fifteen hundred dollars on the library during the thirty years prior to our leaving East Windsor Hill. The dreary record of three thousand volumes had indeed been changed to that of seven thousand before we came to Hartford. Of the fifty dollars allowed the librarian as his salary for forty-five years twenty-five dollars went to his assistant. Another sample of the humble standard with which the trustees were at first content may be seen in the annual income judged sufficient when the necessary buildings and other fixed property were paid for. In successive reports they expressed the opinion that three thousand dollars would defray current expenses. In partial justification of this estimate it should be known that one professor, who had received a handsome legacy from a rich brother in New York, served the institution gratuitously, and the salary of the youngest professor was six hundred and fifty dollars, exclusive of house rent. By some influential members of the board permanent funds were looked upon with distrust. Had they not in many cases been perverted? Are they not always a prize coveted by men seeking an easy position, and under little restraint from the obligations of creeds and the wills of deceased benefactors? "Let us shun

rely on the Some of our

this danger," said these good men. "We will annual gifts of those whose hearts are with us. own number will take short agencies, keeping the churches informed of our work, and thankfully accepting the smallest contributions." On a scale of three thousand dollars a year the plan seemed feasible. Its chief merit lay in securing from godly persons the prayers and sympathies not less helpful than their donations. The first year of the experiment was successful. Three hundred and twenty-eight subscribers were reported. The smallest sum in the list was fourteen cents, and the largest seven hundred and fifty dollars. Subscriptions were solicited chiefly in this state and in the city of New York. In the year 1839 a legacy of eleven thousand dollars was received from the estate of Miss Rebecca Waldo, of Worcester, Mass. This gift, by far the largest that had yet come into the treasury, was hailed with peculiar joy. Wide-spread commercial disasters had not long before crippled a number

of our patrons, and the collection of three thousand dollars in small sums had already become a difficult task. From that time little was openly said against permanent endowments. Before a second professorship was in this way provided for, the moral support previously derived from Christian people in the humble walks of life sensibly declined. The annual subscribers numbering 328 in 1835 dropped down to seven in the year 1859.

Besides the one thousand dollars appropriated to the library by the trustees of Dea. Stone's estate in 1837, some years later Mr. Richard Bond of Boston Highlands bequeathed to the Institute seven thousand dollars, of which four thousand dollars were to be appropriated for the purchase of books. Besides the benefit of his professional services without compensation the Seminary received from Dr. Cogswell one thousand dollars towards the endowment of a Professorship of Ecclesiastical History, also liberal aid from time to time for the relief of needy students. At an early period in our history two thousand dollars were bequeathed to the Institute by Mr. Alva Gilman of Hartford. The joint bequest of the three Misses Waldo of Worcester, Mass., amounted to fourteen thousand dollars, and were set apart for the support of a Professor of Ecclesiastical History.

The second professorship placed upon a stable foundation was that of Christian Theology, by the bequest of Mr. Chester Buckley and his wife of Wethersfield. To the late Hon. Seth Terry the Institute is deeply indebted for the patience, tact, and legal experience, gratuitously employed in successfully thwarting an attempt to set aside the wills of Mr. and Mrs. Buckley. On becoming satisfied, after consulting the best legal authorities, that the validity of the wills was seriously endangered by a technical flaw, Judge Terry planned a compromise securing to the Seminary and various benevolent institutions a large proportion of the bequests named in the wills, and to the heirs-at-law a considerable amount in advance of what would have fallen to them by the terms of of the instrument in debate. The last of the three endow

