And at eve the merry mock-bird Thou shalt wake to the wild cock's clarion, Whilst the phalanx'd cranes upsoaring And ere day hath deck'd the mountains, Should lonely seem thy slumbers, And the plumy wreath on her graceful brow, O she shall guide thy footsteps, Where the ripe and golden orange Hangs low and clustering near; To roam where grows the Aloë, LINES IN COMMEMORATION OF ROBERT BURNS. Father Bards who shorne by turns, Ordain'd a Poet from his birth, Where the scaly tribe with the current play, But, too resplendent for this earth, Or seek the caves below: Where, glancing to the sunbeams, Or, wheeling swift and playful, Gay shall your summer haunt be, He met, alas! an early doom, Yet, though th' Almighty, good and wise, PATENTS LATELY ENROLLED. To JOHN WALTERS, of Fenchurch- wood and metal, or he strengthens one buildings, Architect and Engineer; of the common frames or bends of the for certain improvements in the Con- ship or vessel with riders and internal struction and Fastening of the Frame- diagonal braces, to constitute a principal timbers or Bends of Ships or Vessels frame; and in this case, the deck beams whether Building or under Repair.— may be used for the tie bar. Nov. 7. IN It annexes or fixes to the sides of the N constructing the frame-timbers or ship or vessel certain braces, which he bends, Mr. W. affixes to the sides denominates principal hull braces, made of each, at the butting joints of the tim- of iron or other metal, let in flush on the bers of which it is composed, a plate of outside of the frame timbers, and bolted iron, or other metal, covering each joint, to them, descending in an inclined diextending above and below, and bolted rection from the upper part of the said through the frame; and for fastening or principal frame,' (to which they are made connecting together the frames or bends, fast,) in the line of shortest distance over and thereby giving general strength the curved surface down to the lower throughout the whole frame or carcase extremities of the vessel, and terminaof the vessel, he introduces through some ting at such points, in the bottom, as section, athwart the ship or vessel to be built or repaired, somewhere near the centre of gravity, a principal frame secured to the keel, having internal diagonal braces, and being connected acrossship by one or more tie-bars or tiebeams at the height of the deck or decks; which principal frame and braces, and tiebar or bars, tie beam or beams, may be constructed of iron or other metal, or of may be found to afford the greatest facilities or convenience for being there fixed in a secure manner, so as to give support to the said extremities, and the whole of the intermediate frames, from the said principal frame. Also, (if the vessel is not constructed with the spaces between the frames filled in solid,) for the better stiffening of the whole hull, he introduces behind, or within the said principal hull braces, chocks, or strut- Mr. DUTTON adopts a substance or ting pieces of timber scantling tailed in substances different to any hitherto in between frame and frame, acting as arch- use, as surfaces, linings, or casings, for es, in the direction of the said braces. fulling-mills, in those parts with which And for more effectually tying or the cloth comes in contact during the binding together the whole structure, he process or processes of fulling, by which employs in addition to the foregoing the cloth has the advantage of being braces, one or more braces, which he de- preserved from injury, which constitutes nominates horizontal hull braces. The a decided improvement in the operation said horizontal hull braces are let in flush of fulling woolien cloth. Relative to the with the frame timbers, (to which they improvements in fulling-mills, he makes are bolted or made fast, as also in some use of metallic surfaces, linings, or cascases to the principal frame,) and extend ings, or surfaces, linings, or casings, of the whole length of the vessel on both any other suitable substance or subsides, passing round the bow, and ha- stances, which can be rendered sufficientving the stern ends connected by a tie ly hard and smooth, and which are not bar or tie beam, the whole forming a hitherto in use, and applies to the whole, kind of longitudinal hoop; behind or or any part of that surface of a wood within which chocks or strutting pieces or cast-iron fulling-mill, with which the may be tailed in between timber and cloth comes in contact during the protimber, as described above, for the prin- cess or processes of fulling; for this cipal hull braces. purpose he takes copper, zinc, tin, lead, Such is the general arrangement which or any other suitable metal or metals, he adopts in the application of his in- or any suitable mixture of these or other vention to practice, and the result, as suitable substance or substances which will appear obvious to any competent can be rendered sufficiently hard and mechanician, is a system of framing smooth, and which are not hitherto in which resembles, in some of its qualities, use, and applies