Antixpxo, were fix in Chief, but were affifted by thirty inferior Officers, in laying Fines upon fuch as came not to publick Affemblies, and making Scrutiny amongst thofe that were prefent; fuch alfo as were bufy in the Market they compell'd to leave their buying and felling, and attend on the publick Bufinefs, the which they did by the Help of the Too, who were certain Inferior Officers, or rather Servants, much like the Roman Lictors, and our Sheriff's Livery-men, Bailiffs, &c. the City of Athens had a thousand of them, that liv'd in Tents, erected in the middle of the Forum, and were afterwards remov'd to the Areopagus. Their Name feems to have been taken from the Arms they usually carried with them, in the fame manner that the Lifeguards of Kings are call'd AppPogo. Sometimes they are call'd Anpórios Erón), a Name which was taken from their Offices; fometimes Пorio, from Peufinus, one of the Primitive Athenians, that either first inftituted this Office, or gave Rules for the ordering of it; and fometimes Exúbas, from the Country of Scythia, for generally Men of that Country were chofen into this Place, as being brawny, fturdy Fellows; and therefore one of them is introduc'd by Ariftophanes, fpeaking in an uncouth and barbarous Manner. But to return to the Lexiarchi. They were the Perfons that had the keeping of an κὸν γραμματείον, or λεύκωμα, or publick Regifter of the whole City, in which were written the Names of all the Citizens, as foon as they came to be of Age to enter upon their paternal Inheritance, which they call'd As.

J

NowoQúλaxes, were Officers, whofe Business it was to fee that neither the Magiftrates, nor common People made any Innovation upon the Laws, and to punish the ftubborn and difobedient P. To this End in publick Affemblies they had Seats appointed with the Пpósopo, that they might be ready to oppofe any Man that should act contrary to the Laws, and receiv'd Customs, or promote any thing against the publick Good. As a Token of the honourable Station they were plac'd in, they always wore a white Ribband in the folemn Games, and publick Shews, and had Chairs erected for them, over against those of the nine Archons.

Nowo, were a thoufand in Number, who were commonly cho fen by Lot out of fuch as had been Judges in the Court Helica: Their Office was not (as the Name feems to imply) to enact new Laws by their own Authority, for that could not be done without the Approbation of the Senate, and the People's Ratification, but to infpect the old; and if they found any of them useless, or prejudicial, as the State of Affairs then stood, or contradictory to others, they caus'd them to be abrogated by an Act of the People. Befides this, they were to take care that no Man fhould plough, or dig deep Ditches within the Pelafgian Wall, to apprehend the Offenders, and fend them to the Archon.

Arifophanes ejufque Scholiaft. Acarn. & Thesmoph. P Cicero de Legib. lib. III. Colamella de Re Ruft. lib. XII. cap. 3.

С НА Р.,

T

CHAP. XIV.

Of the Athenian Magistrates

HE Treafurers and General Receivers of Athens were of several Sorts; but before I proceed to give an Account of their Offices, it will be neceffary to premise a Word or two concerning the publick Revenues; which are by the accurate Sigonius divided into these four following Sorts.

1. Tan, fignifie thofe Revenues, that were brought in by Lands, Mines, Woods, and other publick Poffeffions, fet apart for the Ufe of the Commonwealth; and the Tributes paid by the Sojourners and the Freed-Servants; as alfo the Cuftoms requir'd of certain Arts, and Trades, and particularly of Merchants for the Exportation and Importation of their Goods.

2. Dopo, were the annual Payments exacted of all their tributary Cities, which after Xerxes's Overthrow, were first levy'd by the Athenians, as Contributions to enable them to carry on the War, in Cafe, as was fear'd, the Enemy should make a new Invafion upon them. The first Collector of this Tax was Ariftides, who (as Plutarch reports in his Life) affefs'd all particular Perfons, Town by Town, according to every Man's Ability; and the Sum rais'd by him amounted to four hundred and fixty Talents. To this Pericles added near a third Part, (proceeds my Author) for Thucydides reports, that in the beginning of the Peloponnefan War, the Athenians had coming in from their Confederates, fix hundred Talents. After Pericles's Death, the Orators and Men powerful amongst the People, proceeded to encrease it by little and little, till it amounted to one thousand and three hundred Talents; and that not fo much, because of the extraordinary Expensiveness of the Wars, as by exciting the People to Largeffes, Play-house Expences, and the erecting of Statues and Temples.

3. Eiropal, were Taxes laid upon the Citizens, as well as Sojourners, and Freed-Servants, by the Order of the Affembly and Senate, for the defraying of extraordinary Charges, occafion'd by long and unfuccefsful Wars, or any other Means.

