written in a corrupted Arabic, from the | land or cliff, and became attached or fixed / the House of Lords to prevent cruelty to town of Yaúd in the interior of Africa. In the name of God the Merciful and the This Declaration is issued from the town called Yand in the Country of Kossa. We (the writer) do witness the following case; (statement.) We never saw, nor heard of the sea (River) called Koodd; but we sat to hear (understood) the voice (report) of some persons saying, "We saw a ship, equal to her we never saw before; and the King of NOTE II. to the head of the mountain, and could not Animals. of by water the of food, with cows and sheep; There were two men, one woman, two male slaves and two maids in the ship; The two white men were derived from the race (sect) of Nassri; (Christ or Christianity.) The King of Yaúd asked them to come out to him; (to land;) and they refused coming out, (landing,) and they went to the King of the Country of Bassa, who is greater than the King of Yaud; And while they were sitting in the ship and gaining a position (rounding) over the Cape of Koodd, and were in society with the people of the King of Bassa, the ship reached (struck) a-head of Mountain which took (destroyed) her away, and the men and women of Bassa all together, with every kind of arms; (goods;) And the ship could find no way to avoid the mountain; And the man who was in the ship, killed his wife and threw all his property into the Wawee, and we buried it (a male body) in Shereef Ibrahim. The end. When the travellers described the freedom of English women, and their The effect truly comic, the sidled up to wipe the dust from our shoes selves also from fear: Afterwards they took theband the King of law heard of MR. JACKSON'S TRANSLATION. In the name of God the Merciful and This Narrative proceeds from the territory in Housa called Eeauree. We observed with their cloths, and at the end of every In drinking they hob-a-nob, but the A Fantec boy having fractured his leg, and his dissolution appearing inevitable, the parents, in great distress, applied to the surgeon of an English outfort, who am NOTE III. Just where my beeches hope to grow I surrounded my Cottage for shelter, which was before entirely exposed the summit of a high hill, by taking beeches out of my woods of a very considerable age and height, where they have since stood, till very lately, rigged during the winter like ships to hold then against storms that sometimes blow in my windows and threaten my roof, but have hitherto spared my navy, which has rode out many tremendous gales without the loss of a cable, and now braves them without support; all the trees having taken root and flourished. NOTE IV. Nor could the soil its produce yield, Mr. Coke of Norfolk-the most en lightened agriculturist, the soundest politician, and one of the honestest and best men this country ever bred.-Every British statesman should once, at least, visit Holk ham, at the Annual Meeting called the Sheep Shearing-they would there see erroneous policy of too extensive a system. of colonization, and the folly of encouraging. the emigration of our people, whilst so many millions of acres, in our own island lying waste. subject is much too large and important for a note, but I owed this homage to Mr. Coke. NOTE V. Yet let not man presume to know Their course, nor dare to strike the blow. It may be necessary here to come under the poet's licence, otherwise vermin of all descriptions, however manifestly destructive our gardens, ought to be permitted to an extraordinary event or circumstance, but putated the limb, and after much wearying lay them waste. The economy of nature we neither saw nor heard of the River which is called Kude, and as we were sitting, we heard the voice of children and we saw a vessel the like to which in size we never saw before; and, we saw the King of Eeauree send cattle and sheep, and variety of vegetables in great abundance: and there were two men and one woman, and two slaves, and they tied or fastened them in the vessel. There were also in the vessel, two white men of the race called Christians (N'sarrah) and the Sultan of Eeauree called aloud to them to come out of the vessel, but they would not. They proceeded to the country of Busa, which is greater than that of the Sultan of Eeauree, and as they were sitting in the vessel, they hung or were stopped, by the Cape or Head Land of Kude. And the people of the Sultan of Busa called to them, and poured their arms into the vessel, and the vessel reached the head attendance, to the surprise of every one, much he think to give poor boy to keep (To be continued) THE FARMER'S VISION; BY LORD ERSKINE. production not otherwise within the attainment of even curious collectors. NOTE I. How can his vengeance thus be hurl'd throughout the minuter gradations of animal life mocks all investigation; yet