for the use and benefit of the common schools of said states.

Sec. 19. That all lands granted in quantity or as indemnity by this act shall be selected, under the direction of the secretary of the interior, for the surveyed, unreserved and unappropriated public lands of the United States within the limits of the respective states entitled thereto. And there shall be deducted from the number of acres of land donated by this act for specific objects to said states the number of acres in each heretofore donated by congress to said territories for similar objects.

Sec. 20. That the sum of twenty thousand dol lars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to each of said territories for defraying the expenses of said conventions except Dakota, for which the sum of forty thousand dollars is so appropriated, twenty thousand dollars each for South Dakota and North Dakota, and for the payment of the members thereof, under the same rules and regulations and at the same rates as now provided by law for the payment of the territorial legislatures. Any money hereby appropriated not necessary for such purpose shall be converted into the treasury of the United States.

Sec. 21. That each of said states, when admitted as aforesaid, shall constitute one judicial district, the names thereof to be the same as the names of the states, respectively; and the circuit and district courts therefor shall be held at the capital of such state for the time being, and each of said districts shall, for judicial purposes, until otherwise provided, be attached to the eighth judicial circuit, except Washington and Montana, which shall be attached to the ninth judicial circuit. There shall be appointed for each of said districts one district judge, one United States attorney and one United States marshal. The judge of each of said districts shall receive a yearly salary of three thousand five hundred dollars, payable in four equal installments, on the first day of January, April, July and October of each year, and shall reside in the district. There shall be appointed clerks of said courts in each district, who shall keep their offices at the capital of said state. The regular terms of said courts shall be held in each district, the place aforesaid, on the first Monday in April and the first Monday in November of each year, and only one grand jury and one petit jury shall be summoned in both said circuit and district courts. The circuit and district courts for each of said districts, and the judges thereof, respectively, shall possess the same powers and jurisdiction, and perform the same duties required to be performed

by the other circuit and district courts and judges of the United States, and shall be governed by the same laws and regulations. The marshal, district attorney and clerks of the circuit and district courts, of each of said districts, and all other officers and persons performing duties in the administration of justice therein, shall severally possess the powers and perform the duties lawfully possessed and required to be performed by similar officers in other districts of the United States; and shall, for the services they may perform, receive the fees and compensation allowed by law to other similar officers and persons performing similar duties in the State of Nebraska.

Sec. 22. That all cases of appeal or writ of error heretofore prosecuted and now pending in the supreme court of the United States upon any record from either of said courts, may be heard and determined by the supreme court of the United States. And the mandate of execution or of further proceedings shall be directed by the supreme court of the United States to the circuit or district court hereby established within the state succeeding the territory from which such record is or may be pending, or to the supreme court of such state, as the nature of the case may require: Provided, That the mandate of execution or of further proceedings shall in cases arising in the Territory of Dakota, be directed by the supreme court of the United States to the circuit or district court of the district of South Dakota, or to the supreme court of the State of South Dakota, or to the circuit or district court of the district of North Dakota, or to the supreme court of the State of North Dakota or to the supreme court of the Territory of North Dakota, as the nature of the case may require. And each of the circuit, district and state courts, herein named, shall, respectively, be the successor of the supreme court of the territory as to all such cases arising within the limits embraced within the jurisdiction of such courts, respectively, with full power to proceed with the same, and award mesne of final process therein; and that from all judgments and decrees of the supreme court of either of the territories mentioned in this act, in any case arising within the limits of any of the proposed states prior to admission, the parties to such judgment shall have the same right to prosecute appeals and writs of error to the supreme court of the United States as they shall have had by law prior to the admission of said state into the Union.