ments furnished before the removal to Hartford came in part from the estate of the Rev. Dr. Asahel Nettleton. Besides a bequest for the support of the Professor of Bible Literature Dr. Nettleton left five hundred dollars for the purchase of periodicals, and whatever should be realized from the sales of Village Hymns for the benefit of indigent students. By a providential interposition the instrument bequeathing a portion of his property to charitable objects was preserved and its provisions executed. Grateful mention should be made of the assistance afforded our young brethren by yearly grants from the Hale Donation and the Everest Fund. From the former source between two and three hundred dollars, and from the latter at least fifty dollars, have been annually applied for this purpose. By means of scholarships a succession of young men have been helped on their way to the sacred office. Of these charitable foundations six were furnished before we came to Hartford and sixteen have been added since. The first in the series was the gift of Mr. Abner Kingman to perpetuate the memory of his respect and affection for Dr. Nehemiah Adams of Boston, and the second from the same liberal friend bearing the name of Eliot. The names of his beneficiaries were communicated from time to time to Mr. Kingman, so that he could follow them into their home or foreign fields. More than thirty years he had the satisfaction of seeing the fruit of this one species of his manifold beneficence. Our annals will faithfully transmit to coming generations the names of those whose gifts or services have made them prominent during the period just closed. But at least a word of grateful recognition is due to those self-sacrificing Christian women in Hartford and Tolland Counties, who ministered with patient toil, like Dorcas of old, to the wants of needy students from year to year. If unlike hers their names are unrecorded, they will have their reward.

The manual labor department of the Seminary was planned chiefly for the promotion of physical health, but some anticipated it would also yield pecuniary profit. Seventy acres of choice alluvial land, lying between the seminary buildings and Connecticut river, were purchased for tillage by students,

and agricultural implements were furnished without charge. One acre or less, as he might choose, was allowed each student. The scheme included the construction of a road through the center of the field to the river, where a wharf was to be built to facilitate the transportation of farm products to this city. Operations began in the spring of 1834. The first gush of enthusiasm resulted in the construction of the road. A few, who had been accustomed to farm work in early youth, managed to keep in good health and earn enough to pay for a few text-books at the end of the season. As to the majority of the students, however, the outcome in respect both to health and profit was not altogether encouraging. In 1835 the net profit of work on land was two hundred and twelve dollars and seventy cents. In 1836, when the number of cultivators had increased, three hundred and eighty-three dollars and sixty-two cents were earned. The next year no estimate of proceeds was reported. Several drawbacks, not duly estimated at first, conspired to disappoint expectations from the agricultural branch of manual labor. As the soil became impoverished no provision was made for enriching it. Not unfrequently more time was required for necessary labor than fidelity to class-work would allow. As the terms of study were then arranged the summer vacation included one of the months when few crops can be wholly neglected without loss. Fortunately, as a home market was easily found for the products of the farm, no money was wasted on a wharf at the river. The fate of the workshop, intended for manual labor in cold and stormy weather, was even more disastrous. Each student was supplied with a box of tools, but with few exceptions the proper use of them was unknown to the young men. With no superintendent shop-tools rapidly depreciated in value, little merchantable work was produced, and the end of the experiment was much the same as of a similar one at Andover.

By their charter the trustees were authorized to establish a classical school as well as a theological seminary. Some of them were in favor of organizing it as early as 1836, but the majority declined taking any steps in that direction until

their main enterprise had obtained firm footing. In 1850 public sentiment called with earnestness for the organization of a first-class academy. It was found that a large percentage of the pupils in the best training schools of Massachusetts were from Connecticut. There was evidently wanting among us a school sufficiently endowed to secure the services of well-qualified teachers, not dependent for support on tuition fees, and pledged to a high standard of scholarship irrespective of the number of pupils. This view was entertained by many who had no partiality for the East Windsor Institute. With the Pastoral Union and their associates the project found favor because it promised eventually to strengthen the higher institution under their care. Not that academical pupils would pass directly into the seminary, but some of them after leaving college would be predisposed to take their professional course in the place to which they had become attached in former years. By some of us the prospect of a good training school at our door was hailed as a welcome boon. It would solve a hard problem. If our children were to enjoy any better advantages than were offered by the very inferior schools of the town, how could their expenses away from home be met from an income of $650 a year? In 1851 the trustees took measures for putting into operation a classical school to bear the name of East Windsor Hill Academy. They avowed their purpose to provide both thorough instruction in the various branches of study and in the great principles of Christian faith. The direct superintendence of the academy was placed in the hands of a committee, two members of which were to be from the theological faculty. Mr. Paul A. Chadbourne was chosen principal, with an excellent corps of assistant teachers. Fifty pupils were in attendance the first year. The Assembly's Catechism was recited each week, and constant care was exercised to secure the objects dearest to the hearts of Christian parents. To this feature of the academy grateful tributes were paid in after years by the graduates. When Dr. Chadbourne was called to a professorship in Williams College his place could not be easily filled; but during