and 245 broad; divided into the Upper and Lower. The northe parts of the kingdom are mountainous and barren, but healthy; the fouth ern parts are level, and extremely fruitful, but not very healthy. The country along the Danube, from Prefburg to Belgrade, for upwards of 200 miles, is one continued plain, and no foil can be more fertile; but the air, by the many fwamps and moraffes, is not fo wholefome as on the higher and drier grounds. Here are mines of gold, filver, copper, iron, lead, quickfilver, cinnabar, antimony, yellow orpinent, fulphur, vitriol, marcafite, falt native and factitious, faltpetre, magnets, afbeftos, or ftone flax, marble of feveral colours, alabafter, with diamonds and all forts of precious ftones. Corn is in fuch plenty, that it is fold for one fixth of its price in England. The grapes are large and luscious; and the wines preferred to any in Europe. There are vaft numbers of cattle and hörfes, the latter moft, ly moufe-coloured, with buffaloes, dear, wild fowl, game, and fish, and many fpecies of wild beafts, particularly chamois goats, bears, and lynxes. Befides vines, and the common forts of vegetables, here are tobacco, faffron, buck wheat, millet, melons, and chefnuts. Here alfo are excellent warm baths, and mineral fprings of various qualities. The chief mountains are the Crapack or Carpathian, which is the general name for all thofe that feparate this kingdom from Poland, Moravia, Silefia, and part of Auftria. The fides of moft of them are covered with wood, and their tops with fnow, The chief rivers are the Danube, Draye, Save, Waag, Gran, Temes, Raab, and Theifs, all well ftocked with fifh. There are feveral lakes among the Carpathian mountains, and fome in the lowlands. The inhabitants are a mixture of the defcendants of the ancient Hunns, Sclavonjans, Camani, Germans, Walachians, Greeks, Jews, Turks, and a wandering people called ZIGDUNS, faid to be of uncertain origin, but pro bably the fame as thofe we call GYPSIES. The Hungarians are said to be of a fanguine choleric temper, and fomewhat fierce, cruel, proud, and vindictive. They have been always reputed good foldiers, being much more inclined to arms, martial exercifes, and hunting, than to arts, learning, trade, or agriculture. The nobility affect great pomp and magnificence, and are much addicted to feafting and carouling. The men in general are ftrong and well proportioned. They have their beards, but leave whifkers on the upper lip; wearing fur caps on their heads, a clofe-bodied coat girt with a fath, with a fhort cloak or mantle over all, buckled under the arm, leaving the right hand at liberty. Their horfe are called HUSSARS, and their foot heydukes. The former wear a broad fword, or feymeter, and carry a hatchet or battle-ax. Their horfes are fleet, but not near fo large as the German horfes, and there. fore they ftand up on their fhort ftirrups when they frike. The heydukes ufually wear feathers in their caps, according to the number of the enemies they pretend to have killed. Both horfe and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a purfuit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regular troops in a pitched battle. The women, when they go abroad, wear short cloaks and a veil. Five languages are spoken in this country, viz. the Hungarian, which is of Scythian origin, and has little or no affinity with any European tongue; the German, Sclavonian, Walachian, and Latin. The laft is fpoken, not. only by the fuperior ranks, but alfo by the inferior, though very corruptly. The Zigduns have allo a particular jargon. Chriftianity was planted in Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries. In the 16th, the reformation made a great progrefs in it; but at prefent, though the Roman Catholics hardly make a 4th part of the inhabitants, their religion is predominant, the Proteftants enjoying only a bare toleration. Befides several fects of Proteftants, there are alfo great numbers of the Greek church and Jews; the laft pay double taxes. Befides colleges and convents, there are feveral universities for the Roman catholics. The Lutherans and Calvinifts have alfo their gymnafiums and schools, but under various reftrictions. The traffic of this country is almoft wholly in the hands of the Greeks and