fortifying towns to guard from deftruction the innocent and defencelefs, affords convincing evidence of the favage cruelty that prevailed in former times. By the growth of humanity, fuch fortifications have become lefs frequent; and they ferve no purpofe at present but to defend against invafion; in which view a fmall fortification, if but fufficient for the garrifon, is greatly preferable; being constructed at a much less expence, and having no mouths to provide for but the garrifon only.

figure that it was done by a man of inferior rank. When Monf. Thurot, during our late war with France, appeared on the coast of Scotland with three armed veffels, the terror he at firft fpred, foon yielded to admiration infpired by his humanity. He paid a full price for every thing he wanted; and in general behaved with fo much affability, that a countryman ventured to complain to him of an officer who had taken from him fifty or fixty guineas. The officer acknowledged the fact; but faid, that he had divided the money among his men. Thurot ordered the officer to give his bill for the money, which, he faid, fhould be stopped out of his pay, if they were fo fortunate as to return to France. Compare this incident with that of the great Scipio, celebrated in Roman ftory, who reftored a beautiful bride to the bridegroom, and it will not suffer by the comparison. Another inftance is no less remarkable. One of his officers gave a bill upon a merchant in France, for the price of provifions purchased by him. Thurot having accidentally feen the bill, informed the countryman that it was of no value, reprimanded the officer bitterly for the cheat, and compelled him to give a bill upon a merchant who he knew would pay the money. At that very time, Thurot's men were in bad humour, and were difpofed to mutiny. In such circumftances, would not Thurot have been excufed, for winking at a fraud to which he was not acceffory? But he acted all along with the strictest honour, even at the hazard of a mutiny. Common honefty to an enemy is not a common practice in war. Thurot was strictly honest in circumstances that made the exertion of common honefty an act of the highest magnanimity. Thefe incidents ought to be held up to princes as examples of true heroifm. War carried on in that manner, would, from defolation and horror, be converted into a fair field for acquiring true military glory, and for exercifing every manly virtue. I feel the greatest fatisfaction in paying this tribute of praise to the memory of that great man. He will be kept in remembrance by every true-hearted Briton, tho' he died fighting against us. But he died in the field of honour, fighting for his country.

In the progrefs of fociety there is commonly a remarkable period, when focial and diffocial paffions feem to bear equal fway, prevailing alternately. In the hiftory of Alexander's fucceffors, there are frequent instances of cruelty, equalling that of Ameriean favages; and inftances no lefs frequent of gratitude, of generosity, and even of clemency, that betoken manners highly polifhed. Ptolemy of Egypt, having gained a complete victory over Demetrius, fon of Antigonus, restored to him his equipage, his friends, and his domeftics, faying, that "they ought not to make war for plunder, but for glory." Demetrius having defeated one of Ptolemy's Generals, was lefs delighted with the victory, than with the opportunity of rivalling his antagonist in humanity. The fame Demetrius having restored liberty to the Athenians, was treated by them as a demi-god; and yet afterward, in his adverfity, their gates were fhut against him. Upon a change of fortune he laid fiege to Athens, refolving to chastise that rebellious and ungrateful people. He affembled the inhabitants in the theatre, furrounding them with his army, as preparing for a total maffacre. But their terror was fhort; he pronounced their pardon, and bestow'd on them 100,000 measures of wheat. lemy, the fame who is mentioned above, having at the fiege of Tyre fummoned Andronicus the governor to furrender, received a provoking and contemptuous anfwer. The town being taken, Andronicus gave himself over for loft: but the King, thinking it below his dignity to refent an injury against an inferior, now his prifoner, not only overlooked the affront, but courted Andronicus to be his friend. Edward the Black Prince is an instance of refined manners, breaking, like a fpark of fire, through the gloom of barbarity. The Emperor Charles V. after lofing 30,000 men at the fiege of Metz, made an ignominious retreat, leaving his camp filled with fick and wounded, dead and dying. Tho' the war between him and the King of France was carried on with unufual

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rancour,

rancour, yet the Duke of Guife, governor of the town, exerted in those barbarous times a degree of humanity that would make a fplendid figure even at prefent: He ordered plenty of food for those who were dying of hunger, appointed furgeons to attend the fick and wounded, removed to the adjacent villages thofe who could bear motion, and admitted the remainder into the hospitals that he had fitted up for his own foldiers; thofe who recovered their health were sent home, with money to defray the expence of the journey.

