by some master-minds. Speaking of the Eisteddfod, he said: While we may feel proud of our national institution, as one with good aims, aims that our most fastidious English critics ought to allow are preferable to pigion-flying, horse racing, gambling, which are the favorite pastimes of a very considerable proportion of the English Democracy; at the same time it must be admitted the Eisteddfod is not exercising its best influence on the development of the Celt. A great bulk of the bardic eff

The whole bardic tribe, with their conceits, presumption and arrogance, wanted some process of reincarnation, and a considerable period of quiescence might elapse without any detriment to Welsh poetry. If the Eisteddfod, by offering adequate prizes, or by the emdowment of research, see itself about providing a satisfactory history of Wales some good would be done. Referring to the educational movement in Wales he remarked: We

must look forward to the establishment of a Weish University at no distant date. I hope that its object will not only be to produce a few brilliant men, but to leaven the bulk of the nation with the true elements of culture, and to produce an intelligent democracy that will wield the great power entrusted to it in a wise, judicious, and honest manner. In this great revolution women as well as men must bear their part, as Welsh girls, if they had the opportunity and training, would eclipse the boys in achievement.

NEW YEAR'S THOUGHTS.
The purer life draws nigher
Every year;

And its morning star climbs higher
Every year;
And earth's hold on us grows lighter,
And the heavy burdens lighter,
And the dawn immortal brighter,
Every year.

GRAVEYARDS are solemn volumes, in which even the blind may read upon their marble pages the records of hopes all departed. Dews of the night

are diamonds at morn, so the tears we weep here may be pearls in heaven. THERE is an end to kisses and to sighs,

There is an end to laughter and to tears; An end to fair things that delight our eyes, An end to pleasant sounds that charm our

WHAT MAKES A GENTLEMAN? Not pretty children and a wife, Not numerous years, nor lengthened life, Not pins and chains and fancy rings, Nor any such like trumpery things; Not pipe, cigar, nor bottled wine, Not liberty with kings to dine; Not coat nor boots, nor yet a hat, Nor dandy vests, nor trimmed cravat, Nor all the world's wealth laid in store; Nor mister, reverent, sir, or squire, With titles that the memory tire; Nor ancestry traced back to Will Who came from Normandy to kill; Nor Latin, Greek, nor Hebrew lore, Nor thousand volumes rambled o'er, Nor Judge's robe, nor Mayor's mace, Nor crowns that deck the royal race; These all united never can Avail to make a gentleman. A trathful soul, a loving mind

*

*

Full of affection for its kind;
A helper of the human race,
A soul of beauty and of grace;
A spirit firm, erect and free,
That never basely bends the knee,
That will not bear a feathers's weight
Of slavery's chain for small or great;
That firmly speaks of God within,
That never makes a league with sin:
That snaps the fetters despots make,
And loves the truth for its own sake;
That clings to honor as its own,
That worships God and him alone;
That trembles at no tyrant's nod-
A soul that fears no one but God,

And thus can smile at curse and ban

That is the soul that makes the man.

GRANCER.

THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA

AND ITS INFLUENCE ON
CIVILIZATION.

In the light of the discovery of the new world by Christopher Columbus, wars of conquest, the triumphs and

gift of two continents, with all their incalculable resources, to civilization was but a fraction of its value, and he who stops with that loses much of its significance. Beyond and above the mere increase of habitable and fertile land was the stimulus to human thought and speculation, which has grown into a great force with oncoming time and become a factor of transcendent influence in the advancement of the race.-Cleveland Leader.

WHY CALLED AMERICA.

How did it happen that the contin ent discovered by Cristopher Colum bus received its name from Americus Vespucius. Thanks to the zeal with which investigation has recently been pushed into all these matters, this most natural query can be answered now much more intelligently than it could a few years ago. The first printed map on which the name America appears was published at Lyons in 1516, ten years after the death of Columbus. But it was in 1507 that there issued from the obscure college press of the town of St. Die in Lorraine a little book or pamphlet called "Cosmographiæ Introductio," by Martin Waldseemuller, in which such use of the name was first proposed. came about in this way:

It

Vespucius, a Florentine of high repute as a navigator, a friend of Columbus, stirred by his discoveries, went with Ojeda in 1499 to explore the northern coast of South America, and again in 1501,1503 he made voyages which opened up to knowledge the coast of Brazil.

He wrote soon after an account of his travels so racy and graphic that it instantly became popular and passed through many editions in the various tongues of Europe. One of these booklets fell into the hands of the little band of scholars at St. Die, and

gave rise to their suggestion that a good name for the New World which Vespucfus had done so much to bring to the notice of the Old World, and which lay directly over against Africa, would be America.

There was no thought whatever at this time of appending the name to anything but the continental mass, of unknown shape and size, which lay behind the Brazilian shore, and which was looked upon as a totally distinct region from the islands which had been discovered by Columbus, while as to any continent north of the islands there was as yet very little knowledge.

With this Brazilian land, first seen through an accident by Cabral in 1500. no other name was now so prominently and legitimately connected as that of Americus Vespucius.

No protest was raised against the proposed name by the heirs or friends of Columbus. It was not regarded as in any way invading or invalidating the claims and rights of the discoverer of the regions farther north. The name, therefore, as applied to the southern continent, easily came into general acceptance. It soon becamewidely adopted, especially in the German and French maps and globes, and in fact throughout central and northern Europe.

Vespucius died in 1512. There is no evidence connecting him with the naming or with any false pretension in regard to the discovery.

Not till 1541, by which time it be. gan to be certain that the northern lands, were not, as had been previously supposed, a part of Asia, did any map appear giving the name of America to the whole of the Western Continent, and not till a few years previous to this did it seem to occur to any that injustice was being done, or might be done, by this name, to the superior claims of Columbus.