back walls are formed by the natural cliffs, while the front and partition walls are of masonry, consisting of rudely dressed stone laid in adobe mortar and chinked with smaller stones in a manner almost identical with that of the pueblo ruins. This type of dwelling is found in a number of localities in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, the finest in existence being those of the Mancos Canyon and Mesa Verde, in southwestern Colorado. Vigorous measures are now being taken by the people of Colorado looking toward the preservation of these ruins, and the movement is deserving of every encouragement. It is only to be regretted that such steps were not taken earlier, before the dwellings were despoiled of their contents. 2. Carate lodges.-These dwellings are as strictly cliff dwellings as are those above described. For scientific purposes the term cavate lodges has been invented to distinguish them as a distinct type. It would be best for popular use to retain the simple term cliff dwelling or cave dwelling. These dwellings are usually in high, and, in many cases, almost inaccessible cliffs. In the earliest stages they consisted of natural caves, but with the development of the people occupying them their dwellings were improved. In their highest state of perfection they consist of wholly artificial caves in perpendicular cliffs. A doorway is hewn into the face of the cliff to a depth of from 2 to 5 feet. Then the excavation of the dwelling begins. A front room, circular, oval, or rectangular is dug out. It may be from 6 to 20 feet in diameter, according to the use for which it is designed. If for a sleeping room only, it is liable to be from 6 to 8 feet in diameter, with very low ceiling, often not over 4 feet. If designed for a kiva, it may attain to a dimension of 15 to 20 feet in diameter. Those designed for general living rooms are usually from 8 to 12 feet in diameter, with ceiling not over 6 to 7 feet above the floor. There are usually one or more smaller rooms connected with the main living rooms by very small doorways. These were probably used for storage. The interiors are usually plastered to a height of about 4 feet above the floor with adobe mortar. In some places there is considerable attempt at wall decorations. The outer doorways are small, often not to exceed 14 by 4 feet. II. PUEBLO RUINS. These are spoken of as pueblo ruins, not because they have been occupied by the Pueblo Indians in historic times, but because of their resemblance to the large terraced structures occupied by the living pueblo people. The finest specimens of this class of ruins in existence are to be found in New Mexico, being very numerous in several parts of the Territory. They are built of sandstone, volcanic tufa, lava, and cobble stones, the material used in their construction depending upon the natural formations found in the vicinity where located. III. THE PAJARITO PARK. One of the most interesting regions archæologically in New Mexico is that known as Pajarito Park. It is a tract embraced between the Rio Grande on the east, the Jemez Mountains on the west, the Rito de los Frijoles on the south, and the Chama River on the north. It is a park of great natural beauty, being for the most part a plateau of from 6,000 to 9,000 feet altitude, and deeply seamed with canyons. western portion attains an altitude of over 10,000 feet in places, and is covered with a heavy growth of pine and spruce. The A considerable part of the tract is overlaid with volcanic tufa varying in thickness from 50 to 1,000 feet. In the northeastern part this is entirely eroded away. Throughout the north central part the tufa remains in long tongue-like mesas or potreras, which rise abruptly-in many places perpendicularly-to a height of from 100 to 500 feet. In the southern part the tufa extends to the river in a sheet of varying thickness, and here innumerable canyons are cut out by the mountain torrents. The face of the country thus presents many miles of almost perpendicular cliffs of yellowish and orange-colored tufa, and in these we find the cave dwellings in almost countless numbers. I have been engaged at frequent intervals since 1896 in exploring and mapping this region. A preliminary archæological survey has been the result. During the past four years parties from the New Mexico Normal University have spent considerable time during the summer vacations in exploring and mapping ruins. While the results of the work are still incomplete and unpublished, yet enough has been accomplished to show that this is one of the richest archæological fields on the continent. Many thousands of cave dwellings have been explored; the largest of the stone communal houses have been located and mapped. Hundreds of smaller stone ruins have been located and superficially investigated, and a small beginning has been made in burial mound exploration. Another interesting line which promises good results is that of photographing and sketching the pictographs or rock writings of the prehistoric inhabitants. These inscriptions are evidently the work of tribes far more remote than the immediate progenitors