241 NW. of Caernarvon, 60 E. of Dublin, and 276 NW. of London. Lon. 4. 22. W. Lat. 53. 19. N.

HOLY ISLAND, a fmall inland on the coaft of England, 10 miles SE. of Berwick, in Northumberland. Bede calls it a femi-island, as being twice an inland and twice continent in one day: for at the flowing of the tide, it is encompaffed by water; and at the ebb, there is almoft dry paffage both for horfes and carriages, t and from the main land; from which, if measured on a ftraight line, it is about 2 miles E. but, on account of fome quick fands, paffengers are obliged to make fo many detours that the length of way is nearly doubled. The water over these flats at spring tides is only 7 feet deep.-This island was by the Britons called Inis Medicante, and LINDISFARN; and from its becoming the habitation of fome of the firft monks in this country, it afterwards obtained its prefent name of Holy island. It measures from E. to W. about 24 miles, and from N. to S. nearly 1. At the NW. part runs out a spit of land of about a mile in length. The monaftery is fituated at the S. extremity; and a little N. of it ftands the village, chiefly inhabited by fishermen. There is plenty of fish and fowls; but the air and foil are bad. The N. and E. coafts are formed of perpendicular rocks; the other fides fink by graduallopes to the fands. There is a commodious harbour, defended by a block-house; which laft was surprifed and taken in 1715, but was foon retaken. Holy iiland, though really part of Northumberland, belongs to Durham; and all civil difputes must be determined by the juftices of that county. It was a very ancient epifcopal feat. Ardan the first bifhop, after prefiding in it 14 years, died and was buried here A. D. 651. Finan, his fucceffor, built a wooden church, thatched with reeds, but before the end of the century covered with lead by bifhop Eadbert. St Cuthbert, who from a poor Thepherd became monk of Melrofs 15 years, was prior bere 12 more, when he retired to one of the barren Farn rocks; from whence he was call ed to this fee, which he held only two years, and returned to his retirement, where he died, and was buried at the east end of his oratory, where his ftone coffin is ftill fhown. His body was found fresh 11 years after his death. Lindisfarn was ruined by the Danes A. D. 793, when the monks carried his body about for years, and at laft fettled at Chefter-le-ftreet, whither the fee was tranflated, and where it continued many years. On a ad deftruction of the monaftery by the Danes, they were removing to Rippon, but ftopped at Durham, where the faint continued till the reformation, when his body was found entire, and privately buried in a wooden coffin. The entrochi, found among the rocks at Lindisfarn, are called St Cuthbert's beads, and pretended to have been made by him in the night. Holy Iftand had 18 bishops till the removal of the fee to Chefter, which had 8 more till the removal to Durham, A. D. 995. Lindisfarn became a cell to that Benedictine monaftery, valued at 481. per ann. The N. and S. walls of the church are ftanding, much inclined; part of the W. end remains, but the E. is down. The columns of the nave are of 4 different forts, 12 feet high and 5 feet diameter, maffy and richer

than those of Durham; the bafes and capitals plain, fupporting circular arches. Over each arch are large windows in pairs, separated by a short column; and over thefe are fmaller fingle windows, In the N. and S. walls are fome pointed arches. The length of the body is 138 feet, breadth 18 feet, and with the two aifles 36 feet. One arch of the centre tower remains adorned, as is its entrance from the nave, with Saxon zigzag. Somewhat to the E. is the bafe of a crofs, and to the W. the present parish-church. This ifland is 5 miles S. of BAMBOROUGH, or Bebba, a place alfo famous for its antiquities, built by K. Ida, about A. D. 560. The ruins of its caftle are still to be seen, on a rock, almost perpendicular above the sea. HOLYOAK, Francis, author of a Latin dic tionary, became rector of South-ham in Warwickfhire in 1604; and being greatly esteemed, was chofen member of the convocation in the first year of Charles I.'s reign. He fuffered much for the king; and died in 1653, aged 87. His fon, Thomas Holyoak, republished the Dictionary, and made many additions to it. He died in 1675.

HOLY-ROOD DAY, a feftival obferved by the Roman catholics, in memory of the exaltation of our Saviour's crofs. See CROSs, § II. 4; and EXALTATION, $4.

HOLY-ROOD HOUSE. See EDINBURGH, § 19. HOLY THISTLE. Sce CNICUS.

HOLY-THURSDAY. n. f. The day on which the afcenfion of our Saviour is commemorated, ten days before Whitfuntide.

HOLY-WEEK. n. f. The week before Eafter, in which the paffion of our Redeemer is commemorated.

HOLYWELL, atown of North Wales, in Flintfhire, chiefly celebrated for a fpring, called Saint Winnifred's Well, from whence it takes its name, and concerning which many fables have been told. It iffues from the foot of a hill with great impetuofity, and turns feveral mills erected for working copper, making brafs wire, paper, and fnuff, and winding cotton, &c. At the back of the town is a hill, in which lead ore is found. It is 52 miles NNW. of Shrewsbury, and 212 NW. of London. (1.) HOLYWOOD, John, or Joannes De Sacrobofco. See SACROBOSCO.

(2.) HOLYWOOD, a parish of Scotland, în Nithsdale, Dumfriesshire, fo named from a grove of oak trees, which furrounded a large Druidical temple, formed of 12 very large moor ftones, which inclofe a circular piece of ground 80 yards in diameter, and are ftill ftanding within half a mile of the parifh church. The oaks have all perished, but many of their roots have been dug up by the Rev. Dr Bryce Johnfton, the minifter. It is 10 miles long, about 1 broad, and contains about 7500 acres in all. The NITH and CLUDEN run along the E. and S. fides of it. (See thefe articles.) The air is dry and remarkably falubrious. The natives are long-lived. The foil is of 4 different kinds, all productive, and the greater part fertile; producing good crops of oats, barley, wheat, peafe, beans, hemp, flax, turnips, potatoes, and grass. The population on the 31ft Dec. 1790, as ftated by Dr Johnfton, in his report to Sir J. Sinclair, was 736, and bad increased 124 fince 1755. The number of fheep was about 1000, and of the black

cattle

cattle 1200. Agriculture is much improved, but ftill retarded by thirlage.

