breed. All fuch are to be rejected as have a ten der nofe, as are babblers or skirters. An old dog fhould never be put to an old bitch; nor fhould any attempts be made to cross the breed unless in a proper and judicious manner. Mr Beckford, in his Efay on Hunting, informs us, that he has feen foxhounds bred out of a Newfoundland dog and foxhound bitch; the whelps were mountroufly ugly, and had other bad qualities befides. The crofs moft likely to be of fervice to a fox-hound is the beagle. The reafon of crofting the breeds fometimes is, that the imperfections of one may fometimes be remedied by another. January, February, and March, are the best months for breeding; late puppies feldom thrive. After the females begin to grow big with young, it will not be proper to let them hunt any more, or indeed to remain for a much longer time in the kennel. Sometimes these animals will have an extraordinary number of whelps. Mr Beckford informs us, that he has known a bitch have 15 puppies at a litter; and he affures us, that a friend of his informed him, that a hound in his pack brought forth 16, all alive. In thefe cafes it is proper to put fome of the puppies to another bitch, if you want to keep them all; but if any are deftroyed, the best coloured ought to be kept. The bitches fhould not only have plenty of flesh, but milk elfo; and the puppies fhould not be taken from, them till they are able to take care of themfelves: their mothers will be relieved when they learn to lap milk, which they will do in a fhort time, After the puppies are taken away from their mothers, the litter fhould have three purging balls given them, one every other morning, and plenty of whey the intermediate day. If a bitch bring only one or two puppies, and you have another that will take them, by putting the puppies to ber the former will foon be fit to hunt again. She fhould, however, be first phyficked, and it will allo be of fervice to anoint her dugs with brandy and water. Whelps are very liable to the diftemper to which dogs in general are subject, and which frequently makes great havoc among them at their walks; and this is fuppofed by Mr Beck ford to be owing to the little care that is taken of them." If the diftemper (fays he) once get among them, they must all have it: yet notwithNanding that, as they will be conftantly well fed, and will lie warm (in a kennel built on purpofe), I am confident it would be the faving of many lives. If you fhould adopt this method, you muft remember to use them early to go in couples: and when they become of a proper age, they must be walked out often; for fhould they remain confined, they would'neither have the health, fhape, or underfanding, which they ought to have. When 1 kept harriers, I bred up fome of the puppies at a diftant kennel; but having no fervants there to exercife them properly, I found them much inferior to fuch of their brethren as had the luck to furvive the many difficulties and dangers they had undergone at their walks; thefe were afterwards equal to any thing, and afraid of nothing; whilft thofe that had been nurfed with fo much care, were weakly, timid, and had every difadvantage attending private education. I have often heard as an excufe for hounds not hunting a cold scent, YOL. XI. PART II. that they were too high-bred. I confefs I know not what that means: but this I know, that hounds are frequently too ill-bred to be of any fervice. It is judgment in the breeder, and patience afterwards in the huntfman, that makes them hunt. When young hounds are firft taken in, they fhould be kept feparate from the pack; and as it will happen at a time of the year when there is little or no hunting, you may easily give them up one of the kennels and grafs court adjoining. Their play frequently ends in a battle; it therefore is lefs dangerous where all are equally matched. If you find that they take a diflike to any particular hound, the fafeft way will be to remove him, or it is probable they will kill him at last. When a feeder hears the hounds quarrel in the kennel, he halloos to them; he then goes in among them, and flogs every hound he can come near. How much more reasonable, as well as efficacious, would it be, were he to fee which were the combatants before he speaks to them. Punishment would then fall, as it ought, on the guilty only. In all packs there are fome hounds more quarrelfone than the reft; and it is to them we owe all the mischief that is done. If you find chaftifement cannot quiet them, it may be prudent to break their holders; for fince they are not neceffary to them for the meat they have to eat, they are not likely to ferve them in any good purpofe. Young hounds should be fed twice aday, as they feldom take kindly to the kennel meat at firft, and the diftemper is most apt to feize them at this time. It is better not to round them till they are thoroughly fettled; nor fhould it be put off till the hot weather, for then they would bleed too much. It may be better per haps to round them at their quarters, when about fix months old; thould it be done fooner, it would make