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the whole world. When wilt thou, O Britannia! remove thy evil councellors from before thy fight, and harken to the complaints of thy dutiful children? When wilt thou roufe from thy lethargy and fpurn thy enemies from thee with that contempt and disdain they merit.

S. L.

INDUSTRY, in general, and arts, NDUSTRY in general, and arts, vigation in particular, will be in an inverse ratio to the fpace, which a given number of men occupy. However rapid and fwift the circulation of a piece of money may be, it requires time to pafs from one province to another; during this interval, exchanges must be made in nature, which being impoffible in a great measure, it is evident, that every individual must remain fitisfied with what he poffeffes, and confequently industry must ceafe; a whole day would not be fufficient for a man to difpofe of a horse, cow, &c. in fuch a manner as to procure the articles he may want. There are daily brought to London provisions to an immenfe value, the tenth part of which is not taken in productions, nor one exchanged. It follows therefore, that if circulation was to cease, the inhabitants must inftantly separate, and difperfe; confequently that part of national induftry depends intirely on eirculation and agriculture in a great

SPECULATOR.

measure, because the farmer cultivates his lands, and feeds his flocks in proportion, as he can difpofe of them, and as this will depend upon circulation, it is evident, that every fpecies of induftry will be in an inverse ratio to the space a given number of men occupy. Becaufe in this as in mechanics, the celerity of motion will be in that proportion; the more therefore mankind is difperfed, the flower will be circulation, and the lefs will be their induftry. Moreover, it is only by the means of circulation that you can unite in a fmall space, fuch quantities of provifions, merchandize, &c. as will maintain, and provide for a great number of people: it is for this reafon, that all the arts, manufactures, &c. are inclosed in towns, and are carried to great perfection, whereas they diminish in proportion as mankind is difperfed, infomuch that one may affirm, there would not be upon the face of the earth, one fingle town of a thousand inhabitants if circulation ceafed in fact this is the case in every

country

30 country which has no money; as in North-America, and the northern provinces of Ruffia and Sweden, where the inhabitants are difperfed over an immenfe fpace, in which there is not one confiderable village. In all Siberia there is but one town of any note, and in both the Laplands not one; and in all North-America, excepting the European fettlements, there are not as many inhabitants as in the fingle county of York. From what has been faid it follows, that extenfive empires have, in proportion, lefs induftry than thofe which are less fo: compare Holland with Ruffia and Turky, and you will find that the industry of the former, though infinitely lefs populous and extenfive, is however much greater than the latter. The more mankind is contracted, the greater will be their wants, and the greater will be their efforts to fatisfy them, which will depend intirely upon circulation and the facility of exchanging their mutual productions. We shall therefore conclude, that the industry of a nation is in proportion to the quantity of circulation; however, we must confefs that this confequence admits of an exception, which is, that the quantity of induftry is limited, becaufe a given num. ber of men can produce or confume but a given quantity of induftry; whereas circulation may increafe ad infinitum. But we think it seldom happens, that in any country whatever, industry has been carried to the utmost limits, either in quantity or quality; and therefore we must adhere to these principles, viz. "Industry and circulation will increase together."

Having fhewn that mankind is induftrious in proportion as they are contracted, it follows, that in order to promote arts, manufactures, &c. you muft unite them, and facilitate the communication between them. The invention of pofts, paper currency, and navigation, have been the real caufe, at least the principal, of European induftry, which alone proves, that the antients deftitute of thefe fuccours, were in this respect, as well as in population infinitely inferior to us. Europe produces now twenty times more corn and cattle than it did ten centuries ago, which we

