Befides thefe, there were feveral other Boroughs, of which it is uncertain what Tribes they belong'd to: Such are these;

TH

СНАР. Х.

Of the Sojourners, and Servants, in Athens.

HE second sort of the Inhabitants of Attica were call'd Méroxo, by which Word were fignified Perfons that came from a foreign Country, and fettled in Attica, being admitted by the Council of Areopagus, and enter'd in a publick Regifter. They differ'd from the Пonia, or Citizens, because they were not free Citizens of Athens, but either came from another City themselves, or were defcended from fuch as did; and from the Evo, or Strangers, because they took up their Lodgings only for a fhort time, whereas the Miraxe had fix'd Habitations, and conftantly refided upon the Place, whither they had tranfplanted themselves.

They were permitted to dwell in the City, and follow their own Bufinefs without Disturbance, but could not be entrusted with any publick Office, give their Votes in the Affemblies, or have any Share in the Government; being oblig'd to fit ftill, as Spectators in a Theatre, without intermedling, or any way concerning themfelves with State Affairs, and patiently submit to the Decrees enacted by the Citizens, and obferve all the Laws and Customs of the Country. And therefore Aristophanes in Suidas compares them to Chaff, as being an unprofitable and ufelefs Part of the Commonwealth.

Τὰς η Μετάκες ἄχυρα Ἡ ἀςῶν λέγω.

The Sojourners (if I may speak my Mind)
Are, as it were, the City's Chaff and Scum.

J. A.

They were not allow'd to act any Thing, or manage any Bufinefs in their own Names, but were obliged to choose out of the Citizens one, to whofe Care and Protection they would commit themselves, and

Ariftophanes Scholiaftes in Aves.

E 4

whofe

whofe Duty it was to defend them from all Violence and Oppreffion.: This is intimated in Terence's Eunuchus, where Thais puts her felf into the Hands of Phædria's Family,

CH. Tum autem Phædriæ,

Meo fratri, gaudeo amorem effe omnem in tranquillo, una eft domus,
Thais patri fe commendavit, in clientelam & fidem

Nobis dedit fe

My Brother's good Succefs in his Amour,

Doth glad my Soul, for Thais now's his own,
Since the Protection of her felf fhe leaves
To my old Father's Care and Management.

J. A.

The Perfon to whom they committed themselves, was call'd Пposarns, and was allow'd to demand feveral Services of them, in which if they fail'd, or if they neglected to choose a Patron, an Action was commenc'd against them before the Polemarchus, call'd Axposuis dixn, whereupon their Goods were confiscated.

In Confideration of the Privileges allow'd them, the Commonwealth requir'd them to perform feveral Duties; for inftance, in the Panathenæa, a Festival celebrated in Honour of Minerva; the Men were oblig'd to carry certain Veffels call'd Exdu, whereby are meant not Spades, as Meurfins and the Tranflator of Harpocration have explain'd this Word, but Navicula, little Ships which were Signs of their Foreign Extraction; which few have hitherto rightly understood. Hence they were term'd σxaQ, or oxappepo, by the ancient Writers' of Comedy. The Woman carry'd idea, Veffels of Water, or oxiddies, Umbrellas, to defend the free Women from the Weather, and are thence nam'd papópar, and oxadopépos. This laft Custom begun after Xerxes and the Perfans had been driven out of Greece, when the Athenians, becoming infolent with Succefs, for a greater Value upon the Freedom of their City, than they had formerly done f.

Befide this, the Men paid an annual Tribute of twelve Drachms, tho' Hefychius mentioneth ten only, and the Women that had no Sons, were liable to be taxed fix; but fuch as had Sons that paid, were excus'd. This Tribute was call'd Merénor, and was exacted not only of thofe that dwelt in Athens, but of all fuch that fettled themselves in any Town of Attica, as appears from the inftance given us by Lyfias in Oropus, which was an Athenian Town, fituated upon the Confines of Beatia. About the time of Xerxes's Invafion upon Greece, Themiftocles having by his eminent Services rais'd himself to great Power in the Commonwealth, prevail'd fo far upon the Athenians, that they remitted this Exaction, and continu'd the Sojourners in the Enjoyment of their Privileges, without requiring any fuch Acknowledgment from them h. How long they enjoy'd this Immunity, I cannot tell, but it is certain they kept it not long, and probably it might be taken from them, and the Act repeal'd, as foon as Themi

e A&t. ult. Scen. ult. Philonem.

f Æliani Variæ Hiftoriæ Lib. VI. c. Dioder. Sicul. 1 Xia

8 Orat, in focles

focles fell into Difgrace. Upon Non-payment of this Impofition, the Delinquent was immediately feiz'd by the Tax-mafters, and carried away to the Market fet apart for that Purpose, (call'd by Plutarch · Μετόικιον, and by Demofthenes * Πωλητήριον το Μετοικία, where they were expos'd to Sale by the Пwanrai, who were Officers concern'd in the publick Revenues. And this Fate had the famous Philofopher Xenocrates undergone, had not Lycurgus refcu'd him out of the Hands of the Officers, as Plutarch reports; Diogenes Laertius tells us, he was actually fold, because he had not wherewithal to pay the Tribute, but was redeem'd by Demetrius the Phalerean, who because he would not violate the Laws of the City, nor yet could endure to fee fo great and ufeful a Man reduc'd to fo miferable a Condition, restor❜d him his Liberty, and paid for him what the Tax-mafter demanded.