their ears tuck up. The tailing of them is ufually done before they are put out; it might be better, perhaps, to leave it till they are taken in. Dogs must not be rounded at the time they have the distemper upon them, as the lofs of blood would weaken them too much. If any of the dogs be thin over the back, or any more quarrelfome than the reft, it will be of ufe to cut them: I also spay such bitches as I fhall not want to breed from; they are more useful, are ftouter, and are always in better order; betides, it is abfolutely neceffary if you hunt late in the spring, or your pack will be very fhort for want of it. The latter operation, however, does not always fuc ceed; it will be neceffary therefore to employ a fkilful perfon, and one on whom you can depend; for if it be ill done, though they cannot have pup. pies, they will go to heat notwithstanding. They thould be kept low for feveral days before the operation is performed, and must be fed on thin meat for fome time after." It is impoffible to determine how many young bounds ought to be bred in order to keep up the pack, as this depends altogether on contingencies. The deficiencies of one year must be supplied by the next; but it is probable, that from 30 to 35 couple of old hounds, and from 8 to 35 couple of young ones, will an fwer the purpose where no more than 40 couple are to be kept, A confiderable number, how. ever, ought always to be bred; for it is undoubtPPP edly edly and evidently true, that thofe who breed the greatest number of hounds must expect the beft pack. After the hounds have been rounded, become acquainted with the huntfman, and anfwer to their names, they ought to be coupled, and walked out among fheep. Such as are particularly ill natured ought to have their couples loose about their necks in the kennel till they become reconciled to them. The moft ftubborn ought to be coupled to old hounds rather than two young ones; and two dogs fhould not be coupled to. gether when you can avoid it. As young hounds are awkward at firft, a few ought only to be fet out at a time with people on foot, and they will foon afterwards follow a horfe. When they have been walked out often in this manner amongst the fheep, they fhould be uncoupled by a few at a time, and those chaftifed who offer to run after the sheep; but it will be difficult to reclaim them after they have once been allowed to tafte blood. When hounds are to be aired, it is beft to take them out separately, the old ones one day, and the young another. With regard to the firft en tering of hounds to a fcent, our author gives the following directions: "You had better enter them at their own game; it will fave you much trouble afterwards. Many dogs, I believe, like that fcent best which they were firft blooded to: but be this as it may, it is moft certainly reasonable to use them to that which it is intended they should hunt. It may not be amifs firft when they begin to hunt to put light collars on them. Young hounds may eafily get out of their knowledge; and fhy ones, after they have been much beaten, may not choofe to return home. Collars, in that cafe, may prevent their being loft. You fay you like to fee your young hounds run a trail fcent. I cannot think the doing of it once or twice could hurt your hounds; and yet, as a fportfman, I dare not recommend it. It would be lefs bad than entering them at a hare. A cat is as good a trail as any; but on no account fhould any trail be used after your hounds are ftooped to a fcent. Hounds ought to be entered as foon as poflible, though the time muft depend on the nature of the country in which they are. In corn countries hunting may not be practicable till the corn is cut down; but you may begin fooner in grafs countries, and at any time in woodlands. Hounds at their first entrance cannot be encouraged too much. When they are become handy, love a fcent, and begin to know what is right, it will then be foon enough to chaftife them for what is wrong; in which cafe one fevere beating will fave a great deal of trouble. When a hound is flogged, the whipper-in fhould make ufe of his voice as well as his whip. If any be very unfteady, it will not be amifs to fend them out by themfelves when the men go out to exercife their horfes. If you have hares in plenty, let some bé found fitting, and turned out before them: and you will find that the most riotous will not run after them. If you intend them to be fteady from deer, they fhould often fee deer, and then they will not re gard them; and if after a probation of this kind you turn out a cub before them, with fome old hounds to lead them on, you may affure yourfelf they will not be unsteady long." It is proper to put the young hounds into the pack when they ftoop to a fcent, become handy, know a rate, and ftop eafily. A few only are to be put to the pack at a time; and it is not advisable even to begin this till the pack have been out a few times by themfelves, and" are gotten well in blood." They should be low in flesh when you begin to hunt ; the ground being generally hard at that time, fo that they are very liable to be shaken.