Jews. The exports confift chiefly of wine, horfes, cattle, metals, minerals, faffron, wool, and leather. Hungary furnishes Auftria, and other countries, weft of it, with vaft droves of cattle as well as variety of excellent wines, of which those of Tokay are reckoned the beft. The principal manufactures are those of copper, brafs, iron, and other hard wares. Great quantities of brass and iron are exported, wrought and unwrought. Hungary at first, like most other countries, was divided into many little principalities and states, which at length were united under one head, who had the title of duke. The laft of thefe dukes was Geyfa: who, becoming a profelyte to Chrystianity, was baptized; after which he refigned the government to his fon Stephen, who took the title of king, A. D. 1000. But as the throne was filled by election, though generally out of the fame family, the difpofal of the crown was difputed between the Turkish and German emperors for near 200 years: but after 1527, when Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, was advanced to the throne, the Auftrians found means to influence the elections in fuch a manner, as to keep the crown in their family till 1687, when it was fettled hereditarily on their heirs-male; and now, in confequence of an act made by the diet at Prefburg in 1723, in cafe of the failure of heirs-male, it is to defcend to females. The states of the kingdom confift of the prelates, the barons, the gentry, and the royal towns. To the first clafs belong two archbishops, about a dozen bishops, near as many abbots and provofts, with the Pauline and Præmonftratenfian Jefuits. To the 2d the ftadtholder or palatine, who reprefents the king; the court judge; the ban or viceroy of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sclavonia; the stadtholder of Transylvania; the great treafurer, the great cupbearer, the fteward of the household, the mafter of the horse, the lord chamberlain, the captain of the yeomen of the guards, and the grand-marfhal of the courts, who are ftyled the great barons, together with the inferior bans or counts and barons. The 3d class confifts of the gentry, some of whom have the noble manors, and others only the privileges of nobles. To the 4th clafs belong the royal free cities, which are not fubject to the counts, but hold immediately ,, 515 mediately of the king. The gentry alfo, who fupport life beyond the 9th day to whom drink, hold of the archbishops and bifhops, have the fame was denied; whereas one indulged with water li privileges as the Hungarian nobility. The com- ved more than 20 days. Hippocrates has obfer mon people are vallals to the proprietors of the red, that children are more affected by abftinence, land's on which they live. The ordinary revenue than young perfons; thefe, more than the middle is faid to exceed a million Sterling, arifing from aged; and the middle aged more than old men the mines, duties on cattle, royal demefues, falt- The power to endure famine, however, mult de works, contributions, cuftoms, &c. The forti- pend no lefs upon the ftate of health and ftrength fications and garrifons, conftantly maintained on the than on the age of the fufferer. There are allo frontiers against the Turks, are a great expenfe to particular conftitutions which do not fuffer much the government. Hungary can easily bring into pain from the calls of hunger. Dr Percival was, the field 100,000 men, regulars and militia, for informed by a young phyfician from Geneva, that there are 50,000 in actual pay, and the provinces when he was a ftudent at Montpelier, he fafted 3 furnish the other 50,000 when they are wanted. nights and 4 days, with no other refreshment than Prefburg is the capital. a pint of water daily. But though a few examI. HUNGARY, LOWER, the W. part of Hungary. ples of this kind may be adduced, we have the II. HUNGARY, UPPER, the E. part of Hungary. evidence of numerous melancholy facts to show, (2.) HUNGARY WATER, a diftilled water pre- that the preffure of want is agonizing to the hu pared from the tops or flowers of rofemary, fo, man frame. I have talked, fays Dr Goldfmith, denominated from a queen of Hungary, for whofe in his Hift. of the Earth, vol. ii. p. 126.) with the ufe it was first made. See PHARMACY captain of a