4. Tara, were Fines and Amercements, all which were carry'd into the Exchequer, except the tenth Part, which was given to Minerva, and the fiftieth Part which belong'd to the reft of the Gods, and the Heroes call'd Europe. Having faid thus much of the publick Money, I fhall now proceed to the Persons that had the Disposal and Management of it.

Eisern, was elected by Lot out of the Prytanes, and had in his Cuftody the Keys of the publick Exchequer, which Truft was thought fo great, that no Man was permitted to enjoy it above once. reft of the Honours and Offices of this Magiftrate I fhall speak in another

Place.

Of the

Iwan, were ten in Number, and together with thofe that had the Care of the Money allow'd for Shews, had the Power of letting out the Tribute Money, and other publick Revenues, and felling Estates

that

that were confifcated; all which Bargains were ratified in the Name of their Prefident. Befides this, it was their Office to convict fuch as had not paid the Tribute, call'd Meroínov, and fell them by Auction. Under these were certain inferior Officers, call'd Exλofs, whofe Business it was to collect the publick Money, for fuch as had Leafes of the City's Revenues, whom they call'd Thavas; thefe were always Perfons of good Credit themselves, and befides their own Bonds, were oblig'd to give other Security for the Payment of the Money due according to their Leafes, in which if they fail'd any longer than till the ninth Prytanea, they were under a Forfeiture of twice the Principal, to be paid by themfelves or their Sureties, upon neglect of which they were all cast into Prison, and their Estates confiscated ¶. After the Expulfion of the thirty Tyrants, certain Officers, call'd Zudxos, were created with Power to take Cognizance of all Complaints about the Confifcation of Goods, as appears from an Oration of Lyfias in behalf of Nicias:

Eyga, were Officers that rated all thofe of whom Taxes and Contributions were requir'd according to every Man's Ability, kept the publick Accounts, and profecuted fuch as were behind hand with their Contributions.

Azodinta, were ten general Receivers, to whom all the publick Revehues, Contribution-money, and Debts ow'd to the Publick were paid: Which done, they regiftred all their Receptions, and crofs'd out of the publick Debt-book fuch as had discharg'd their Debts in the Prefence of the whole Senate. If any Controverfy happen'd about the Money or Taxes, they had Power to decide it, except it was a difficult and knotty Point, or of high Concern, for fuch they referred to the hearing of fome of the Courts of Judicature.

Artisρapius & Bλns, was a publick Notary, appointed at the first Inftitution of the Office by Election, and afterwards by Lot, to take a Counter-part of the Accounts of the Ardinta, for the Prevention of all Deceit and Mistakes.

Ελληοταμίαι. οι Ελληοταμιαῖοι, had the fame Offices in the tributary Cities that belong'd to the Azodexra in their own Territories.

Пpáxroges, were those that receiv'd the Money due to the City from Fines laid upon Criminals.

Ταμίαι τὸ Θεῖ, καὶ τῶν Θεῶν, were thole that receiv'd that Part of the Fines which was due to Minerva, and the reft of the Gods, which was done before the Senate. They were ten in Number, were chofen by Lots out of the ПTaxordero, or Nobles, and had Power of remitting any Man's Fine, if it was made appear to them, that the Magiftrates had unjustly impos'd it. Pollux tells us, they were the fame with those they call'd Kaλaxpéra, and thefe, as the Scholiaft upon Ariftophanes reports, us'd to receive not only the Money due to the Gods from Fines, but other Incomes defign'd for Civil Ufes, and particularly the Tora, diftributed amongst the Judges, and therefore call'd Anasixos os. They were fo nam'd q. Kaλaygiras, because they were a kind of Priests, and us'd to claim as their Due the Relicks of Sacrifices amongst which were the Skins and the Kwa ".

Zr were Officers appointed upon extraordinary Occafions to enquire after the publick Debts, when thro' the Neglect of the Receivers, or by other Means they were run up to large Sums, and began to be in Danger of being loft, if not call'd in.

The Diftinction of the Officers hitherto mention'd, has been taken chiefly from the different Receptions of the publick Money; I fhall proceed in Sigonius's Method, and give you an Account in the next Place of those that were distinguish'd by the different Manners of disburfing it. And to this end, you may know the publick Treasure was divided into three Sorts, according to the various Ufes to which it was employ'd; the firft they call'd,

1. Xenpeace & droshows, being fuch as were expended in civil Ufes. 2. Ergalarina, those that were requir'd to defray the Charges of the War.