-By hounds being handy, our author means their being ready to do whatever is required of them; and particularly, when caft, to turn eafily which way the huntfman pleafes. Mr Beckford begins to hunt with his young hounds in Auguft. The huntfman in the preceding months keeps his old hounds healthy by giving them proper exercise, and gets his young hounds forward; and for this purpose nothing anfwers fo well as taking them frequently out. The huntfman fhould go along with them, get frequently off his horfe, and encourage them to come to him-too much reftraint will frequently incline the hounds to be riotous. Our author frequently walks out his hounds among sheep, hares, and deer. Sometimes he turns down a cat before them, which they kill; and when the time of hunting approaches, he turns out young foxes or badgers; taking out fome of the moft fteady of his old hounds to lead on the young ones. Small covers and furze brakes are drawn with them to use them to a halloo, and to teach them obedience. If they find improper game and hunt it, they are ftopped and brought back; and as long as they will ftop at a rate, they are not chaftifed." At fuch times as they are taken out to air, the huntfman leads them into the country in which they are defigned to hunt; by which means they acquire a knowledge of the country, and cannot miss their way home at any time afterwards. When they begin to hunt, they are first brought into a large cover of his own, which has many ridings cut in it; and where young foxes are turned out every year on purpofe for them. After they have been hunted for fome days in this manner, they are fent to more diftant covers, and feveral old hounds added to them. There they continue to hunt till they are taken into the pack, which is feldom later than the beginning of September; for by that time they will have learned what is required of them, and seldom give much trouble afterwards. In September he begins to hunt in earneft; and after the old hounds have killed a few foxes, the young ones are put into the pack, two or three couple at a time, till all have hunted. They are then divided; and as he feldom has occafion to take in more than nine or ten couple, one half are taken out one day, and the other the next, till they are fteady. men, young hounds fhould be taken into the pack the To render fox-hunting complete, no first feafon; arequifitetoo expenfive for moft fportfple of hounds, that have hunted 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 The pack fhould confift of about 40 coufeafons. The young pack thould confift of about 20 couple of young hounds, and an equal number of old ones. They fhould have a feparate establishment, and the two kennels fhould not be too near one another. When the feafon is over, the best of the young hounds fhould be taken into the pack, and the draft of old ones exchanged for them: Many 2. Many must be bred to enable a sportsman to take in 20 couple of young hounds every feafon. It will always be eafy to keep up the number of old hounds; for when your own draft is not fufficient, drafts from other packs may be obtained, and at a fmall expenfe. When young hounds are hunted together for the firft feafon, and have not a fufficient number of old ones along with them, it does more harm than good. *To HOUND. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To fet on the chafe.-God is faid to harden the heart permiffively, but not operatively nor effectively; as he who only lets loofe a greyhound out of the flip, is faid to bound him at the hare. Bramhall. 2. To hunt; to purfue.-If the wolves had been bounded by tigers, they fhould have worried them. L'Etrange. HOUNDFISH. . . A kind of fish. Muela levis. Ainfworth. HOUND POINT, a cape of Scotland, in the Frith of Forth, on the N. coaft of Linlithgowfhire, 7 miles WNW. of Leith. (1.) HOUND'S-TONGUE. n. f. [cynogloffum, Lat.] A plant. Miller. * (2.) HOUND'S-TONGUE. See CYNOGLOSSUM. (1.) HOUND TREE. n.. A kind of tree. Cornus. Ainsworth. (2.) HOUND-TREE. See CORNUS, N° I. HOUNSLOW, a town of Middlefex, 10 miles from London, feated on the HEATH (N° 2.) It belongs to two parifhes, the N. fide of the ftreet to Hefton, and the S. to Ifleworth. Near it are powder-mills. It has fairs on Trinity Monday, and Monday after September 29. It has a charityschool and a chapel; and had formerly a convent of mendicant friars, who, by their inftitution, begged alms for the ransom of captives taken by the infidels. (2.) HOUNSLOW HEATH, an extenfive heath, noted for robberies and horfe-races. *HOUP. n. /. [upupa, Lat.] The puet. Ainf. (1.) HOU-QUANG, a province of China, in the centre of the empire; divided into two parts by the Yang-tfe-kiang. The greater part of it is level, and watered by lakes, canals, and rivers; which render it so fertile that the Chinese call it the storehoufe of the empire; and it is a faying among them, that "the abundance of Kiang-fi could furnish all China with a breakfaft; but the province of Houquang could maintain all its inhabitants." Some princes of the race of Hong-vou formerly