Providence must undoubtedly have intended that all created beings should be fed as their instincts direct. Trees, therefore, of all kinds bear their fruits and seeds in a thousand times greater quantity than are necessary for their rep reproductions, and which must obviously have been intended for animal subsistence. When they grow in a wild state innumerable tribes of birds and insects take their allotted proportions without interference, and man is contented with what remains, whatever it may be; but in the resorts of luxury he will hear no partnership. The Peaches and Nectarines on his walls bring an hundred times what would come to his reach if they grew in the desert, yet he will not spare one of them, but hangs his honeyed bottles on every branch, when Wasps and other insects surround them; not, indeed, in their natural number, but Alluding to the Bill I introduced into multiplied by the allurements of human monopoly. In the same manner, when | or five generations of their families, where, I means, without our frequently vain effort men congregate in large cities, and amass greater wealth than is, perhaps, consistent with a wholesome state of society, thieves and robbers abound in proportion, and the Judge at the Old Bailey, like the gardener in the orchard, has a duty imposed upon him to keep them down. Cowper, in his Task, has given the rule for our conduct to the lower world in almost a word; and the latitude he allows to man's acknowledged dominion is surely amply sufficient. "The sum is this if man's convenience, health, The whole subject of humanity to animals is so beautifully and strikingly illustrated in this admirable poem, that no parents ought to be satisfied until their children have that part of it by heart. For myself, my opinion is, that we rarely succeed in a war of utter extermination against animals we proscribe; and even if we could prevail, others more mischievous than those we destroy might multiply, perhaps, from their destruction. We ought, therefore, to be contented to destroy the individuals or masses of them, when they grievously offend, rather than carry on a systematic war against them for their total annihilation. It is thought by many well-informed persons, that the destruction of Weasels, and creatures of that description, for the preservation of the game, has increased the number of the field-rat in many parts of England: an animal more dangerously destructive. It is extremely difficult, besides, if not quite impossible, to subdue whole classes of innumerable and scarcely visible insectswitness the ineffectual attempts, by lime, by soot, and by all that chemistry could bring into action, to overpower the TURNIP FLY, that unrelenting enemy to every farmer. This little Epicure feeds on its first leaf, which is soft and smooth, shewing itself in a very few days after sowing, but when the second or rough leaf appears, their repast is over, when they either die or remove in search of other food; many ingenious contrivances have been invented to carry on against them an exterminating hostility, but their incalculable numbers and dexterous instinct of self-preservation have always defeated them. Mr. Coke, who in all his experiments seems to follow after the pattern of nature, and to be aware of the folly of systematically counteracting her, pursues a more natural and a more successful course; he sows more than double the quantity of turnip-seed usually sown by others, or which could possibly come forward to a crop.-At this extraordinary feast the flies are left undisturbed, and before NOTE IX. E'en the fam'd grasses Petworth grows, Midst all that wealth or skill bestows. if there be only an ordinary sowing for their to preserve it. NOTE VI. Secure their fair protectress nigh, Frederica, Duchess of York, Princess Royal of Prussia at the time of her marriage, and niece of Frederick the Great. Amusing myself often with poetry, but, as I have said in the Preface, at no time aspiring to the name or character of a poet, I never should have regretted the insignificance of this little fable, but for the accidental allusion in it to Her Royal Highness. The exalted rank and retired habits of this excellent Princess confining the knowledge of her talents, manners and distinguished accomplishments within the contracted circle of a few, I should have been more desirous to record them in unfading numbers; but no man can add a cubit to his stature, and I must, therefore, content myself in this note to express my affection, admiration, and respect. A Wireworm then his speech addressed, These destructive insects, particularly in lands newly broken up, devour every thing before them; but a large flock of rooks will in half a day destroy a number of them equal, perhaps, to all the inhabitants of the superfluous and otherwise useless vege- Great Britain: yet, I have