to any part, or the and in its effects and operation, the trus- whole, of that surface, by any suitable sing employed in the construction of method or methods. When his surfaces, roofs, bridges, and other framed carpen- linings, or casings, are made use of, try of great span, so that the vessel to which are not of themselves of sufficient which it is applied may not improperly strength to resist the fall of the foot, be termed a trussed ship or vessel. he makes use of linings of the old material, and dresses or cases the fulling mill to its original or any other convenient form and size, in the same manner as if it were to be put to work on the old plan." For joining or fastening together in a proper manner the different parts that have been described, he employs such methods as are commonly used and practised by ship-builders, architects, and civil engineers, adapting them to the nature and direction of the strain upon the different parts respectively. The lower extremities of the braces, in the concave parts of the bottom, may be secured by being strongly bolted to the dead wood and frame timbers, and connected (each with its opposite) by bolting through from the one to the other, or by any other convenient method. To GEORGE AUSTIN, of Wotton-underEdge, esq. and JAMES DUTTON, jun. of Hillsley, Clothier; for certain Improvements in the Operation of fulling Woollen Cloth, and Improvements in Fulling-Mills for that Purpose.Nov. 23. He applies his surfaces, linings, or casings, to any part or parts of the foot, at pleasure, and fastens them on with screw-bolts, wood-pins, or any other fastenings, or by any other method or methods, as the workman shall find most convenient. When steam is used for the purpose of conveying temperature to the cloth while fulling, he leaves proper cavities under his surfaces, linings, or casings, for its reception; and his metallic surfaces, linings, or casings, afford an easy opportunity of making use of this agent, by the facility with which they transmit temperature from the steam to the cloth, as well as the superior durability of his surfaces, linings, or casings, to any substance or substances hitherto in use. Other Patents lately granted, of which we solicit the Specifications. PIERRE FRANÇOIS MONTGOLFIER, of Leicester-square, engineer, and HENRY DANIEL DAYME, of the same place, gentleman; for certain improvements in a machine which acts by the expansion or contraction of air heated by fire, and which machine is applicable to the raising of water, or giving motion to mills or other machines.--- March 14. JAMES DOWSON, of No. 63, Strand, esq. for certain new and improved means of producing or communicating motion in or unto bodies, either wholly or in part surrounded by water, or any or either of them, by the reaction of suitable apparatus upon the said I water or air, or upon both of them.---March 14. JOHN FILKIN, of No. 60, Old-street Road, Shoreditch, truss-maker; WILLIAM FILKIN, of the same place, truss-maker; and JOSEPH BARTON, of No. 20, Lombard-street, London, gentleman; for a new truss.--March 14. SAMUEL JEAN PAULEY, of No. 5, Knightsbridge, opposite the Cannon brew-house, engineer; for an article or substance for making, without seams, coats, great-coats, waistcoats, habits, cloaks, pantaloons, mantles, stockings, socks, and any other kind of clothing, covers for umbrellas, and for hats. Mattresses, seats, and cushions, filled with atmospheric air.-March 23. PROCEEDINGS OF PUBLIC SOCIETIES. mation, and such as are low and level, THE LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY AT JAVA. of recent origin, and bordering on the ABSTRACT of a DISCOURSE by the HON. mouths of the rivers. Those districts THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, PRESI- which, occurring in juxta-position with DENT; delivered in September, 1815. the primitive portions, fill that space PROCEED to notice those scien- between these latter and the veins of red tific and literary acquisitions which iron-stone; or, again, between those and have either resulted from the inquiries set the alluvial parts, are stratified; and the on foot by the society, or have other strata uniformly horizontally arranged. wise fallen under its observation, since I had last the honor of publicly addressing you. BANCA, It is through these horizontal strata that the tin ore is represented to be disseminated; and, as far as has hitherto been remarked, it appears to be either immediately under the surface, or at no great distance from it. Another section of the report contains a view of the tin-mines, exhibiting general enumeration of those worked at present, or in former periods; with an account of the process of mining, and the economy of the mines. At that period, Dr. Horsefield had just commenced, under the instructions of government, his laborious researches in Banca. In aid of the geographical description, and to point out the places referred to in the descriptions of the mines, and in the detail of the mineralogical and botanical remarks, Dr. Horsefield has constructed the outlines of a