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'most distant.

This indicates the latter or last mentioned, that the former or first mentioned; as, "Both wealth and poverty offer temptations; that tends to excite pride; this discontent.”

The words such and same have also been called demonstra

tive pronouns.

"Demonstrative pronouns are those which express the demonstrative relation, namely, a relation either to the speaker or to another notion, establishing a distinction from other persons or things."-BECKER.

COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY.

§308. THIS and THESE answer to the Latin hic and hi, and to the Greek oυTOÇ, OÚTOL; THAT and THOSE, to the Latin ille and illi, and the Greek ἐκεῖνος, ἐκεῖνοι.

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1. The cases marked in italics are in the present language. Throughout the Indo-European tribe, the demonstrative idea is expressed by t, or by some modification of it. Sanscrit tat, that; tataras, such a one out of two. Lithuanic tas, he; toks, such. Slavonic tako, so. Latin tot, talis, tantum. Greek τόσος, τοῖος, τότε. English this, that, thus.

2. THESE. The s is no inflection, but a radical part of the word, like the s in geese. The form in Anglo-Saxon is þâs. According to GUEST, the plural termination of the word is the letter e, and this e is the Old English and the Anglo-Saxon ad

jective plural; so that thes-e is formed from thes, as gode (=boni) is formed from god (bonus).

3. THOSE is perhaps the Anglo-Saxon þá, with the s added; or, perhaps, the pâs, from pis, with its power altered. The English form they is illustrated by the Anglo-Saxon form ðage== þá. There is much uncertainty resting upon the doctrine of the forms in question.

4. According to LATHAM, the demonstrative pronouns are, 1. He, it; 2. She; 3. This, that; 4. The. The reasons he assigns for this classification are, 1. That the personal pronouns, exclusive of he, it, and she, form a natural class by themselves, distinguished by the absence of gender and defectiveness. 2. That the idea expressed by he, it, and she is naturally that of demonstrativeness, corresponding to the meaning of is, ille, and hic, which are demonstrative pronouns. 3. That the plural forms they, their, them, in the present English, are the plural forms of the root of that, a true demonstrative pronoun; so that even if he, she, and it could be treated as personal pronouns, it could only be in their so-called singular number. 4. That the word she has grown out of the Anglo-Saxon seó, and that seó was in Anglo-Saxon the feminine form of the definite article, the definite article being a demonstrative pronoun.

5. This, that, these, those, such, and some, are more commonly classed with adjective pronouns.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 309. A RELATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun which stands for some preceding word or phrase, called the antecedent, and performs the office of a conjunction in connecting sentences.

The relative pronouns (Latin relatum refero) are WHO, WHICH, THAT, and WHAT. They not only relate to some preceding word or phrase called the antecedent, but also perform the office of a conjunction in connecting sentences.

WHO is applied to persons; as, "This is the orator who will speak to-morrow." It is figuratively applied to things. See § 502.

WHICH was formerly applied to persons as well as things; as, "Our Father which art in heaven." It is now applied only to animals, and things without life; as, "This is the horse which I bought yesterday;" "Here is the book which I am study ing."

THAT is used for who or which, and is applied to both persons and things.

WHAT, in its derivation the neuter of who, is, in its use, a compound relative, including the antecedent and the relative, and is equivalent to that which or those which; as, "This is what I wanted;" that is, the thing which I wanted. For the • connecting power of the relatives, see Syntax.

WHO and WHICH are the same in both numbers, and are thus declined:

Sing. and Plur.

Nom., Who.

Poss., Whose.

Obj., Whom.

Sing and Plur.
Which.
Whose.

Which (see 313).

WHOSE, being the possessive case of both who and which, is applied to persons as well as things.

WHAT admits of no variation. As a simple relative, it has been so far replaced by which that its use is now vulgar.

I. 1. WHICH is a substitute for a sentence, or a part of a sentence, as well as for a single word; as, "We are bound to obey all the divine commands, which we can not do without divine aid.” 2. WHICH is sometimes used as an adjective, or with a noun subjoined; as, "For which reason he will do it."