no doubt that tation can be consumed, the rough leaf ap-the wireworm was created for some salutary pears, when they instantly emigrate to his purpose, since the balance of animal life neighbour's territories, with probably four appears thus to be preserved by natural Lord Egremont, by his judicious improvements in Sussex, has set a most useful example in our county, which, notwithstanding its vicinity to London, is at least half a century behind any other that I am acquainted with; and its appearance in many parts, from neglect of cultivation, roads and canals, has been cast mistakenly on the land, to the great injury of landed proprietors in the valuation of their estates. NOTE X. Farewell-for I have liv'd a day. It is the general opinion of naturalists that numerous classes of insects are brought into life by the action of the sun, and, having laid the foundation of a new generation, sink again for ever in the first shade of night. My friend William Spencer mentioned to me a remarkable instance of these ephemera in a whitish moth, which he had frequently seen on the banks of the Neckar, near Heidelberg. In the morning the air was thronged with them rising on the wing, but they fell like the withering leaves of autumn, when the sun was going down. E. TRAVELS IN ASIATIC TURKEY. Observations on a Journey from Constantinople to Brussa and Mount Olympus, and thence back to Constantinople by the way of Nice and Nicomedia. By Joseph von Hammer. Published at Pest. II. TOMBS OF THE SAINTS. "Among all nations, the reputation of sanctity increases with time, and the past is always more fruitful in Saints than the present; accordingly Brussa, as the cradle of the Osmanic Empire, reckons propor tionally a far greater number of saints and shrines to which pilgrims repair, than other great cities. "The surname Father (Baba or Daidé) is the general term by which the orientals express their veneration for old age. The only difference between the two words appears to be that Daidé is applied to the oldest individuals. "Abdal is the name for those maniacs and enthusiasts whom travellers have sometimes denominated Santons. The term is applied either to real or pretended idiots, on whom Mahometan superstition confers the honours of sanctity, merely on the ground of their being bereft of reason. "Finally, the Princes in the Empire of Sanctity, share the title of Sultan in common with the rulers of the world; it is usually applied to great and renowned Sheiks of the Dervises, who, whilst they renounce all dominion and greatness, still consider themselves Lords and Princes, * Abdal is not an abbreviation of Abdallah, as might naturally be supposed, but is the same as the modern Greek βουδελα, which always signifies a stupid or insane person. 1 and therefore give the name of crown to the fillet which they wear round their heads. Accordingly, in our pilgrimage through this dominion of Sanctity, we shall visit the tombs of three young fathers, (Babas,) three old fathers (Daidés,) three Santons (Abdals,) and three Princes (Sultans.) "Geüklibaba or the Stag-bala, was a Dervise of Aserbeidshan, a disciple of the great Sheik Chodsha Ahmed Yessui; he lived in the woods in the society of stags and gazelles, teaching these wild animals to perform the duty of saddle-horses and beasts of burden. Within the castle of Brussa there is the trunk of an old tree, which is said to have been planted by him. Sultan Orkhan, in whose reign he lived, and whom he accompanied in his campaigns, built his tomb in the centre of the city of Brussa, and erected a monastery adjoining to it. "Ramasanbaba, or the fasting-baba, a Dervise of the order of Begtashi, or the military order of the Janissaries. He was a virtuous man, respecting whom nothing is said in the ancient legends, except that he went bare-headed and bare-footed, and spent his life in fasting and prayer. His tomb is erected on an open site, and is shaded by trees. "Akbeekbaba, or the white-bearded-baba, a sheik of the order of the Dervises, called Bairami. He lived in the reign of Murad II. and lies interred in the monastery which was erected by himself, and which gives its name to one quarter of the city. "Karanfillidaidé, or the Carnation-daidé, lies entombed in the monastery at Karanfilli, a beautiful promenade overgrown with carnations, on the western side of the city, on the outside of Hassan Pashaw's gate. " Sunbullidaidé, or the Hyacinth-daidé, is interred near the Tartar's gate. Yogurdlidaidé, † or the Sourmilk-daidé, was a Dervise of Chorassan. "Abdal Murad, or crazy Murad, a Dervise of Chorassan, who was present at the conquest of Brussa. He lies in terred at the foot of Olympus, in his own cloister, built on a beautiful spot which bears his name. Within the cloister his wooden sword is deposited, which European travellers have supposed to be the Durindana of Orlando