thelefs now apply'd only, or chiefly to Fish. Whence épion is us'd in that Senfe by Saint John.

Euis iλTai, were Officers that belong'd to the Haven; they were ten in Number, and the chief Part of their Bufinefs was to take Care that two Parts, at leaft, of all the Corn which was brought into the Port, fhould be carry'd into the City, and no Silver fhould be exported by any private Perfon, except fuch as defign'd to trade in Corn d.

Ναυτοδίκαι, οι Υβριςοδίκαι, had Cognizance of Controverfies that happen'd between Merchants and Mariners, and examin'd Perfons, that being the Children of Strangers both by Father and Mother's fide, had by Fraud inferted their Names into the publick Regifter, thereby claiming the Privileges of freeborn Citizens; this they did upon the twenty fixth of every Month. Not much different from thefe were the Exαywysis according to Sigonius and Emmius's Account of them; only they were to hear fuch Causes in Matters of Trade, as requir'd Difpatch, and could not be defer'd to the monthly Seffions of the Navrodina. But Pollux tells us, that befides thofe Trials, they had Cognizance of Controverfies about Feafts and publick Entertainments.

Asuvowo, were Officers who took Care of the Streets, and feveral other Things, especially fuch as any Way concern'd the Streets, T * αυλητρίδων, καὶ κοπρολόγων, καὶ ὃ τοιέτων, of the Minfrels and Singers, and Scavengers, and fuch like. Ariftotle, as he is cited by Harpocration, makes ten Aftynomi, five in the City, and as many in the Piraeus: But Samuel Petitus enlarges their Number, as likewife that of the Agoranomi, to fifteen; ten of which he would have to officiate in the City, and five in the Piraeus, which was never accounted more than a third Part of Athens, and therefore he thinks that the Numbers in Harpocration have been by fome Accident or other chang'd. But as this is no certain way of arguing; fo it is not improbable that the Piraeus, tho' only a third part of Athens, yet being a very great and celebrated Mart, might find Employment for as many Agoranomi and Aftynomi as the other two Parts; however that be, we are inform'd by Demofthenes, that no Man ferv'd in this Office oftner than once.

Odorool, were the Surveyors of the Ways.

Ezisárai bdátar, were thofe that took Care of the Aquæducts, and other Conveyances of Waters. But the Fountains belong'd to other Officers, call'd Konvoúhanes. And the Offices of these four are by Arifotle comprehended under the Name of Ατωομέα.

Επιτάται ἣν δημοσίων έργων, were Oficers with whom was entrufted the Care, Contrivance and Management of all publick Edifices, except the City Walls, for which there were peculiar Curators, call'd from their Offices TexoTool, whofe Number was ufually the fame with that of the Tribes, every one of which had the Choice of one Texomads, as often as Occafion requir'd.

Za@posal, were in Number ten, and as their Name imports, took Care that the young Men behav'd themselves with Sobriety and Moderation. For the fame end, the Thejmothetæ us'd to walk about the

Evangelii cap. VI. verf. 9. Demofthenis. Procem. LXIV.

Demofthen. in Lacritum Harpocrat. fcchin. in Amicho.

Conf.

City

City in the Night time, and correct such as they found committing any Disorder 8.

Oйór, were three Officers, that provided Lights and Torches at the publick Entertainments, and took Care that every Man drank his due Proportion h

Foxovojos, alfo had an Office at publick Feafts, Sacrifices, Marriages, and other Solemnities, and took Care that nothing fhould be done contrary to Custom i.

гovaiondoos, were Magiftrates, whofe Bufinefs it was to regulate the Women's Apparel, according to the Rules of Modesty and Decency; and fet a Fine upon fuch as were too nice and phantaftical in their Dresses, which they expos'd to publick View in the Ceramicus.

Aurspyol, were Perfons of confiderable Eftates, who by their own Tribe, or the whole People, were order'd to perform fome publick Duty, or fupply the Commonwealth with Neceffaries at their own Expences. Of these there were divers Sorts, all which were elected out of twelve hundred of the richest Citizens, who were appointed by the People, to undergo, when they fhould be requir'd, all the burdensome and chargeable Offices in the Commonwealth, every Tribe electing an hundred and twenty out of their own Body; tho', as Sigonius has obferv'd, this was contrary to Solon's Conftitution, by which every Man, of what Quality foever, was oblig'd to ferve the Publick, according to his Ability, with this Exception only, that two Offices fhould not be impos'd on the fame Person at once, as we are inform'd by Demofthenes, in his Oration against Leptines; where he likewife mentions an ancient Law, requiring every Man to undergo fome of the Auт8pα every second Year.