ship, who was one of 6 that endured it, HUNGEN, a town of Germany, in the circle in its extremity, and who was the only perfon that of the Upper Rhine, 14 miles SE, of Wetzlar. had not loft his fenfes when they received acciden (1) HUNGER. n. f. [bunger, Saxon; honger, tal relief. He affured me his pains at firft were Defire of food; the pain felt from fo great, as to be often tempted to eat a part of fafting An uneafy fenfation at the ftomach for the men who died, and which the reft of his crew food. When the ftomach is empty, and the fi- actually for fome time lived upon: He faid, that bres in their natural tenfion, they draw up fo clofe during the continuance of this paroxyfm, he found as to rub against each other, fo as to make that his pains infupportable, and was defirous at one fenfation: but when they are diftended with food, time of anticipating that death which he thought it is again removed; unlefs when a perfon fafteth inevitable: But his pains, he faid, gradually de fo long as for want of fpirits, or nervous fluid, to creafed after the fixth day (for they had water in have thofe fibres grow too flaccid or corrugate, the hip, which kept them alive fo long), and and then we fay a perfon has fafted away his fto- then he was in a ftate rather of languor than de-. mach. Quincy-Thou shalt ferve thine enemies in fire; nor did he much with for food, except when bunger and in thirst. Deuter. xxviii. 48.-The fub- he faw others eating; and that for a while revived acid part of the animal fpirits, being caft off by his appetite, though with diminished importunity, the lower nerves upon the coats of the ftomach, The latter part of the time, when his health was vellicates the fibres, and thereby produces the almoft deftroyed, a thousand ftrange images rofe fenfe we call bunger. Grew.-Something viscous,, upon his mind; and every one of his fenfes began fat and oily, remaining in the ftomach, deftroys to bring him wrong information. The moft frathe fenfation of hunger. Arbuthnot on Aliments.. grant perfumes appeared to him to have a fetid 2. Any violent delire.-The immaterial felicities fmell and every thing he looked at took a greenwe expect, do naturally fuggeft the neceffity of ith hue, and fometimes a yellow. When he was preparing our appetites and hungers for them, prefented with food by the fhip's company that without which heaven can be no heaven to us. took him and his men up, 4 of whom died fhortDec. of Piety. For bunger of my gold I die. Dryd. ly after, he could not help looking upon it with (2.) HUNGER is occafioned by long abftinence loathing inftead of defire; and it was not till after from food when the body is in health. See ABST- 4 days that his ftomach was brought to its natural NENCE, ANATOMY, FASTING, and PHYSIOLOGY. tone, when the violence of his appetite returned (3.) HUNGER, EFFECTS OF. The following with a fort of canine eagerness." ufeful obfervations upon hunger or famine are extracted from a paper by Dr Percival in the ad vol. of the Manchefter Tranfactions. In famine, life may be protracted (he obferves) with lefs mifery, by a moderate allowance of water. For the acrimony and putrefaction of the humours are obviated by fuch dilution, the fmall veffels are kept permeable, and the lungs are furnished with that moisture which is effential to the performance of their functions. Fontanus relates the hiftory of a woman who obftinately refufed to take any fuftenance, except twice, during 50 days, at the end of which period fhe died. But he adds, that the drank water, though in fmall quantity. Redi, who made many experiments (cruel and unjuftifiable in my opinion), to afcertain the effects of fafting on fowls, obferved, that, none were able to (4.) HUNGER, METHODS OF ALLEVIATING, AND PREVENTING. To thofe who by their occapations are expofed to fuch dreadful calamities, it is of ferious importance to be inftructed in the means of alleviating them. The American Indi ans are faid to ufe a compofition of the juice of tobacco, and the thells of fnails, cockles, and oyf ters, calcined, whenever they undertake a long journey, and are likely to be deftitute of provifions. It is probable the fhells are not burnt into quicklime, but only fo as to deftroy their tenaci ty, and to render them fit for levigation. The