Furioso, for they have transformed the wooden sword of silly dervise into the faulchion of the furious Paladine; but these sacred swords, though made only of wood, proved no less serviceable to the first Sultans of the Osmans than the cimeters of steel, for by the example of the former the latter were put in motion. Sultan Ahmed I. paid homage to the political utility of this superstition by cutting one yard from the length of the sword, which originally measured three, and depositing the remaining portion of the sainted + This Daidé appears to have been of the same class as the Turkish monk who in the reign of Manuel seduced the Greek monks those monks who at their execution exclaimed in the Turkish manner, τετε Σολταν ερης (Irish)-that is, Come, Father Sultan, weapon as a relic among the imperial | and four others look towards the court-yard of science. treasures at Constantinople. "Abdal Mussa, or crazy Moses, came, in company with Hadshi Begtash, from Chorassan to Asia Minor, and was present at the conquest of Brussa. He was buried beside the Stag-baba, and Legends confound his miracles with those performed by the latter. Moses sent the Stag-baba some fire wrapped in cotton; and the latter, in return, sent him some hind's milk, to shew that he understood the secret spirit of the present, and that whilst his friend knew how to combine strength and softness (fire and cotton) he studied how to draw forth the fruits of cultivation from wild nature, namely, milk from the hind. "The tomb of Abdal Mohammed, or Crazy Mohammed, is on the high-road within the beautiful cloister which is named after him. "The three Sultans of the Saints are: Chekirdshe Sultan, the Grasshopper Sultan, Shadi Sultan, the Joyful Sultan, and Emir Sultan, the Prince Sultan. The first is interred on the west side of the city, near the tomb of Sultan Murad II., the third at the east side, in the mosque which bears his name, and near him is the tomb of the second. The memory of the first and third is honoured by the names given to the western and eastern suburbs of Brussa, which are styled Chekirdshe, and Emir Sultan. There is a great mosque in each of these suburbs, about which the smaller buildings rise like fruit around a kernel. Facing the mosque of Chekirdshe is an open space which commands a view of the plain of Brussa in its full extent, and about one and twenty villages situated partly on the plain and partly on the chain of hills which rises between the sea and Olympus. The fountain of this Bclvidere, which unites both a cold and a warm spring, is deserving of particular notice, on account of the ingenious contrivance by which both the sight and the touch are deceived. The cold spring gushes forth from several apertures and fills the basin. On dipping one's hand into the basin, the water feels perfectly cool, whilst that which flows out of warm. This happens in consequence of the warm spring being conveyed through a pipe concealed in the stone, which forms the side of the basin, to a level with the surface of the water of the cold spring; it then flows out, whilst the cold water within the basin is carried off by another concealed pipe. "The tomb of Emir Sultan is the most of Brussa. It is situated in the Mosque beautiful and celebrated of the sepulchres built by Sultan Bajazet I. which is named after that holy Dervise, and which is also situated in the suburb of the same name. The mosque stands on an eminence commanding a view of the surrounding scenery, and six steps lead down to the tomb. The walls are ornamented with Persian porcelain, both internally and externally, and the folding doors were formerly ornamented with silver fastenings. Four windows of this magnificent mausoleum command an uninterrupted view of the plain of Brussa, of the mosque fronting the gloomy shade of the trees of the Harem. This mausoleum, which was formerly adorned with rich silken carpets, silver lamps, and perfume vases set with precious stones, was one of the most superb in the Islam States, and was no way inferior in splendor and brilliancy to the tombs of the Prophet at Medina, of Ali at Kerbela, of his son at Meshhed, of the Imam Mussa Ali Ben Mussa Risa at Tuss in Chorassan, and of the Imam Mussa Kasim at Bagdad. It still is, together with the tombs of Sid Ghasi, (in the Sandshak Sultanogi,) and Mevlana Jeleddin, at Kouia, the most celebrated place of pilgrimage in the Osmanic Empire. The treaof gold and silver have, through the ravages of fire and the depredations of the guards, entirely disappeared; and even of the Korans, those masterpieces of the early Arabian and Turkish Calligraphists,* very few now remain. The poor houses and kitchens are entirely decayed. sures "The proper name of Emir Sultan was Shemseddin Mohammed Ben Ali; he was born at Buchara, and performed a pilgrimage to Mecca, where, according to the legends