of the pueblos, who occupied these dwellings in comparatively recent times-that is, about 350 years ago. Almost all of these inscriptions have been copied and are being worked up. A fine group of pueblo ruins is situated on the Pajarito Park. These are the largest that have been found, some of them having contained as high as 1,200 rooms. They are not, however, in as good state of preservation as are those of the Chaco Canyon, having been abandoned much earlier. The largest and most interesting are Puye, Otowi, Tsankawi, Navakwi, and Tehrega. These have all been carefully mapped and measured, but very little excavation has been done. In the same region are several hundred smaller pueblo ruins, containing originally from 1 room up to 500 each. This class of ruins in the Pajarito Park are all built of volcanic tufa. During the past two years the attention of the Interior Department has been drawn to this region, with the result that a special investigation of the matter was ordered, and, based on the results of this investigation, a recommendation made to the national Congress to set aside all of the Pajarito Park that is situated on Government lands as a "Cliff Dwellers' National Park." This recommendation was embodied in what was known as House Resolution No. 14071, introduced by Congressman Lacey, of Iowa, and favorably reported by the Committee on Public Lands, to which it was referred. This bill provides for the preservation and protection of all ruins situated on the park. As far as can be learned, it met with very general approval. It is greatly to be hoped that the measure will be again brought forward at the coming session of Congress this winter and that favorable action may be had. Such action is greatly to be desired for the reason that during the past few years a considerable market value has become attached to all relics taken from the ruins of the Southwest, and this has been quite an incentive to collectors, who have carried on extensive excavations for commercial reasons only, and who have not only destroyed much valuable material, but have also wantonly destroyed the buildings. During the past summer Congressman Lacey personally inspected the ruins on Pajarito Park with a view to determining the extent and importance of the ruins. His trip embraced a visit to the cliff dwellings of Puye in the northern part of the park, to Tsankawi and Tchrega in the central part, and to the Painted Cave and the Stone Lions of the Potrera de los Vacas in the southern part. The most important results of Judge Lacey's visit will probably be a radical change in the proposed bill. Instead of proposing to set aside all of the lands inclosed within the boundaries of the park, the new bill will provide for the reservation and care of only such portions as have ruins situated thereon, with sufficient adjacent lands to amply protect the ruins, and with all necessary rights of way for public roads, etc. This will greatly reduce the acreage to be reserved and will remove what has been practically the only objection to the measure-that is, the withdrawal of a large tract from entry and settlement. IV. CHACO CANYON. The most important work of the summer expedition from the Normal University during the past summer was the exploration and mapping of the ruins of Chaco Canyon, in San Juan County. They are in western New Mexico, near the Navaho Reservation. Here the prehistoric village Indians seemed to have attained their highest culture and development. There are 14 large stone buildings in the region, several of which are in the best state of preservation of any such ruins that are known. They are vastly superior in construction to any of the present occupied pueblos. In some the walls still stand to a height of 30 feet and include remnants of the fifth story. They have originally been from three to five stories high. They contained from 100 to 1,000 rooms each and were built of sandstone. The most remarkable of these ruins are Kin Kale, Wejegi, Una Vida, Hungo Pavie, Chettro Kettle, Bonito, Tuba Kin, Peñasco Blanco, Pueblo Alto, Kin Klizhin, and Kimineola. Nowhere else is there such a splendid group of prehistoric buildings in a fair state of preservation. They are also the richest known in relics of prehistoric culture. It will be seen from what has been said that in these three localities—i. e., Pajarito Park and Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, and the Mesa Verde and Mancos Canyon tract in Colorado-we have the finest specimens and in the best state of preservation of the three classes of prehistoric ruins. In these three localities we may find practically every phase of the prehistoric culture of the Southwest. The Pajarito Park lies near the city of Santa Fe, and is easy of access in the northern part from Española, on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, in the central part from Buckman, on the same road, and in the southern part from Thornton, on the Santa Fe Railroad via Cochiti. The Chaco Canyon is difficult of access, being situated in the midst of an absolute desert. It is about 70 miles from Thoreau, on the Santa Fe Railroad, |