Sec. 23. That in respect to all cases, proceedings and matters now pending in the supreme or district courts of either of the territories mentioned in this act, at the time of the admission

into the Union of either of the states mentioned in this act, and arising within the limits of any such state, whereof the circuit or district courts by this act established might have had jurisdiction under the laws of the United States had such courts existed at the time of the commencement of such cases, the said circuit and district courts, respectively, shall be the successors of said supreme and district courts of said territory; and in respect to all other cases, proceedings and matters pending in the supreme and district courts of any of the territories mentioned in this act at the time of admission of such territory into the Union, arising within the limits of said proposed state, the courts established by such state shall, respectively, be the successor of said supreme and district territorial courts; and all the files, records, indictments and proceedings relating to such cases, shall be transferred to such circuit, district and state courts, respectively, and the same shall be proceeded with therein in due course of law; but no writ, action, indictment, cause or proceeding now pending, or that, prior to the admission of any of the states mentioned in this act, shall be pending in any territorial court in any of the territories mentioned in this act, shall abate by the admission of any such state into the Union, but the same shall be transferred and proceeded with in the proper United States circuit, district or state court, as the case may be: Provided, however, That in all civil actions, causes and proceedings, in which the United States is not a party, transfer shall not be made to the circuit and district courts of the United States, except upon written request of one of the parties to such action or proceeding filed in the proper court; and in the absence of such request such cases shall be proceeded with in the proper state courts.

Sec. 24. That the constitutional conventions may, by ordinance, provide for the election of officers for full state government, including members of the legislature and representatives in the fiftyfirst congress; but said state governments shall remain in abeyance until the state shall be admitted into the Union, respectively, as provided in this act. In case the constitution of any of the said proposed states shall be ratified by the people, but not otherwise, the legislature thereof may assemble, organize and elect two senators of the United States; and the governor and secretary of state of such proposed state shall certify the election of the senators and representatives in the manner required by law; and when such state is admitted into the Union, the senators and representatives shall be entitled to be admitted to seats in congress and to all the rights and privileges of senators and representatives of other states in

the congress of the United States, and the officers of the state governments formed in pursuance of said constitutions, as provided by the constitutional conventions, shall proceed to exercise all the functions of such state officers; and all laws in force made by said territories at the time of their admission into the Union, shall be in force in said state, except as modified or changed by this act or by the constitutions of the states, respectively.

Sec. 25. That all acts or parts of acts in conflict with the provisions of this act, whether passed by the legislatures of said territories or by congress, are hereby repealed.

Approved February 22, 1889.

PREAMBLE.

We, the People of the State of Washington, Grateful to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe for Our Liberties, Do Ordain This Constitution.

ARTICLE I.-DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

Political Power.

Section 1. All political power is inherent in the people, and governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, and are established to protect and maintain individual rights.

Construed: Distribution of sovereign power inheritance tax-30 W. 349. Jitney bus act-90 W. 419.

Generally: 84 W. 62.

Supreme Law.

Sec. 2. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land.

See: 1 W. 382; 7 W. 215; 15 W. 15; 30 W. 439. State cannot prescribe the kind of money in which debts are to be paid-18 W. 537. Upon federal constitutional questions the rule of the United States Supreme Court is to be followed-14 W. 74; 23 W. 48; 36 W. 449.

Sec. 3. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.

Cited: 5 W. 304; 13 W. 159; 16 W. 415; 17 W. 450; 18 W. 78, 595; 19 W. 208, 337; 29 W. 604; 35 W. 512; 36 W. 312; 39 W. 164; 41 W. 178; 42 W. 240; 44 W. 352, 354; 45 W. 252; 46 W. 302; 80 W. 700; 86 W. 437.

See: 2 W. T. 130, 223; 5 W. 303; 50 W. 424; 55 W. 219; 73 W. 402. 1 Remington's Digest, pp. 521525, secs. 43-59; Id., pp. 538-544, secs. 119-142.

Construed: Deprivation of liberty-due process -1 W. 156; 16 W. 358; 19 W. 347; 34 W. 221; 35 W. 249; 36 W. 308; 37 W. 97; 39 W. 160; 41 W. 234, 174; 42 W. 237; 46 W. 327; 47 W. 538; 48 W. 8. Deprivation of property-due process-2 W. 373; 5 W. 309 (overruled in Id., 154 U. S. 34; 14 Sup. Ct. 1108); 5 W. 329; 7 W. 173, 631; 13 W. 158; 16 W. 412; 17 W. 645; 20 W. 142, 403; 26 W. 4; 27 W. 659; 30 W. 549; 35 W. 503; 40 W. 550; 41 W. 448; 43 W. 533; 44 W. Taxation 26; 45 W. 290; 46 W. 14, 301; 63 W. 457.