mafs is dried, and formed into pills, of a proper fize to be held between the gum and lip, which, being gradually diffolved and fwallowed, obtund the fenfations both of hunger and of thirst. Tobacco, by its narcotic quality, feems welljadaptTitz ed to counteract the uneafy impreffions which portion to its bulk, than any other, vegetable pro. the gaftric juice makes on the nerves of the fto- duction now ufed as food. It has the property mach when it is empty; and the combination of alfo of concealing the naufeous tale of falt-water teftaceous powders with it may tend to correct and confequently may be of great advantage at the fecretion that is fuppofed to be the chief agent fea, when the ftock of fresh water is fo far conin digeftion, and which, if not acid, is always u- fumed, that the mariners are put upon short alnited with acidity. Certain at leaft it is, that their lowance. By the fame mucilaginous quality, it operation is both grateful and falutary; for we covers the offenfivenefs, and even in fome meafind the luxurious inhabitants of the E. Indies mix fure corrects, the acrimony of falted and putrefthem with the beetle-nut, to the chewing of which cent meats. But, as a prefervative against hunthey are univerfally and immoderately addicted. ger, falep would be moft efficacious combined Perhaps fuch abforbents may be usefully applied, with an equal weight of beef fuet. By fwallowboth to divide the dofes and to moderate the viru- ing little balls of this lubricating compound at lence of the tobacco. For, in the internal exhibi- proper intervals, the coats of the ftomach would tion of this plant, much caution is required, as it be defended from irritation: and as oils and muciproduces fickness, vertigo, cold clammy fweats, lages are highly nutritive, of flow digeftion, and and a train of other formidable fymptoms, when indifpofe to pafs off by perfpiration, they are well taken in too large a quantity. During the time adapted to fupport life in fmall quantities. This of war, the impreffed failors frequently bring on compofition is fuperior in fimplicity, and perhaps thefe maladies, that they may be admitted into equal in efficacy, to the following one, fo much the hofpitals and releafed from fervitude. It extolled by Avicenna, the celebrated Arabian phywould be an eafy and safe experiment to ascertain fician: "Take fweet almonds and beef fuet, of the efficacy, and to adjust the ingredients, of the each 1 lb,; of the oil of violets 2 and of the Indian compofition mentioned. And there is rea- roots of marth mallows one: bray these ingredifon to believe, that the trial would be in fome de ents together in a mortar, and form the mafs into gree fuccefsful; for it is known that smoking to- bolufes, about the fize of a common nut." Anibacco gives relief in thofe habitual pains of the mal fat is fingularly powerful in affuaging the ftomach which appear to arise from the irritation moft acute fenfations of thirft, as appears from of the gastric fecretions. The like effect is fome- Mr Holwell's narrative of the fufferings experientimes produced by increafing the flow of faliva, ced by thofe who were confined in the black hole and fwallowing what is thus difcharged. And Dr at Calcutta. See CALCUTTA, 2, and HOLWELL, Percival has related the cafe of a gentleman, who Perfons who have been accustomed to animal food, used to mafticate, many hours daily, a piece of are foon reduced when fupplied only with the falead, which being neither hard, friable, nor offen, rinacea. Several years ago, to determine the comfive to the palate, fuited his purpofe, as he thought, parative nutritive powers of different ftubstances, better than any other fubftance. He continued an ingenious young phyfician (Dr Percival informs the cuftom many years, deriving great eafe from us) made a variety of experiments on himself, to it, and fuffering no fenfible injury from the poi, which he unfortunately fell a facrifice. He lived fonous quality of the metal. On mentioning this a month upon bread and water; and under this fact to a navy furgeon, the Doctor was told, that regimen of diet he every day diminished much in the failors, when in hot climates, are wont to mi his weight. But in 1784, a ftudent of phyfic at tigate thirft by rolling a bullet in