of the time, a voice resounding from the sanctuary of Kaaba, proclaimed him the first of Emirs and Saints, in the presence of all the Seides and Sheriffs who had doubted the legitimacy of his descent from the Prophet, and the holiness of his life. From that period he obtained the three-fold title of Emir, Sultan, and Veli, that is to say, Prince, Ruler, and Saint. He quitted Mecca, accompanied by a multitude of his disciples, and continued his journey, and it is recorded that he was lighted on his way by a lamp suspended in the air, like the pillar of fire of the Israelites, and that the lamp was extinguished when he reached Brussa. Sultan Emir knew the inference to be adduced from this circumstance, namely, that Brussa was the dwelling place allotted to him by Heaven. He became the Saint of the reign of Bajazet I. accompanied that Prince on his expeditions, and united him in marriage to the beautiful Greek Princess Lotusflower. On the defeat of Bajazet, he saved Brussa from the ravages of Timour, in consequence of embassy which he sent to that Prince. He died in the year 833 of the Hegira, or 1429 of the Christian era. After his death his tomb was glorified by miracles, and became a shrine for the pilgrimages of the Faithful, to whom the Sultan set the sacred sepulchre. When Sultan Selim I. example of performing holy visits to the visited the tombs of his ancestors, and of Emir Sultan, at Brussa, after the victory he had gained over his brother Ahmed, a voice issuing from the grave of the saint foretold the conquest of Egypt. Thus was repeated the miracle whereby Emir Sultan • The Calligraphists were Yakut Mosteassemi, the discoverer of the Neskee-character, Sheik Bekri, Soebi, and Chaledi, among the Arabians; and Abdallah from the Crimea, Hassan of Karahissar, Sheik Daide Mohammed, and Timoordshi-kooli, among the Turks. reign. Its magistracy consists of eighteen voice from the tomb of the Pro had himself been proclaimed a saint by a | appears to be deeply versed in this branch | in some measure independent of the soveof the Prophet, for the Sultan of the Holy now saluted the Sultan of the Faithful as the Conqueror and Ruler of Egypt. The mosque and tomb of Emir Sultan were both destroyed by fire; they were, however, rebuilt by Selim III. the second conqueror of Egypt, in gratitude for the joyful tidings which had been announced and fulfilled to his progenitor It was rather difficult for us to go through members, and the market town possesses Selim the First." ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. IMPERIAL TOURISTS. the streets, as we were always followed by a The very great number of whisky shops Tour of their Imperial Highnesses the duty on the retail sale, which would render Archdukes John and Lewis of Austria. (Continued.) Scotland has four Universities. In the schools established for all classes, they do not blindly follow one single method, but every where choose the best. The number of charitable institutions and hospitals is considerable; there are many offices for insurance against fire, &c. The first and most considerable cotton manufactories, and the greatest founderies, were established in Scotland; and here too the first steam-boats were seen. Watt, the builder of steam-boats, is a Scotchman. The British writers who have the most distinguished themselves in science and literature, Hume, Robertson, Watson, * &c. were Scotchmen. We have already, when speaking of the University of Edinburgh, mentioned several of its present Professors: besides these, we had occasion to become acquainted with many other well informed men. In general this country deserves to be appreciated by impartial observers, in order to appear in its true light: its neighbours have not always done it justice. We owe it to the good letters of recommendation which we carried to Glasgow, and to the obliging politeness of several persons in Edinburgh, that we were able to see much in a short time. The Lord Provost, the Lord Advocate, Messrs. Dundas, Hope, &c. shewed us every possible attention: we are also obliged to them for the possession of the chief literary productions of the country. To our great regret, the celebrated poet, Walter Scott, as well as Mr. Dugald Stewart, were absent at the time of our visit. We passed the three evenings in a most agreeable manner, in a select company of the most distinguished inhabitants of the city; and, for me, ↑ Edinburgh would be one of the most agreeable places to reside in with which I am acquainted. 