refided in this province; but that family was entirely destroyed by the Tartars when they conquered China. The people here boaft much of their cotton cloths, fimples, gold mines, wax, and paper made of the bamboo-reed. The northern part of the province contains 8 cities of the first clafs, and 60 of the 2d and 3d. The fouthern comprehends of the first class, and 54 of the 2d and 3d, exclufive of forts, towns, and villages, which are numerous. (2.) HOU-QUANG, a town of China, in the prov, of Chan-fi, ro miles S. of Fuen-Tcheou. (1.) * HOUR. n. f. [beure, Fr. bora, Lat.] 1. The 24th part of the natural day; the space of 60 minutes. See the minutes how they run: How many hours bring about the day, Vexation almost stops my breath, That funder'd friends greet in the hour of death. Shak When we can intreat an hour to serve, We'll spend it in fome words upon that business, If you would grant the time. Shak. The confcious wretch muft all his arts reveal, From the firft moment of his vital breath, To his last hour of unrepenting death. 3. The time as marked by the clock. Dryd The hour runs through the roughest day. Shak. -Our neighbour let her floor to a genteel man, who kept good hours. Tatler.-They are as loud any hour of the morning, as our own countrymen at midnight. Addison. (2.) HOUR, in chronology, is fometimes the 12th part of a natural day, See DAY, 2. The word bora oroga, comes, according to fome, fromHORUS, the Egyptian name of the fun, the father of the HOURS. Others derive it from the Greek opilcev, to terminate, or diftinguish. An hour, with us, is a measure of time, equal to a 24th part of the natural day, or the duration of the 24th part of the earth's diurnal rotation. It anfwers to 15° of the equator, not precisely, but near enough for common ufe. It is divided into 60 minutes; the minute into 60 feconds, &c. The divifion of the day is very ancient; as it is shown by Kircher, Oedip. Egypt. Tom. II. P. II. Claff. VII. c. 8. The moft ancient hour was the 12th part of the day. Herodotus, lib. ii. fays that the Greeks learnt from the Egyptians the method of dividing the day into 12 parts.-The aftronomers of Cathaya, &c. Bp. Beveridge obferves, still retain this divifion. They call the hour chag; and to each chag gave a peculiar name, taken from some animal; the firft is called zeth, mouse; the 2d chiu, bullock; the 3d zem, leopard; the 4th mau, hare; the 5th chin, crocodile, &c. The divifion of the day into 24 hours was not known to the Romans before the firft Punic war. Till that time they only regulated their days by the rifing and setting of the fun. They divided the 12 hours of the day and night into 4 watches, containing three hours each. See CHRONOLOGY, Part I. Sect. I. (3.) HOURS, in mythology. See HORÆ. (4.) HOURS, Hora, in the Romish church, are certain prayers performed at stated times of the day; as matins, vefpers, lauds, &c. The leffer hours are, prime, tierce, fixth, and none. They are called canonical hours, being rehearsed at certain hours prefcribed by the canons, in commemoration of the myfteries accomplished at thofe hours; thefe hours were anciently called also courses, curfus. The firft conftitution, enjoining the obfervation of the canonical beurs, is of the 9th century, in a capitular of Heito bishop of Bafil, enjoining the priests never to be abfent at the canonical hours by day or night. (1.) HOURGLASS. . . [hour and glass.] 1, A glass filled with fand, which, running through a narrow hole, marks the time.-Next morning, known to be a morning better by the hourglass than the day's clearness. Sidney.-In fickness, the Ppp2 time time will feem longer without a clock or bourglass than with it; for the mind doth value every moment. Bacon. Shake not his hourglass, when his hafty fand Is ebbing to the laft. Dryden's Spanifh Friar. 2. A fpace of time. A manner of fpeaking rather affected than elegant.-We, within the hourglass of two months, have won one town, and overthrown great forces in the field. Bacon. (2.) HOUR GLASSES are much ufed at fea for reckonings, &c. The best are those which, inftead of fand, have egg-fhells dried in an oven, then beaten fine and fifted. HOURIS, in Mahometan theology, females promifed to the faithful in paradife; formed for this purpose, with eternal beauty and undecaying charms. (1.) HOURLY. adj. [from bour.] Happening or done every hour; frequent; often repeated.Alcyone Computes how many nights he had been gone, Obferves the waning moon with hourly view, Numbers her age, and wishes for a new. Dryd --We must live in hourly expectation of having thofe troops recalled, which they now leave with ús. Swift. (2.) HOURLY. adv. [from bour.] Every hour; frequently. She deferves a lord, 3. Place wherein religious or ftudious perfons live common; monaftery; college. Theodofius arrived at a religious boufe in the city, where now Conftantia refided. Addifon. 4. The manner of living; the table. He kept a miferable boufe, but the blame was wholly on madam. Swift. 5. Station of a planet in the heavens, aftrologically con fidered.