The process of mining in Banca is map, on which are laid down the prin- remarkable for its simplicity. It consists cipal rivers, the mountains and ridges in an excavation, of a square or oblong of hills, with the settlements of the Ma- form, made by digging perpendicularly lays and Chinese, and the local subdi- to the beds or strata containing the ore, visions adopted by the original in- and in a proper application of the water habitants. to facilitate the labours of the miners, and The elevated parts of Banca are ob- the washing of the ore. There is no served to have the same constitution as necessity in Banca, as in countries where the great continental chain, being com- the metal lies concealed in deep veins, to posed principally of granite; after which have recourse to difficult operations, or occurs a species of rock which Dr. Horse- expensive machinery; and the process, field terms red iron-stone, extensively indeed, requires so little previous indistributed in situations of secondary struction, that it is mostly performed by elevation, in single rocks, or in veins persons whose only qualification is a covering large tracts of country. Tracts robust constitution." composed of this rock are bounded by alluvial districts, which are again subdivided into undulating hills, gradually rising on others of apparently prior for 7 A favourable spot being selected, the pit is sketched out, a canal conducted from the nearest rivulet, and then the miners excavate the soil until they arrive at the stratum con BORNEO. taining the ore, which is next deposited in heaps near the water, so far as to be In Borneo, if we have not enjoyed placed conveniently for washing: the the advantage of scientific inquiry, we aqueduct is lined with the bark of large have yet added considerably to our trees, and a stronger current being pro- stock of information, in a more correct duced by the admission of more water, knowledge of the character and habits the heaps are thrown in, and agitated by of the native population; in the collecthe workmen ; the particles of the ore tion of vocabularies of various dialects of subsiding through their gravity, and the country; and in the acquisition of those of common earth being carried many interesting particulars regarding away by the current. the extensive colonies of Chinese, by whom the gold mines of this latter island are worked. When a sufficient quantity of ore is thus accumulated, the process of smelting commences this is also very minutely and accurately described by Dr. Horsefield. It is unnecessary to observe, that almost all the operations connected with the process of mining and refining of metal, are performed by the Chinese. sixteen Some notices have been received of ruins of temples, of statues, and dilapidated cities in Borneo, and of the existence of various inscriptions, in different parts of the country, in characters unknown either to the Chinese, Malays, or In his botanical pursuits, Dr. Horse- Dayacs; but the information yet obfield has been peculiarly successful, his tained is too vague, and, in some indescriptions comprising a collection of stances, too contradictory to be relied upwards of five hundred plants, of which upon; and the question, whether this to be of doubtful genera. appear island, at any former period, rose to any The inhabitants of Banca consist of considerable degree of greatness, must Malays, Chinese, and indigenes, of yet remain undecided. Embanking, as whom the latter are subdivided into it were, the navigable pathway between Orang Gunung (men of the mountains) the eastern and western hemispheres, or Mountaineers; and rayads, or Orang and lying contiguous to the most popuLaut (men of the sea) or Sea-people. lous regions of the globe (China and JaThe Malays are few in number, of a pan,) there can be little doubt but at peaceable but indolent disposition, and one period it must have risen far above of little importance in the affairs of the its present state of degradation and neglect. island. The Chinese in Banca preserve That Borneo was visited, many centurtheir original habits of industry, enter- ies ago, by the Chinese and Japanese, is prise, and perseverance; they are the well established; but whether it was most useful among the inhabitants, and ever more extensively colonized by eithindispensable in the labours of the mines. er of those nations than it is at present The general character of the Orang from China,must be left to future inquiry. Gunug, or Mountaineers, the original, Porcelain jars, plates, vases, and earthen and, perhaps most interesting, portion utensils of various descriptions, the manof the population, is rude simplicity. ufacture of China and Japan, are freDispersed over large tracts in the interior quently discovered in different parts of of the country, they live nearly in a state the country; and, such is the veneration of nature, but submit without resistance in which these articles, so found, are to the general regulations which have held, that a single jar of this description been established, and willingly perform has