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example, must not only be confcious, but conscious that it is the fame being with the Particle B. that went before.

We answer, this is only a fallacy of the imagination, and is to be understood in no other fenfe than that maxim of the English-Law, that the King never dies. This power of thinking, felf-moving, and governing the whole Machine, is communicated from every Particle to its immediate Succeffor; who, as foon as he is gone, immediately takes upon him the Government, which ftill preferves the Unity of the whole Syftem.

They make a great noise about this Individuality: how a man is conscious to himself that he is the fame Individual he was twenty years ago; notwithstanding the flux ftate of the Particles of matter that compofe his body. We think this is capable of a very plain anfwer, and may be eafily illuftrated by a familiar example.

Sir John Cutler had a pair of black worsted stockings, which his maid darned fo often with filk, that they became at last a pair of filk stockings. Now, fuppofing thofe ftockings of Sir John's endued with fome degree of Conscioufnefs at every particular darning, they would have been fenfible, that they were the fame individual pair of ftockings both before and after the darning; and this fenfation would have continued in them through all the fucceffion of darnings; and yet after the laft of all, there was not perhaps one thread left of the first pair of ftockings, but they were grown to be filk stockings, as was faid before.

And whereas it is affirmed, that every animal is confcious of fome individual felf-moving, felf-determining principle; it is answered, that, as in a House of Commons all things are determined by a Majority, fo it is in every Animal fyftem. As that which determines the Houfe is faid to be the reafon of the whole affembly; it is no otherwise with thinking Beings, who are determined by the greater force of feveral particles; which,

like fo many unthinking Members, compose one thinking Syftem,

And whereas it is likewife objected, that Punishments cannot be just that are not inflicted upon the fame individual, which cannot subsist without the notion of a spiritual fubftance: We reply, that this is no greater difficulty to conceive, than that a Corporation, which is likewife a flux body, may be punished for the faults, and liable to the debts of their Predeceffors.

We proceed now to explain, by the ftru&ure of the Brain, the feyeral modes of thinking. It is well known to Anatomifts that the Brain is a Congeries of Glands, that feparate the finer parts of the blood, called Animal Spirits; that a Gland is nothing but a Canal of a great length, variously intorted and wound up together. From the Arietation and Motion of the Spirits in thofe Canals, proceed all the different forts of Thoughts. Simple Ideas are produced by the motion of the Spirits in one fimple Canal; when two of these canals difembogue themfelves into one, they make what we call a Propofition: and when two of thefe proportional Channels empty themselves into a third, they form a Syllogifm, or a Ratiocination. Memory is performed in a diftin&t apartment of the brain, made up of veffels fimilar, and like fituated to the ideal, propofitional, and fyllogiftical veffels, in the primary parts of the brain. After the fame manner it is eafy to explain the other modes of thinking; as alfo why fome people think fo wrong and perverfely, which proceeds from the bad configuration of thofe Glands. Some, for example, are born without the proportional or fyllogiftical Canals; in others, that reason ill, they are of unequal capacities; in dull fellows, of too great a length, whereby the motion of the spirits is retarded; in trifling geniufes, weak and fmall; in the over-refining fpirits, too much intorted and winding; and fo of the reft.

We are fo much perfuaded of the truth of this our Hypothefis, that we have employed one of our Mem

;

bers

bers, a great Virtuofo at Nuremberg, to make a fort of an Hydraulick Engine, in which a chemical liquor refembling blood, is driven through elaftick channels. refembling arteries and veins, by the force of an Embolus like the heart, and wrought by a pneumatick Machine of the nature of the lungs, with ropes and pullies, like the nerves, tendons, and muscles: and we are perfuaded that this our artificial Man will not only walk, and speak, and perform moft of the outward actions of the animal life, but (being wound up once a week) will perhaps reason as well as most of our Country Parfons.

We wait with the utmost impatience for the honour of having you a Member of our Society, and beg leave to affure you that we are, etc.