-Pure fpiritual fubftances we cannot converfe with, therefore have need of means of communication, which fome make to be the celeftial houses; thofe who are for the celeftial boufes wor fhip the planets, as the habitations of intellectual fubftances that animate them. Stilling fleet. 6. Family of ancestors; defcendants and kindred; race.The red rofe and the white are on his face, The fatal colours of our striving houses. An ignominious ranfom and free pardon Are of two houses; lawful mercy fure Is nothing kin to foul redemption. -By delaying my laft, upon your grace's acceffion to the patrimonies of your house, I may seem to have made a forfeiture. Shak. Shak. Dryden. A poet is not born in ev'ry race; That twenty fuch rude boys might tend upon, especially that of the lords. King Charles. Our estate may not endure Shak. Hazard fo near us, as doth hourly grow Till each with mortal hate his rival view'd. Dryden. HOURPLATE. n. f. [from hour and plate.] The dial; the plate on which the hours, pointed by the hand of a clock, are infcribed. If eyes could not view the hand, and the characters of the hourplate, and thereby at a diftance fee what o'clock it was, their owner could not be much benefited by that acutenefs. Locke. HOURSAK, a town of Afia, in Perfian Armenia, 150 miles ENE. of Erivan. HOUSATONICK, a river of the United States, which joins the Naugatack in Connecticut, and forms the Stratford at Derby. (1.)* HOUSE. n. f. [bus, Saxon; buys, Dutch; hufe, Scottish.] 1. A place wherein a man lives; a place of human abode. Sparrows must not build in his house eaves.Shak. -Honfes are built to live in, not to look on; there. fore let ufe be preferred before uniformity, except where both may be had. Bacon.-In a boue the doors are moveable, and the rooms fquare; yet the house is neither moveable nor fquare. Watts, 2. Ary place of abode. The bees with fmoke, the doves with noifome Are from their hives and boufes driven away. (2.) HOUSE. See ARCHITECTURE, Index. Among the Jews, Greeks and Romans, houses were flat on the top for walking on, and had ufually flairs on the outfide, by which they might afcend and defcend without coming into the house. Each houfe was fo laid out, that it inclofed a quadran. gular area or court; which being open to the sky, gave light to it. This was the place where company was received, and for that purpofe it was ftrewed with mats or carpets for their better ac commodation. It was paved with marble or other materials, according to the owner's ability, and provided with an umbrella of vellum to fhelter them from, the inclemency of the weather, This part of their houses, called by the Romans impluvium or cava adium, was provided with channels to carry off the water into the common fewers. The level roof was covered with a strong plafter by way ofterrace. Hither, efpecially among ft the Jews, it was cuftomary to retire for meditation, private converfe, devotion (fee Acts x. 9.), or the enjoyment of the evening breezes. It is furprifing that fo few modern houses are built with this convenience. The Grecian houfes were usually divided into two parts, in which the men and women had diftinct mantions. The apartment of the men was towards the gate, and called Avgvs; that of the women was the fartheft part of the houfe, and called ruvaws. The Jews, Greeks, and Romans, fuppofed their houfes to be polluted by dead bodies, and to stand in need of purifica tion. (3.) House, in aftrology, (§ 1, def. 5.) is the 12th part of the heavens. The divifion of the heavens into houses is founded upon the pretended influence of the ftars, when meeting in them, on all fublunary bodies. Thefe influences are fuppofed to be good or bad; and to each of these houfes 2 houfes particular virtues are affigned, on which and hafty buildings will, even of themselves, anaftrologers prepare and form a judgment of their fwer fo well, as to compenfate any cold they may horofcopes. The horizon and meridian are two let in, even in the coldest months. Let the floor circles of the celeftial houfes, which divide the be scraped 3 or 4 inches deep every 5 or 6 days, heavens into four equal parts, each containing 3 and what comes off removed to fome diftance. houfes; 6 of which are above the horizon, and 6 Halls of this kind, so feet long and 20 broad, coft below it; and 6 of thefe are called eaftern, and 6 but a trifle; yet, with thefe precautions (even vefern boufes. A fcheme or figure of the heavens without the addition of clean straw for every new is compofed of 12 triangles, all called houses, in patient to lie on, inclofed in clean washed facks which is marked the ftars, figns, and planets, fo fit for the purpose), proved of vaftly more advan included in each of thefe circles. Every planet tage in the recovery of fick foldiers, than the low has likewife two particular houses, in which it is roofed rooms of the farm-houfes of the ifle of pretended that they exert their influence in the Wight, or even the better accommodations of strongest manner; but the fun and moon have on- Carisbrooke caftle, in which there perished 4 times ly one, the houfe of the former being Leo, and