their mouths. Edinburgh confined himself for a longer space of A more innocent mean, the Doctor obferves, time to a pint of milk and half a pound of white might be devised; but the efficacy of this evinces, bread daily: And he affured our author, that he that the falivary glands are for a while capable of pafled through the ufual labours of study and exfurnishing a fubftitute for drink. When a fcarcity ercife without feeling any decay of health or of water occurs at fea, Dr Franklin has advised, ftrength, and without any fenfible lofs of bulk. that the mariners should bathe themselves in tubs The cutaneous, urinary, and alvine excretions of falt water: For, in pursuing the amufement of were very feanty during the whole period; and fwimming, he obferved, that, however thirsty he the discharge of faces occurred only once in a was before immerfion, he never continued fo af- week. In this cafe the oily and coagulable parts terwards; and that, though he foaked himself fe- of the milk probably furnished a larger proportion veral hours in the day, and feveral days fucceflive- of aliment, and at the fame time contributed to ly in falt water, he perceived not, in confequence check the wafte by perfpiration and other difof it, the leaft tafte of faltnefs in his mouth. He charges; for oleaginous fubftances are retained allo further fuggefts, that the fame good effect long in the body by their vifcidity. Dr Ruffel, in might perhaps be derived from dipping the failor's his Natural History of Aleppo, relates, that in those apparel in the fea; and expreffes a confidence feafons when oil abounds, the inhabitants, by inthat no danger of catching cold would enfue. To dulgence in it, are disposed to fever, and affected prevent the calamity of famine at fea, it has been with infractions of the lungs; maladies which inpropofed by Dr Lind, that the powder of falep dicate both retention and obftruction. Milk has hould conftitute part of the provifions of every been fufpected by fome of producing fimilar effhip's company. This powder and portable foup, fects, though in a flighter degree; and the free diffolved in boiling water, form a rich thick jelly; ufe of it has been on this account forbidden to and an ounce of each of thefe articles furnishes afthmatics. Gum arabic might be a good fubftione day's fubfiftence to a healthy full-grown man. tute for falep in the compofition already recomIndeed, from Dr Percival's experiments, it appears mended; and as it gives fuch firmness to the mafs, that falep contains more nutritious matter in pro- as to require manducation, the faliva, by these means (1.) HUNGERLY. adj. [from hunger.] Hungry; in want of nourishment. His beard means feparated and carried into the ftomach, feated on the Kennet, in a low and watry foil. would further contribute to affuage the fenfations It is a great thoroughfare in the Bath and Bristol both of hunger and of thirft. See GUM ARABIC, road, 65 miles from London; and was formerly (5.) HUNGER, METHODS OF TREATING THOSE called Ingleford-Charnamftreet. The conftable of WHO HAVE SUFFERED FROM. In attempting to this town, who is chofen annually, is lord of the recover thofe who have fuffered from famine, great manor, which he holds immediately of the crown, circumfpection is required. Warmth, cordials, They have a horn here which holds about a quart, and food, are the means to be employed; and and appears by an infcription on it to have been thefe may prove too powerful in their operation, given by John of Gaunt, together with a grant of if not administered with judgment. For the body, the royal fishery, in a part of the river which by long fafting, is reduced to a ftate of more than abounds with good trouts and craw-fifh. Here is infantile debility; the minuter veffels of the brain, a market on Wednesday, and a fair in Auguft. and of the other organs, collapfe for want of fluids (2.) HUNGERFORD, a village in Shropshire. to diftend them; the ftomach and inteftines fhrink (3) HUNGERFORD, a township of Vermont, in their capacity; and the heart languidly vibrates, in Franklin county, 7 miles S. of the Canada line, having fcarcely fufficient energy to propel the and 14 E. of Lake Champlain. fcanty current of blood. Under fuch circumftan'ces, a proper application of heat feems an