been known to be purchased by the labours required of them: although Dayacs of the interior, for a sum little their natural timidity, and wandering short of two hundred pounds sterling. habits, render them, in a considerable They are prized by the Dayacs as the degree, inaccessible to Europeans. The supposed depositarios of the ashes of Rayads are the remains of a peculiar their forefathers. people, so called, who, with their families and households, live in small prows, in the Bays of Jebus and Klabut, and obtain subsistence by fishing and adven ture.' CELEBES. The Macassar and Bugis tribes are known to be the most bold, adventurous, and enterprising, of all the people of the Eastern Islands. They were formerly celebrated for their fidelity and their possesses very extraordinary powers. He can even remove the prince himself, and call upon the electors to make another choice. The inferior chiefs or krains, who administer the dependent province, are appointed by the government, and not elected by a provincial council, although in the exercise of their office their power is in like manner limited. The number of the council varies, in different provinces, from two to seven. against his person if he violates his vow. An enemy is no sooner slain than the body is decapitated, and treated with every indignity which the barbarous triumph of savages can dictate. The heads are carried on poles, or sent in to the courage; and, for this reason, were employed, like the Swiss in Europe, in foreign armies. They served in those of Siam, Camboja, and other countries, and also as guards to their own princes. The most singular political feature in Celebes is that of an elective monarchy, limited by an aristocracy generally hereditary, and exercising feudal authority over the minor chiefs and population, at all times prepared to take the field; a War being decided upon by the prince constitution of civil society, which, how- in council, the assembled chiefs, after ever common in Europe, is, perhaps, sprinkling their banners with blood, prowithout parallel in Asia, where we sel- ceed to take a solemn oath, by dipping dom witness any considerable departure their knives or daggers in a vessel of wafrom the despotic sway of an individual. ter, and afterwards dancing around the The whole of the states, in that portion bloody banner, with frantic gesture, and of Celebes, to which I have alluded, are a strange contortion of the body and constituted on the peculiar principle limbs, so as to give the extended creese a stated the prince is chosen from the tremulous motion. Each severally imroyal stock by a certain number of precates the vengeance of the Deity counsellors, who also possess the right of subsequently removing him. These counsellors are themselves elected from particular families of the hereditary chiefs of provinces; and, such is their influence, that the prince can neither go to war, nor, indeed, adopt any public lord-paramount. measure, except in concert with them. far as to represent them devouring the They have the charge of the public trea- raw heart of their subdued enemy, and, sure, and also appoint the prime minis- whatever shadow of doubt humanity ter. The prince cannot himself take the may throw over this appalling fact, it personal command of the army; but the cannot be denied that their favourite usage of the country admits of a tempo- meal is the raw heart and blood of the rary resignation of office for this purpose; deer. This latter repast is termed Lor in which case, a regent succeeds provis- Dara, or the feast of the Bloody Heart, ionally to the rank of chief, and carries which they are said to devour, as among on the affairs of government in concert the Battas, in the season when limes and with the majority of the council. Wo- salt are plentiful. men and minors are eligible to every The inhabitants of the Wadju districts partment of the state, from the prince in particular, are celebrated for their endown to the lowest chief; and, when terprize and intelligence-extending their this takes place, an additional officer, commercial speculations, with a high having a title which literally means character for honourable and fair dealsupport," or prop," is appointed to ing, from the western shores of Siam to assist. Some variation is observable in the eastern coast of New Holland. the different states. In Boni, the prince Women, as before observed, take an acis elected by the Orang Pitu, or seven tive part in all public concerns, and are hereditary counsellors. In Goa, the in no instance secluded from society, beprince is chosen by ten counsellors, of ing on a perfect equality with the men. whom the first minister, termed Bechara The strongest attachment that is conButa, in one. This last officer is him- ceivable is felt for ancient customs, and self appointed by the Council of Nine, termed the Nine Banners of the Counry; but in the exercise of his office he 66 de Some accounts go so relics of antiquity are held in the highest possible veneration. They are slow and deliberate in their decisions, but these, |