In the period that intervenes between barbarity and humanity, there are not wanting inftances of oppofite paffions in the fame perfon, governing alternately; as if a man could this moment be mild and gentle, and next momeut harfh and brutal. To vouch the obfervation, I beg leave to introduce two rival monarchs, who for many years distressed their own people, and disturbed Europe, viz. the Emperor Charles, and the French King Francis. The Emperor, driven by contrary winds on the coaft of France, was invited by Francis, who happened to be in the neighbourhood, to take shelter in his dominions, proposing an interview at AiguesMortes, a fea-port town. The Emperor inftantly repaired there in his galley; and Francis, relying on the Emperor's honour, vifited him on fhipboard, and was received with every expreffion of affection. Next day, the Emperor repaid the confidence repofed in him: he landed at Aigues-Mortes with as little precaution, and found a reception equally cordial. After twenty years of open hoftilities, or of fecret enmity, after having formally given the lie, and challenged each other to fingle combat, after the Emperor had publicly inveighed against Francis as void of honour, and Francis had accused the Emperor as murderer of his own fon; fuch behaviour will scarce be thought confiftent with human nature. But thefe monarchs lived in a period verging from cruelty to humanity; and fuch periods abound with furprising changes of temper

and

and conduct. In the prefent times, fuch changes are unknown. Conquest has not always the fame effect upon the manners of the conquered. The Tartars who fubdued China in the thirteenth century, adopted immediately the Chinese manners: the government, laws, customs, continued without variation. And the fame happened upon their second conquest of China in the seventeenth century. The barbarous nations alfo who crufh'd the Roman empire, adopted the laws, customs, and manners, of the conquered. Very different was the fate of the Greek empire when conquered by the Turks. That warlike nation introduced every where their own laws and manners: even at this day they continue a distinct people, as much as ever. The Tartars, as well as the barbarians who overthrew the Roman empire, were all of them rude and illiterate, deftitute of laws, and ignorant of government. Such nations readily adopt the laws and manners of a civilized people, whom they admire. The Turks had laws, and a regular government; and the Greeks, when fubduded by them, were reduced by luxury and fenfuality to be objects of contempt, not of imitation.

Manners are deeply affected by perfecution. The forms of procedure in the Inquifition, enable the inquifitors to ruin whom they please. A perfon accufed is not confronted with the accufer: every fort of accufation is welcome, and from every perfon: a child, a common prostitute, one branded with infamy, are reputable witnesses: a fon is compelled to give evidence against his father, and a woman against her husband. Nay the perfons accufed are compelled to inform against themselves, by gueffing what fin they may have been guilty of. Such odious, cruel, and tyrannical proceedings, made all Spain tremble: every man diftrusted his neighbour, and even his own family: a total end was put to friendship, and to focial freedom. Hence the gravity and reserve of a people, who have naturally all the vivacity of a tempe

rate

rate clime and bountiful foil *. Hence the profound ignorance of that people, while other European nations are daily improving in every art and in every fcience. Human nature is reduced to its lowest state, when governed by fuperftition clothed with power. We proceed to another capital article in the history of manners, viz. the felfish and focial branches of our nature, by which manners are greatly influenced. Selfishness prevails among savages becaufe corporeal pleafures are its chief objects, and of thefe every favage is perfectly fenfible. Benevolence and kindly affection are too refined for a favage, unless of the simpleft kind, such as the ties of blood. While artificial wants were unknown, selfishness made no figure: the means of gratifying the calls of nature were in plenty; and men who are not afraid of ever being in want, never think of providing against it; and far lefs do they think of coveting what belongs to another. But men are not long contented with fimple neceffaries: an unwearied appetite to be more and more comfortably provided, leads them from neceffaries to conveniencies, and from these to every luxury of life. Avarice turns headstrong; and locks and bars, formerly unknown, become neceffary to protect individuals from the rapacity of their neighbours. When the goods of fortune, money in particular, come to be prized, selfishness foon displays itself. In Madagascar, a man who makes a prefent of an ox or a calf, expects the value in return and fcruples not to fay, "You my friend, I your

ct

your friend; you no my friend, I no your friend; I falamanca you, you fa"lamanca me." Salamanca means, the making a present. Admiral Watson being introduced to the King of Baba, in Madagafcar, was afked by his Majefty, what prefents he had brought. Hence the custom, univerfal among barbarians, of always accost

The populace of Spain, too low game for the inquifition, are abundantly chearful, perhaps more fo than thofe of France.