effential meafure, and may be effected by placing on each fide a healthy man in contact with the patient. Pediluvia or fomentations may also be used with advantage. The temperature of thefe fhould be lower than that of the human body, and gradual ly increafed according to the effects of their ftimulus. New milk, weak broth, or water gruel, ought to be employed both for the one and the other; as nutriment may be conveyed into the fyftem this way, by paffages probably the moft pervious in a state of fafting, if not too long protracted. Wine-whey will anfwer a good purpofe, and afford an eafy and pleafant nourishment. When the ftomach has been a little ftrengthened, an egg may be mixed with the whey, or adminiftered under fome other agreeable form. The yolk of one was, to Cornaro, fufficient for a meal; and the narrative of this noble Venetian, in whom a fever was excited by the addition of only two ounces of food to his daily allowance, fhows, that the return to a full diet fhould be conducted with great caution, and by flow gradations. To HUNGER. v. n. [from the noun.] 1. To feel the pain of hunger. My more having, 'would be as a fauce 2. To defire with great eagerness; to long. Cowley. Doft you fo hunger for my empty chair, That thou wilt needs inveft thee with my ho As to fome holy houfe th' afflicted came, Th' hunger ftar'd, the naked, and the lame, Want and difeafes, fled before her name. Dryd. * HUNGRED. adj. [from bunger.] Pinched by want of food.-Odours do in a fmall degree nourish, and we fee men an hungred love to smell hot bread. Bacon. HUNGRILY. adv. [from hungry.] With keen appetite. Thus much to the kind rural gods we owe, Dryden HUNGRY. adj. [from hunger.] 1. Feeling pain from want of food. That face of his the hungry cannibals By eating before he was hungry, and drinking before he was dry, he was fure never to eat or drink much at a time. Temple. They that talk thus may fay that a man is always hungry, but, that he does not always feel it; whereas hunger confifts in that very fenfation. Locke. 2. Not fat; not fruitful; not prolifick; more difpofed to draw from other fubftances than to impart to them.-. Caffius has a lean and hungry look. Shak -The more fat water will bear fup beft; for the hungry water doth kill its unctuous nature. Bacon. -In rufhy grounds fprings are found at the firft and fecond fpit, and fometimes lower in a hungry gravel. Mortimer.-To the great day of retribu tion our Saviour refers us, for reaping the fruits that we here fow in the moft Bungry and barren foil. Smalridge's Sermons." HUNGRY HILL, a lofty steep and rocky moun tain of Ireland, in Cork, 700 yards above the level of Bantry Bay. Near its top, there is a large lake, from which runs one of the grandeft cataracts in Ireland.Stan po HUNGRY POINT, a cape of St Vincent." HUNKINGSTON, a village in Shropshire, E. of Shrewsbury." *HUNKS, n. f. [bunkur, fordid, Mandick.] A covetous fordid wretch; a mifer; a curmudgeon. The old hunks was well ferved, to be tricked out of a whole hog for the fecuring of his puddings. L'Etrange.-She has a hufband, a jealous, covetous, old bunks. Dryden.Irus has given all the intimations of being a clofe bunks worth money. Addifon. HUNMANBY, a town of Yorkshire, 2 miles from the fea; 11 S. of Scarborough, and 209 N. of London. HUNNARYD, a town of Sweden in Smaland. HUNNERIC, king of the Vandals, the fon of Genferic, a bloody tyrant. See BARBARY, § 3. HUNNIADES, John Corvinus, waywode of Transylvania, a brave general of the Hungarian armies, who was the terrour of the Turks, and repeatedly defeated them under Amurath II. and Mahomet II. He forced both thefe bloody conquerors to raise the fiege of Belgrade; but died, to the great grief of all Chriftendom, in 1456. See CONSTANTINOPLE, § 13. HUNNINGUE, or a town of France, in the HUNNINGUEN, dep. of the Upper Rhine, and late prov. of Alface, ftrongly fortified by Vauban. See FORTIFICATION, PART II. Sec. 111.; and Pl. CLVIII. fig. 3 3. It is feated on the Rhine, 5 miles N. of Bafle, and 14 E. of Altkirch. Lon. 11. 40. E. Lat. 47. 