neceffarily tuppofe are confumed. Although metais are a principal spring of commerce, paper-currency is much more fo, becaule it can with great facility be transported from one country to another, which in fome measure contracts mankind, and increases their wants and induftry: for this reason the people who are filuated upon the feacoats, lakes, and navigable rivers, are more industrious and rich than those who inhabit the mountains and interior provinces of the extent. If Carthage, Athens, Holland had been fituated a hundred miles from the coast, probably they never would have formed a people, much lefs arrived to that degree of riches and power which juftly excites our admiration. The Swils will never be rich; nor will they ever have arts or manufactures but in a very limited degree, being feparated by high and inacceffible mountains, the communication between the different people, is interrupted during a great part of the year, each village forms a tribe, and must find within itself wherewith to fubfift, or perish, as they can draw no fuccours from their neighbours, though but a few miles diftant: It is for this reafon, as we have already obferved, that great Empires for want of an eafy and speedy communication be tween their different parts, have very little industry and it will be in vain to attempt to inspire them with a tafte for labour, when they can fatisfy their wants by hunting, fishing, &c. floth and poverty will be in proportion to the extent of ground which a people occupy. Look at Spain, Ruffia, and Turky, and you will fee an immenfe country uncultivated; to what purpose has Ruffia above twenty millions of fujects, the greatest part of whom are difperfed upon an immense space of fterile and 'uncultivated land without towns, villages, arts, or manufactures, and here and there only a few mifera ble cottages, whofe poffeffors can, with difficulty, procure wherewith to fubfift, much lefs fuperfluities, from which a lone government can draw any advantage? While they continue thus difperfed in a miserable country, covered with fnow, and deprived of light a great part of the year, it is impoffible

:

that

that the natural productions, or thofe of art, can nourish a great number of people or animals, which can neither fubfift, nor increase, but in proportion to the facility of providing themselves with the neceffaries of life. In the Northren climates, as well as near the Line, the earth is in general sterile. The extremes of heat and cold are equally hurtful to vegetation; it is in vain therefore to expect industry and an increase of population from people in this fituation. That great and immortal Emprefs of Ruffia who makes it her glory to promote the happiness and welfare of her fubjects, will never fucceed in her attempt while they are thus difperfed, and feparated from each other; the must contract them into á narrow space, and fix them upon the coafts of the Caspian and Black Seas,

31

and upon the navigable rivers, which will facilitate the communication hetween them; from hence their wants will increafe, and their industry in order to fatisfy them: all other means to enforce industry will be vain and fruitlefs; laws and inftitutions may, and ought to direct the actions of mankind, but cannot in any degree produce them. It is likewife in vain to expect industry where liberty and property are precarious; it is upon this principle that the great Emprefs we have mentioned, and who is juftly the object of our refpect and admiration, has ordered a code of laws, as the only means to promote arts and industry; but we humbly prefume to affure her Majefty, that without civil liberty there can be no induftry, flavery and commerce are incompatible.

can

A Perfon, fpeaking of one of our judges, faid he adminiftred Atria juftice, and there was not a more upright man living. An Irish gentleman present admitted the fact, and further obferved, that he inuft certainly be an upright man who would always lean in favour of the prifoner.

HE following gentlemen are abfo

Freeholders Middlefex at this time. William King, William Prince, James Duke, Thomas Earl.William Church, Charles Churchman, Richard Chappell.-John Parfons, William Deacon, John Prieft.-Jofeph Mil

ler, Edward Smith, William Cook, William Butcher, John Glover, Peter Taylor, Samuel Butler, John Barber, George Gardener, Henry Turner, John Fuller, John Cooper, William Baker, Daniel Chandler, Charles Porter, Ifrael Skinner, John Goldfmith, Charles Carpenter, George Slater, Joseph Carter, Samuel Packer, John Cheeleman, John Mercer.-Henry Eaft, Edward Weft, Thomas South.-John Farmer, James Fisher, Benjamin Thrafher.-Henry Day, Jhua Night.-Francis Deadman, Stephen Pitt, William Graves.

N

Otwithstanding the fuit between L-d and Lady L---r is an amicable one, it is thought there will be some difficulty in procuring fufficient evidence for a divorce: His Lordship has already recover'd damages from Mr. Awithout any defence having been made on the part of the latter; which it is pay. In the courfe of this fuit fome therefore fuppofed the latter is not to letters of Ly L-r and Mr. A---i will be produced, and proved, by which the Italian Count appears to be a forence) to the English Prince. In one of midable rival (in epiftolary Correspondhis letters, the Count tells L---y L---r', that when he is in her company his Blood is all Milk, but when he is abfent from her it is all Gall." The Lady's letters do no difcredit to her understanding,, and prove that her diforder was not in her Head.