What return Martin made to this obliging Letter, we muft defer to another occafion : let it fuffice at present to tell, that Crambe was in a great rage at them, for stealing (as he thought) a hint from his Theory of Syllogifms, without doing him the honour fo much as to mention him. He advised his Mafter by no means to enter into their Society, unless they would give him fufficient fecurity, to bear him harmless from any thing that might happen after this prefent life.

CHA P. XIII.

Of the Scceffion of Martinus, and fome Hints of his Travels.

T was in the year 1699 that Martin fet out on his Travels. Thou wilt certainly be very curious to know what they were. It is not yet time to inform thee. But what hints I am at liberty to give, I will.

Thou fhalt know then, that in his first Voyage he was

carried

arried by a profperous Storm, to a Difcovery of the Remains of the ancient Pygmaan Empire.

That in his fecond, he was as happily fhipwrecked on the Land of the Giants, now the moit humane people int the world.

That in his third Voyage, he discovered a whole Kingdom of Philofophers, who govern by the Mathematicks ; with whofe admirable Schemes and Projects he returned to benefit his own dear Country; but had the misfortune to find them rejected by the envious Minifters of Queen' Anne, and himself fent treacherouily away.

And hence it is, that in his fourth Voyage he difcovers a Vein of Melancholy, proceeding almost to a Difguft of his Species; but, above all, a mortal Deteftation to the whole flagitious Race of Minifters, and a final Refolution not to give in any Memorial to the Secretary of State, in order to fubject the Lands he difcovered to the Crown of Great Britain.

Now if, by these hints, the Reader can help himself, to a farther discovery of the Nature and Contents of thefe Travels, he is welcome to as much light as they afford him; I am obliged, by all the ties of honour, not to speak more openly.

But if any man fhall ever fee fuch very extraordinary Voyages, into fuch very extraordinary Nations, which manifeft the most diftinguishing marks of a Philofopher, a Politician, and a Legiflator; and can imagine them to belong to a Surgeon of a Ship, or a Captain of a Merchantman, let him remain in his Ignorance.

And whoever he be, that shall farther observe, in every page of fuch a book, that cordial Love of Mankind, that inviolable Regard to Truth, that Paffion for his dear Country, and that particular attachment to the excellent Princefs Queen Anne; furely that man deserves to be pitied, if by all thofe vifible figns and Characters, he cannot diftinguish and acknowledge the Great Scriblerus *.

Gulliver's Travels were first intended as a part of Scriblerus's Memoirs.
VOL. III.

R

CHAP.

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Discoveries and Works of the Great Scriblerus, made and to be made, written and to be written, known and unknown.

HERE therefore, at this great Period, we end our firft Book. And here, O Reader, we entreat thee utterly to forget all thou haft hitherto read, and to caft thy eyes only forward, to that boundless Field the next fhall open unto thee; the fruits of which (if thine, or our fins do not prevent) are to spread and multiply over this our work, and over all the face of the Earth.

In the mean time, know what thou oweft, and what thou yet may'ft owe, to this excellent Perfon, this Prodigy of our age; who may well be called, The Philofopher of Ultimate Caufes, fince by a Sagacity peculiar to himself, he hath discovered Effects in their very Caufe: and without the trivial helps of Experiments, or Obfervations, hath been the Inventor of moft of the modern Systems and Hypothefes.

He hath enriched Mathematicks with many precife and geometrical Quadratures of the Circle. He firft difcovered the Cause of Gravity, and the inteftine Motion of Fluids.

To him we owe all the obfervations on the Parallax of the Pole- Star, and all the new Theories of the Deluge.

He it was, that first taught the right use sometimes of the Fuga Vacui, and fometimes of the Materia Subtilis, in refolving the grand Phænomena of Nature.

He it was, that first found out the Palpability of Colours; and by the delicacy of his Touch, could diftinguish the different Vibrations of the heterogeneous Rays of Light.

His were the Projects of Perpetuum Mobiles, Flying Engines, and Pacing Saddles; the Method of discovering the

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