42. N. HUNNS, a fierce and favage nation, who for merly inhabited that part of Sarmatia bordering on the Palus Mæotis and the Tanais, the ancient boundary between Europe and Alia. Their country, as defcribed by Procopius, lay N. of mount Caucafus, which, extending from the Euxine to the Cafpian Seas, parts Afiatic Sarmatia from Colchis, Iberia, and Albania; lying on the ifthmus between the two feas. Here they refided, unknown to other nations, and themfelves ignorant of other countries, till the year 376. At this time, an hind purfued by the hunters, er, according to fome authors, an ox ftung by a gad-fly, having passed the marfh, was followed by fome Hunns to the other fide, where they difcovered a country much more agreeable than their own. On their return, having acquainted their countrymen with what they had feen, the whole nation paffed the marfh, and, falling upon the Alans who dwelt on the banks of the Ta. nais, almost exterminated them. They next fell upon the Oftrogoths, whom they drove out of their country, and forced to retire to the plains between the Boryfthenes and the Tanais, now known by the name of Podolea. Then attacking the Vifigoths, they obliged them to fhelter themfelves in the most mountainous parts of their country; till at last the Gothic nations, finding it impoffible to withstand fach an inundation o barbarians, obtained leave from the emperor Valens to fettle in Thrace. The Hunns thus became matters of all the country between the Tanais and Danube in 376, where they continued quietly till were taken when great numbers of them the pay of Theodofius I.; but, in the meantime, a party of them, called the Nephthalite or White Hunns, who had continued in Alla, overran all Mefopotamia, and even laid fiege to Edeffa, where they were repulfed with great Daughter by the Romans. The European Hunns frequently paffed the Danube, committing the greateft ravages in the weltern empire; fometimes they fell upon the eastern provinces, where they put all to fire and fword. They were often defeated and repulfed by the Romans, but the empire was now too weak to fubdue or pre vent them from making excurfions; fo that they' continued to make daily encroachments, and be came every day more formidable than before. In 441, the Hunns, under ATTILA, threatened the western empire with total deftruction. This monarch, having made himself mafter of all the northern countries from the confines of Perfia to the banks of the Rhine, invaded Mafia, Thrace, and Illyricum; where he made fuch progrefs, that the emperor, not thinking himself safe in Conftantinople, withdrew into Afia. Attila then broke into Gaul, where he deftroyed several cities, maffacring the inhabitants. At laft he was driven out by Aetius the Roman general and Theodoric king of the Goths, and could never afterwards make any great progrefs. About A. D. 452 or 453 Attila died, and his kingdom was fplit into a number of fmall ones by his numerous children, who waged perpetual war with each other. The Hunns then ceafed to be formidable, and became daily lefs able to cope with the other barbarous nations whom Attila had kept in subjection. Still, however, their dominion was confiderable; and in the time of Charles the Great they were maiters of Tranfylvania, Walachia, Servia, Carniola, Carinthia, and the greater part of Auftria, together with Bofnia, Sclavonia, and that part of Hungary which lies beyond the Danube. In 776, while Charles was in Saxony, two princes of the Hunns, Caganus and Juganus, fent ambaffadors to him, requesting an alliance with him. Charles received them with extraordinary marks of friendship, and readily complied with their requeft. However, they entered, not long after, into an alliance with Taffila of Bavaria, who had revolted from Charles, and raifed great disturbances in Germany. Charles diffembled his refentment till he had entirely reduced Bavaria, when he refolved to revenge himfelf on the Hunns for thofe fuccours they had underhand given to his enemy. Accordingly, having affembled a very numerous army, he divided it into two bodies, one of which he commanded himself, and the other he committed to the care of his generals. The two armies entered the country of the Hunns at different places, ravaged their country far and near, burnt their villages, and took all their ftrongholds. This he continued for 8 years, till the people were almost totally extirpated; nor did the Hunns ever afterwards recover themselves, or appear as a distinct nation. There |