But tho' thefe Men were incapable of having any Preferment, or bearing any Office in the Commonwealth, yet they were not wholly deftitute of Encouragements to the Practice of Vertue, and the undertaking of noble Actions, and being ferviceable to the Publick. For fuch as fignaliz'd themselves by any notable Exploit, were feldom pafs'd by neglected, or unrewarded; but were taken into publick Confideration, and by a special Edict of the People, honour'd with an Immunity from all Impofitions, Taxes, and other Duties, except fuch as were requir'd of the Freeborn Citizens, and therefore they call'd this Honour Ισοτέλεια, and the Perfons that enjoy'd it Ισοτελείς, becaufe they did ἶσα τελεῖν τοῖς ἀφοῖς, pay only an equal Proportion with the Citizens. This was a fort of an half Freedom, being the fame with what we fometimes find call'd Arλa, of which I have spoken already, and was granted to Foreigners that had deferved well of the Publick, but not merited enough to be enrol'd amongst the true Citizens; an Inftance of which we have in Perdiccas King of Macedon, and fometimes in whole Cities and Commonwealths, that had by some special Service demonstrated the Kindness and good Affection they bore to Athens; two Examples of this we have in the Thebans and Olynthians in Theophraftus, as it is cited by Suidas, to whom with Harpocration and Hefychius, we are chiefly oblig'd for these Accounts.

I proceed, in the next Place, to speak of the third, and moft numerous Part of the Inhabitants of Attica, I mean the Servants, of which there were two Sorts, the firft was of those, that thro' Poverty were forc'd to ferve for Wages, being otherwife freeborn Citizens, but not having any Suffrage in publick Affairs, by Reason of their Indigence, it being forbidden at fome times (for this Prohibition was not perpetual) that Perfons not having fuch an Eftate as was mention'd in the Law, fhould have the Privilege of giving their Voices. These were properly call'd Onres and Пára", and were the most genteel fort of Servants, being only in that State during their own Pleasure and Neceffities; and having Power. either to change their Masters, or (if they became able to fubfift by themselves) wholly to release themselves from Servitude.

iFlaminio. ib. III. c. 8.

Orat. I. in Ariftogit. 1 Loc. cit.

Xenocrates • Pollux

The

The fecond Sort of Servants, were fuch as were wholly in the Power and at the Difpofal of their Lords, who had as good a Title to them, as to their Land and Eftates, a confiderable Part of which they were efteem'd. They were wholly at their Command, to be employ'd as they faw convenient, in the worst and most wretched Drudgeries; and to be us'd at their Difcretion, pinch'd, ftarv'd, beaten, tormented, and that in most Places, without any Appeal to fuperior Power, and punish'd even with Death it felf. And, which yet farther enhanc'd the Mifery of their Condition, they had no Hopes of recovering their Freedom themselves, or procuring it for their Pofterity, but were to continue in the fame Condition, as long as they liv'd, and all the Inheritance they could leave their Children (for their Masters not only allow'd, but encourag'd them to marry that they might encrease in Number) was the Poffeffion of their Parents Miseries, and a Condition scarce any way better than that of Beafts.

The Ancients were very fenfible of the hard Ufage Slaves met with ; and the earnest Defire of Liberty, that reign'd in their own Breafts, and made them always forward to expofe their Lives in the Defence of it, was a fufficient Cause to beget in them a Jealoufy of the like in other Perfons; Men being generally very apt to fufpect others of the fame Paffions and Inclinations, which themselves have been guilty of. And we find them very industrious to prevent and fuppress all fuch Motions, by keeping the Slaves at a very great distance from them, by no means condefcending (I fpeak of the generality of them) to converse familiarly with them; by inftilling into them a mean Opinion of themselves; debafing their Natures, and extinguifhing in them (as much as poffible) all Sparks of Generofity and Manhood, by an illiberal Education, and accuffoming them to Blows and Stripes, which they thought were very difagreeable to ingenuous Natures; and fubduing them with hard Labour and Want; and in fhort, by using them almoft in the fame manner, nay fometimes worse than we do brute Animals. A fufficient Proof whereof (were there no more) we have in the famous Roman Cato, a Man celebrated in all Ages for his exact Obfervance of the nicest Rules of Juftice; nor doth it at all invalidate the Evidence, that this was done by a Roman, fince both at Rome and in Greece, and most other civiliz'd Countries, the Ufage of Slaves feems to have been much what the fame, fome few Alterations excepted. This Cato (Plutarch tells us) when his Servants grew old and unfit for Labour, notwithstanding they had been very faithful and serviceable to him, and had spent their Youth and Strength in labouring for him; for all this, when Years came upon them, and their Strength fail'd them, would not be at the Charge of maintaining them, but either turn'd them away, unable to provide for themselves, or let them ftarve to Death in his own Family . It is true, this Barbarity was not practis'd in all Places, and my Author thinks the Cenfor Blame-worthy for it, imputing it to a favage and unnatural Temper; yet hence appears the miferable Condition: of Slaves, that were forc'd to undergo the moft arbitrary, and unjuft Impofitions of the cruelest and most barbarous Tyrants. Now the better to

9 Plutarch. Catone.

thew