These twelve hundred were divided into two Parts, one of which confifted of fuch as were poffefs'd of the greatest Estates, the other of Perfons of meaner Abilities. Each of these were divided into ten Companies, call'd vμopías, which were distinct Bodies, and had diftinct Governours and Officers of their own. They were again fubdivided into two Parts, according to the Eftates of the Perfons that compos'd them; and thus out of the first ten Zoppofix, were appointed three hundred of the moft wealthy Citizens in Athens, who upon all Exigences were to furnish the Commonwealth with neceffary Supplies of Money, and together with the rest of the twelve hundred, were requir'd to perform all extraordinary Duties in their turns k. The Inftitution of thefe Evopíz, happen'd about the third Year of the hundredth Olympiad, Naufinicus being Archon. Before that time, fuch as were unable to bear the Expence of any λειτεργία affign'd to them, had Relief from the videos, or Exchange of Goods, which was one of Solon's Inventions, and perform'd in the following manner. If any Perfon appointed to undergo one of the Arpiai, or Duties, could find another Citizen of better Subftance than himself, who was free from all the Duties, then the Informer was excus'd. But in Cafe the Perfon thus fubftituted in the other's Place, deny'd himfelf to be the richest, then they exchang'd Eftates in this manner;

Ulpian. in Orat. adverf. Mediam.
Ulpian, in Olinthiac. 11. & Aphob. I.

Athenans. lib. X.

Idem. lib. VI.

& 3

The

The Doors of their Houses were clofe fhut up and feal'd, left any thing should be carry'd thence. Then both the Men took the following Oath; Αποφαίνω την εσίαν τὴν ἐμαυτῇ ὀρθῶς, καὶ δικαίως, πλήν, τῶν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀργυρείοις, ὅσα καὶ νόμοι ἀτελῆ πεποιήκασι. I will truly and faithfully dif cover all my Substance, except that which lies in the filver Mines, which the Laws have excus'd from all Impofts and Taxes. Then within three Days, a full Discovery was made of their whole Eftates, and this was term'd wos. Neither was this Custom wholly laid afide upon the Inftitution of the foremention'd veía; but then and afterwards, if any one of the three hundred Citizens could give Information of any other Person more wealthy than himself, who had been past by in the Nomination, the Informer was excus'd'. This whole Controverfy was term'd adxaría, the Senfe of which Word is fo much enlarg'd by fome, as to be equivalent to the general Terms, κρίσις and ἀμφισβήτησις ; m; and by others" is reftrain'd to the Controverfies happening between the xognol, tho' perhaps these may be taken in general for the derpyol, one remarkable Part being put for the whole. This must be observ'd farther, that if any Controverfy happen'd between fuch as were appointed pinpeep2, it was to be brought before the sparnys, who had the Care of all Warlike Preparations, and by him to be refer'd to the customary Judges; the reft of the dadinacial feem to have belong'd to their Magiftrates.

Of the Duties to be undergone in the foremention'd Matters, fome concern'd the Affairs of Peace, others related to thofe of War. The Duties of Peace were chiefly three, χορηγία, γυμνασιαρχία, and ἑπίασις. Thofe of War are two, τριηραρχία and εἰσφορά.

Xepanyol, were at the Expence of Players, Singers, Dancers, and Muficians, as oft as there was Occafion for them at the Celebration of their publick Festivals and Solemnities".

Tovaciapo,, were at the Charge of the Oil, and fuch like Neceffaries for the Wrestlers and other Combatants P.

Ετιάτορες τῶν φυλῶν, were fuch as upon publick Feftivals made an Entertainment for their whole Tribe . Befides those who were appointed by Lots to this Office, others voluntarily undertook it to ingratiate themfelves. It may be farther obferv'd, that the péramos, Sojourners, had alfo their isάropes, by whom they were entertain'd.

Tpinpapo, were oblig'd to provide all forts of Neceffaries for the Fleet, and to build Ships. To this Office no certain Number of Men was nominated; but their Number was encreas'd or diminish'd according to the Value of their Estates, and the Exigencies of the Commonwealth.

Ediporras, were requir'd, according to their Abilities, to fupply the Publick with Money for the Payment of the Army, and other Оccafions t.

Befides thefe, upon extraordinary Occafions, when the ufual Supplies were not fufficient, as in Times of long and dangerous Wars, the rich Citizens us'd generously to contribute as much as they were able

m Hefychius.

1 Conf. Demofthen, in Leptin. & Phanip. Orat. de Muneribus, Plutarchus de Prudentia Athenienfium. a Demofthen. Mediana & Leptiniana.

Lyfias Orat, de Muneribus.

Pollux.

to the publick Neceffities, befides what was required of them, and could
not be avoided. There are by Pollux called ἐπιδίδοντες ἐπιδόσεις, εἰσφέροντες,
ἔκοντες, ἐθελονται, &c.

Others there were, that were not properly Magiftrates, yet because they
were employ'd in publick Business, must not be omitted in this Place.

Such were the Ludixo, or Orators appointed by the People, to plead in behalf of any Law, which was to be abrogated, or enacted, of whom I have spoken in another Place. These Men, tho' differing from those who are next to be mention'd, were fometimes term'd plogss, and

fogo, and their Fee to unfoping. Left this Office, which was created for the Benefit of the Commonwealth, fhould be abus'd, to the private Advantage of particular Men, there was a Law enacted, whereby the People were prohibited from conferring it twice upon the fame Perfon ".