3. Oswgina, fuch as were confecrated to pious Ufes; in which they included the Expences at Plays, publick Shews, and Feftivals, becaufe most of them were celebrated in Honour of fome of the Gods, or in Memory of fome deceas'd Hero; and Pollux tells us, the Money given to the Judges, and the People that met in the publick Affemblies, was call'd by this Name. There is a Law mention'd by Demofthenes, whereby this Money was commanded, when the neceflary Expences of War could not otherwife be provided for, to be apply'd to that Ufe. This Eubulus (to ingratiate himself with the Commonalty, who were generally more concern'd to maintain the publick Shews and Festivals, than the most neceffary War) caus'd to be abrogated, and at the fame time to be declar'd a capital Crime for any Man to propound, that the Osagina xenala fhould be apply'd for the Service of the War.

Ταμίας στο Διοικήσεως, otherwife callad Επιμελητής - κοινῶν προσόδων, was the principal Treasurer, being far fuperior to all the reft in Honour and Power, created by the People, and continu'd in his Office for five Years after which if he had behav'd himself with Honefty and Integrity, it was an ufual thing for him to be elected a fecond and third time.

Αντιγραφεὺς το Διοικήσεως, feems to have been one that kept a Counterpart of the chief Treafurer's Accounts, to preferve them from being falfified, or corrupted.

Taμías Tar ExpaTITIxar, was the Pay-mafter General of the Army.

Ταμίας τῶν Θεωρικών, or Ο ἐπὶ τῷ Θεωρικῷ, had the Difpofal of the Osapind xpýjara, for the Ufes abovemention'd. But the greatest and moft troublefome part of his Office confifted in diftributing 'em to the poor Citizens, to buy Seats in the Theatre; which Custom was first begun and enacted into a Law by Pericles, to ingratiate himself with the Commonalty"; for as Libanius obferves, in the Primitive Ages of the Commonwealth, when the Theatres were compos'd of Wood, the People being eager of getting Places, us'd to quarrel among themfelves, and fometimes beat and wound one another; to prevent which Inconvenience, it was order'd that every one, before he enter'd into

Orat. in Neavami.

Ulpianus in Olynthiac. á.

"Plutarch, Pericle.

the Theatre, fhould pay two Oboli, or a Drachm, according to Harpocra tion, for Admittance; and left by this Means the poorer fort fhould be depriv'd of the Pleasure of feeing, every Man was allow'd to demand that Sum of the publick Exchequer ".

CHA P. XV.

Of the Athenian Magiftrates.

Irava, were fo call'd from their Office, which was to lay in Corn for the Ufe of the City, and to this end the Ταμίας διοικήσεως, was to furnish them with as much Money as they had Occafion for. Athens was feated in a barren and unfruitful Country, which was not able to furnish its whole Inhabitants with neceffary Provifions, whereby they were forc'd to fetch Corn from foreign Nations, and fupply their own Wants by the Superfluities of others: And this it was, that caus'd them to institute this Office.

ZiroQúλaxes, were fifteen in Number, ten of which officiated in the City, and five in the Piraeus; their Business was to take Care, that Corn and Meal should not be fold at too dear a Price, and to appoint the Size of Bread. Nearly related to thefe were the Σιτομέτραι, οι Αποδεκταῖοι, whofe Office was to fee, that the Measures of Corn were just and equal.

Ayoparów, fometimes term'd Aofisal, were ten in Number, five belonging to the City, and as many to the Piraeus. Others make them fifteen, ten whereof they give to the City, and five to the Piraeus, which was reckon'd a third Part of Athens. To these Men a certain Toll or Tribute was paid by all those who brought any thing to fell in the Market. Whence Diceopolis is introduc'd by Ariftophanes, demanding an Eel of a Baotian for the radyopas, Toll of the Market.

Αγορας τέλω ταύτίω γέπε δώσεις ἐμοί.

This thou shalt give me for Toll of the Market; for their Business lay in the Market, where they had the Care of all Vendibles, except Corn; and were especially oblig'd to see that no Man wrong'd, or any way circumvented another in buying or felling ".

Marporópa, were Officers that infpected all Sorts of Measures, except thofe of Corn; there were five of them in the City and double that Number in the Piraeus, in which the greatest Mart in Attica was kept.

Oorów, were Officers who took Care of the Fish-Market. They were two or three in Number, and chofen by the Senate a. Their Name is deriv'd from ", which tho' originally of a more general Signification, is many times appropriated to Fish. Thus Plutarch has inform'd us : Πολλῶν ὄντων ἔψων, ἐκνενίκηκεν ὁ ἰχθὺς μόνον, ἢ μάλιστ ys, for xaasi. Many other things being call'da, that Name is never