1 must not forget to add that we visited the collection of Mr. Allan, which appeared to us remarkable both for the choice of the specimens and for their admirable arrangement. It contains a complete series of British mineral productions, in select cimens of uncommon beauty. Mr. Allan * We do not know who is meant here? - ED. + We are also here at a loss to know which of their Imperial Highnesses is the writer. it difficult for the poor to purchase: this ber, by the London road. Musselburgh is of the first place you arrive at. It lies on the consumed. The name of Musselburgh is in it. in this market town: when their vessels distant, in three quarters of an hour. Three all the privileges of the royal burghs, except that it chooses no members to Parliament, and sends no deputy to the assembly of the burghs. Haddington, where you first change horses, is sixteen miles from Edinburgh. From this place the road passes through a well cultivated country, in which there are considerable farms, most of which have a windmill for the purpose of threshing and grinding the corn. The east part of Scotland, in the counties of Edinburgh, Haddington, and Berwick, is one of the best cultivated districts in the kingdom. In the neighbourhood of the capital no precise alternation of crops is observed, probably on account of the ample obtained from a great city. The most supply of manure, which may always be usual change is, however, the following:1. Fallow without manure, or potatoes with 2. Wheat; 3. Beans, in a manured soil; manure, when the soil is light and porous; 4. Barley; 5. Clover and ryegrass; 6. Oats; 7. Fallow, manure. or potatoes with There are farms where pasture alternates with tillage, but this is only at a greater distance from the capital. Highlanders come from the most northern The corn is reaped with a sickle. The parts of Scotland to get employed as reapers. vented by Smith, which was judged to be the best of three proposed, has been known too short a time to be generally employed. The machine for reaping, in (To be continued.) To the Editor of the Literary Gazette. Before entering on the subject of this letter, permit me to express my thanks for the productions of your interesting corresthe pleasure I have experienced in reading pondent, The Hermit in London. Accuse me not of being a servile imitator of this ingenious satirist. In taking up the pen to ridicule the follies of the age, I presume not to enter the lists with so able a compecide whether or no my humble efforts shall titor, but leave it to your judgment to debe preserved from oblivion. SKETCHES OF SOCIETY. THE CIRCULATING LIBRARY. I strolled the other morning to a Circulating Library, for the express purpose of litics and news of the day; but the curious lounging away an hour in digesting the poscenes to which I was witness during this that, despite of the grave subjects on which short period, SO distracted my attention, I was meditating, I could not resist lending an attentive car to all that passed around me. There was something of originality in the countenance of the master of the library which struck me forcibly; and the whimsical answers which he made to his numerous subscribers, and yet more the whimsical tone in which they were pro prerogatives, which made their possessors | nounced, more than once provoked a smile. The first person who attracted my notice air of chagrin, 'that's very provoking, 1 to let out." to imagine him incapable of comprehending the meaning of the words which he pro- in. I knew the man well, and could not lad at the other end of the shop, tleman. They won't appear to advantage, added, with a simper, which was not lost 6 rather insisting in no very gentle something tone, that he would ask for soir "that the Im produced the book in question, and ob- "a better at all hours," at the same time not omit- to be one of the greatest fortune hunters assurance, put out his hand for Disinte- tus. M. Laya closed the sitting by reading a fragment, entitled, The excellence of Poetry and Poetic Enthusiasm. By the arrangements adopted on the 12th of March, by his Excellency the Minister of the Interior, for the Royal and Special School of the Fine Arts at Paris, two new Professorships have been created: one of history and antiquities, for the section of painting and sculpture; and the other of the history of the art, for the section of architecture. The King will select the Professors for the two new courses, from among the Candidates whose names are to be presented by the Minister, the Academy of Fine Arts, and the School. Castellammare, Aug. 20, 1818. You have, I presume, received my letter from Rome, acquainting you with my journey to Naples. Several reasons induced me to make this journey, especially the return of the medals and other treasures of art from Palermo, among which are included, besides the bronze statues, the other works in bronze which were found at Herculaneum and Pompeii, and have been buried, as it were, for many years in Sicily. I was peculiarly satisfied with my second journey to Pæstum. How different did these temples appear to me, from what they did eight years ago, when they were the very first that I ever saw! How little have they |