the number of fick that there did in these tempothat of the former Cancer. The houfes in aftro- rary receptacles; which were firft thought of by logy have alfo names according to their qualities. Dr Brocklesby, on occafion of fome terrible infecThe Ift is the houfe of life; this is the afcendant, tions from confined animal effluvia. In July 1796, which extends 5 degrees above the horizon, and Mr Henry Walker of Thurmafton, in Leicesterthe reft below it: the ad is the houfe of riches: thire, obtained a patent for a curious invention of the 3d, the houfe of brothers: the 4th, in the low- a method by which houfes and other buildings eft part of the heavens, is the houfe of relations, may be erected equally durable, and at much less and the angle of the earth: the 5th, the house of expenfe, in timber, lime, and workmanship, than children: the 6th, the houfe of health: the 7th, houfes on the ufual conftruction. Of this inventhe house of marriage, and the angle of the weft: tion he has published a defcription, to which we the 8th, the house of death: the 9th, the houfe of muft refer the inquifitive reader. piety: the roth, the house of offices: the 11th, the house of friends: and the 12th, the houfe of enemies. (4.) HOUSE, (1, def. 7.) See COMMONS, N° 2. LORDS, N° II. and PARLIAMENT. (5.) HOUSE, COUNTRY, is the villa of the ancient Romans, the QUINTA of the Spaniards and Portuguese, the cloferie and caffine of the French, and the vigna of the Italians. See VILLA. (6.) HOUSES FOR RECOVERING SICK PERSONS. The following has been recommended as a cheap, eafy, and expeditious method of constructing houfes, which have been found very useful for the recovery of the fick, and therefore may prove wholefome places of refidence for the healthy: Choose a dry and airy situation, on a gravelly or chalky foil if poffible; upon this lay down the plan of the building; make one end of it face that quarter from whence the pureft and healthieft winds blow, of a breadth that can be conveniently roofed. Then drive takes, 6 feet diftant, into the ground, so as to stand about 6 feet above it; and, interlacing them with wattles, coat the wattles on the fide next the weather with fresh ftraw; make the roof in the fame manner, but thicker, or of thatch, with a hole at the top, to open occafion ally. Let the end of the building facing the wholefomeft quarter lie open fome feet back, fo as to form a porch, where the convalefcents may take the air without injury. A large chimney and kitchen grate may be erected at the other end. If the foil be chalky or gravelly, hollow it 4 or 5 feet deep, within 12 or 18 inches of the walls; but let the steps into this hollow lie far enough within the porch, that no water may get into it, and, if of chalk, that they may not grow flippery in wet weather. From time to time open the vent-hole at the roof, by which all the infectious air, being warmer, and confequently lighter, than that which is pure, will be driven out by the rushing in of the freth air; a purpose which the little openings, that may be left in the fides and roofs of fuch rude (7.) HOUSES, TAXES ON. The HOUSE and WINDOW Duty is a branch of the king's extraor dinary revenue. See REVENUE. As early as the Conqueft, mention is made in domefday-book of fumage or fugage, vulgarly called Smoke-farthings; which were paid by cuftom to the king for every chimney in the houfe. Edward the Black Prince, foon after his fucceffes in France, in imitation of the English cuftom, impofed a tax of a florin upon every hearth in his French dominions. The first parliamentary establishment of it in England was by ftat. 13 and 14 Car. II. c. 1o. whereby a hereditary revenue of 2s. for every hearth, in all houses paying to church and poor, was granted to the king for ever. And, by fubfequent ftatutes, the conftable and two other fubftantial inhabitants of the parish, to be appointed yearly (for the furveyor appointed by the crown, together with fuch conftable or other public officer), were, once in every year, empowered to view the infide of every houfe in the parish. But, upon the Revolution, by stat 1 W. and M. c. 10, hearth-money was declared to be" not only a great oppreffion to the poorer fort, but a badge of flavery upon the whole people, expofing every man's house to be entered into and fearched at pleasure, by perfons unknown to him; and therefore, to erect a lasting monument of their majefties' goodness, in every houfe in the kingdom the duty of hearthmoney was taken away and abolished.". This monument of goodness remains among us to this day but the prospect of it was darkened, when in fix years afterwards, by ftatute 7 W. III. c. 18. a tax was laid upon all houfes (except cottages) of 2s. now advanced to 35. per house, and a tax alfo upon all windows, if they exceeded nine, in fuch houfe. Which rates have been from time to time varied, being now extended to all win. dows exceeding five; and power is given to fur veyors, appointed by the crown, to inspect the outfide of houfes, and alfo to pafs through any houfe, two days in the year, into any court or yard, |