Props, were ten in Number, elected by Lots, to plead publick Caufes in the Senate-house or Affembly, and for every Caufe wherein they were retain'd, they receiv'd a Drachm out of the publick Exchequer. They were fometimes call'd Συνήγοροι, and their Fee τὸ τωη[ορικόν w. Νο Man was admitted to this Office under the Age of forty Years. Tho' others think it was lawful to plead both in the Senate-house, and before the publick Affembly at the Age of thirty. Neither were they permitted to execute this Office till their Valour in War, Piety to their Parents, Prudence in the Management of Affairs, Frugality and Temperance had been examin'd into. The Heads of which Examination are fet down amongst the Laws of Athens.

Пpios, were Embajadors chofen by the Senate, or most commonly by the Suffrages of the People to treat with foreign States. Sometimes they were fent with full Power to act according as themselves fhould judge moft conducive to the Safety and Honour of the Commonwealth, and then they were Пpéobes autoxpάToges, or Plenipotentiaries, and were not oblig'd at their return Home, to render an Account of their Proceedings; but their Power was ufually limited, and they liable to be call'd in Question if they exceeded their Commiffion, by concluding any Bufinefs befides what they were fent about, or in any other manner than what was prefcrib'd them. During the time of their Employment, they receiv'd a Salary out of the Exchequer. Whe ther that was always the fame, does not certainly appear; but it is more probable that like the Pay of Soldiers, and other Salaries, it was firft very small, and afterwards, when the Commonwealth flourish'd with Trade and Riches, rais'd to a greater Value. When Euthymenes was Archon, they receiv'd every Day two Drachms, as we are inform'd by Aristophanes Y.

2

We were fent to the Great King of Perfia, with an Allowance of two Drachme a Day, Euthymenes being Archon. Those who faithfully discharg'd their Embaffies were publickly entertain'd by the Senate in the Prytaneum those who had been wanting in Care and Diligence, were fined. fuch as undertook an Embally without the Defignation of the Senate or People, were punifh'd with Death ".

But

The Пgies were ufually attended by a Kupu, or Herald; and fometimes the Kipuxes were fent upon Embaffies by themfelves, as Sigonius obferves, especially in the Primitive times, when all Embafies were perform'd by thefe Men, who were accounted facred and inviolable, not only as being defcended from Mercury, and employ'd in his Office, but because they were publick Mediators, without whom all Intercourfe and Hopes of Reconcilement between Enemies must be at an end. Therefore, as Euftathius obferves, whenever Ulyffes in his Travels difpatch'd his Scouts to difcover what fort of Country and People the Winds and Seas had brought them to, he always fent a Kpg along with them, whereby they were fecur'd from receiving any Harm in all Parts of the World whither they were driven, except in the Countries of the Laftrygones, Cyclopes, and fuch Savages, as were altogether void of Humanity.

Tpappears, Notaries, were feveral Sorts, and employ'd by feveral Magiftrates; concerning whom this may be obferv'd in general, that for the Prevention of Fraud and Deceit, a Law was enacted, pun dos dis ὑπογραμματεύῃ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀρχῇ, That no Man hould ferve the fame Magiftrate in the Quality of a Notary above once. Befides thefe, there were other paars, Notaries, who had their Cuftody of the Laws and the publick Records, which it was their Bufinefs to write, and to repeat to the People and Senate when fo requir'd. Thefe were three in Number, one chofen by the popular Affembly, whofe Business was to recite before the People or Senate; and two appointed by the Senate; one whereof was Keeper of the Laws, another of other publick Records d The Cuftom was for a Notary to be appointed by every Prytanea, who laid down his Office at the end of thirty Days, and then underwent the accustom'd (subúvn) Examination. It may not be improper to add in this Place, that at Syracufe, the Office of Notaries was very honourable,but at Athens reputed TEλng uzupeσia a mean Employment, and executed by those who were call'd by the Greeks Anuoro, by the Roman Lawyers, Vulgares, or as that word is explain'd, Calones. Thefe were commonly Slaves, who had learn'd to read and write, that they might thereby become the more ferviceable to their Mafters. One of these was that Nicomachus, against whom Lyfias wrote his Oration.

Befide the foremention'd Magistrates and Officers, there were feveral others, as the Πρυτάνεις, Πρόεδροι, &c. But of these, and fuch as had military Commands, or were employ'd in the Divine Service, I fhall give an Account in their own Places.

· Demofthenes Orat, de falfa Legat. ibique Ulpianus. Demofthenes loco citato.

Lyfias in Nichomachum.. 3 Ulpianus in Olynthiac. B.

Thucydidis Scholiaftes lib. VI. Iliad. a. p. 183. Edit. Bafil. d Pollux lib. VIII. f Libanius argumento Orat. Demofthenis de falfa legat. СНАР,