3. WHICH Sometimes relates to persons; as, which of the two men was innocent."

"He told me

II. 1. WHAT is used as a relative in either the singular or the plural number; as, "This book is what is wanted;" "These books are what are wanted.”

2. WHAT is sometimes used as an adjective, either in the singular or plural number; as, "In what character Butler was admitted into the lady's service is not known;""It is not matcrial what names are assigned to them."

3. WHAT is sometimes used as a pronominal adjective and a relative pronoun at the same time; as, "What god but enters yon forbidden field?" Here what god=any god who.

4. WHAT Sometimes stands for an indefinite idea; as, "He cares not what he says or does."

5. WHAT Sometimes stands for a sentence or clause; as, "I tell thee what, corporal, I could tear her." Here "I could tear her" is explanatory of what.

6. WHAT is sometimes used as an interjection; as, "What! can you lull the winged winds asleep?"

III. 1. THAT is a relative pronoun when it is converted into who or which.

2. THAT is a pronominal adjective when it defines or limits a substantive; as, "That flower is beautiful."

3. THAT is a demonstrative pronoun when it represents a noun and is not a relative. See § 307.

4. THAT is a conjunction when it serves merely to connect sentences; as, "I eat that I may live."

The word as is sometimes used as a relative pronoun; as, "The man as rides to market."

COMPOUND RELATIVES.

§ 310. WHO, WHICH, and WHAT have sometimes the words ever and soever annexed to them; as, Whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, whichsoever, and whatsoever. These words are a kind of compound relative, and have the same construction as what; as, "Whoever will follow Christ must expect reproach;" "At once came forth whatever creeps."

WHOSO was anciently in use as the nominative of two verbs; as, "Whoso is out of hope to attain to another's virtue, will seek to come at even hand by depressing another's fortune."

SUBJUNCTIVE AND PREPOSITIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 311. The Relative Pronouns WHO, WHICH, and THAT have been called subjunctive, because they can not introduce an independent sentence or proposition, but serve only to subjoin one to another, which is previous.

The Personal Pronouns, on the other hand, have been called prepositive, because they are capable of leading or introducing a sentence, without having any reference, at least for the purposes of construction, to any thing previous. Of the nature of the subjunctive pronouns are the interrogative pronouns.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

§ 312. An INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN is a pronoun used in asking questions.

WHO, WHICH, and WHAT are called Interrogatives (Latin in

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terrogare, to ask) when they are used in asking questions; as, Who is there? Which is the book? What are you doing? Interrogative pronouns are those by which the demonstrative relation of a person or thing is asked.

1. WHO, used interrogatively, is applied to persons; WHICH and WHAT to both persons and things.

2. WHETHER, signifying which of the two, was anciently used as an interrogative; as, "Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?" In this sense it is now obsolete, being replaced by

WHICH.

3. A Relative refers to a subject that is antecedent; an Interrogative to one that is subsequent; as, "John, who did it;" "Who did it? John."

4. WHO inquires for the name; WHICH, for the individual; WHAT, for the character or occupation. Thus, Who wrote the Which of the Websters? Noah WebA lexicographer.

book?

ster.

Mr. Webster. What was he? 5. WHO is applied to persons indefinitely, but WHICH is applied to persons definitely. "Who will go up with me to RamothGilead?" is indefinitely proposed to all who shall hear the question. "Which of you, with taking thought, can add to his stature one cubit?" is an interrogation addressed to an individua!, as appears from the partitive form of the words "which of you" what one of you all."

§ 313.

COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY.

OF HWET=WHAT, AND

HWA WHO.

DECLENSION IN ANGLO-SAXON

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WHICH Anglo-Saxon lic, like; hwa, who; Maso-Gothic hvêleiks; Old High-German huëlih; Anglo-Saxon huilic, hvile; Old Frisian hwelik; Danish hvilk-en; Scotch whilk; English which. In its origin it is a compound.

Throughout the Indo-European tribes the interrogative or relative idea is expressed by k, or by a modification of k; e. g., qu,

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