(1.) HOLZAPSEL, a county of Germany, on the banks of the Lahn, between the late electorate of Treves and Naffau Dietz, erected into a principality by Ferdinand III.

(2.) HOLZAPSEL, the capital of the above county, feated on the Lahn, at the foot of a mountain, on which is an ancient caftle, the feat of the Princes of Naffau. It is 4 miles NE. of Naffau. Lon. 25. 30. E. of Ferro. Lat. 50. 22. N.

HOLZHAUSEN, a town of Auftria, HOLZKIRCHEN, a town of Suabia. * HOMAGE. n. f. hommage, French; homa. gium, low Latin.] 1. Service paid and fealty profeffed to a fovereign or superior lord.—

Call my fovereign yours, And do him homage as obedient fubjects. Shak. -The chiefs, in a folemn manner, did their bomages, and made their oaths of fidelity to the ear! marshal. Davies. 2. Obedience ;'refpe&t paid by external action.

The gods great mother, when her heav'nly

race

Do homage to her.

Denham. A tuft of daifies on a flow'ry lay They faw, and thither ward they bent their way; To this both knights and dames their bomage made,

And due obeifance to the daify paid. Dryden. Go, go, with homage your proud victors meet! Go, lie like dogs beneath your master's feet. Dryden. *To HOMAGE. v. a. [from the noun.] To reverence by external action; to pay honour to; to profefs fealty.

HOMAGER. n. f. [hommager, Fr. from bomage.] One who holds by homage of fome fuperior lord.

Thou blusheft, Antony; and that blood of thine

Is Cæfar's bomager: Shakespeare. -His fubjects, traytors, are received by the duke of Bretagne, his homager. Bacon's Henry VII.` HOMAGUES, a people of South America, in Amazonia. See AMAZONIA.

HOMAN, or OMAN, a town of Fez, in Habat. (1.) HOMBERG, William, a celebrated phyfician, chemist, and philofopher, born in Batavia, in the Eaft Indies, in 1652. Hisfather was a Saxon gentleman, who, afterwards fettling at Amfterdam, William there profecuted his ftudies; and thence removed to Jena, and to Leipfic, where he ftudied the law. In 1642 he was made advocate at Magdeburg, where he ftudied experimental philofophy. Some time after he travelled into Italy; and ftu. died medicine, anatomy, and botany, at Padua. He afterwards ftudied at Bologna; and at Rome learned optics, painting, fculpture, and mufic. He at length travelled into France, England, and Holland; obtained the degree of M. D. at Wittemberg; travelled into Germany and the North; vifited the mines of Saxony, Bohemia, Hungary, and Sweden; and returned to France, where he acquired the esteem of the learned. M. Colbert being informed of his merit, made him fuch advantageous offers, as induced him to fix his refidence at Paris. M. Homberg, who was already well known

for his phofphorus, for a pneumatic machine of his own invention, more perfect than that of Guericke, for his microscopes, for his discoveries in chemistry, and for the great number and variety of his curious obfervations, was received into the academy of sciences in 1691, and had the laboratory of that academy, of which he was one of its principal ornaments. The duke of Orleans, afterwards regent, made him his chemift, gave him a penfion, and the most fuperb laboratory that was ever in the poffeffion of a chemift, and in 1704 made him his firft phyfician. He had abjured the Proteftant religion in 1682, and died in 1715. There are many learned and curious pieces of his writing, in the memoirs of the academy of sciences, and in several journals. He had begun to give the elements of chemistry in them, and the reft were found among his papers fit for printing.

(2.) HOMBERG, a town of Franconia, in Wurzburg, 16 miles NNW. of Wurzburg.

(3.) HOMBERG, a town of Germany in Weftphalia and duchy of Berg; 24 m. SE. of Cologn. (4.) HOMBERG. See HOMBURG, N° 2.

(1.) HOMBURG, atown of Germany, in the late duchy of Deux Ponts, now annexed to the French republic,and included in the dept. of Sarre and Mofelle. It is 4 miles NNW. of Deux Ponts, and 36 WNW. of Landau. Lon. 7. 32. E. Lat. 49. 16. N.

(2.) HOMBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of the Upper Rhine, and landgravate of Heffe. It is 60 miles NW. of Frankfort, and subject to a branch of the house of Heffe.

(r.) HOME, Henry, Lord KAMES, an eminent Scottish lawyer, and author of many useful and ingenious works on various subjects, was descended of an ancient family, and born in 1696, in Berwickshire. His grandfather, Henry Home, was a younger fon of Sir John Home of Renton, who was lord juftice-clerk in 1663. He received the eftate of Kames from his uncle George Home. The family of Renton is defcended from that of the earls of Home, the representatives of the ancient princes of Northumberland, as appears from the records of the Lyon Office. In early youth, he was lively, and eager in the acquifition of knowledge. He never attended a public school; but was inftructed in the ancient and modern languages, as well as in several branches of mathematics, and the arts neceffarily connected with that fcience, by Mr Wingate, a man of confiderable parts and learning, who spent many years as private tutor to Mr Home. After studying the civil law and the municipal law of his country at Edinburgh, Mr Home early perceived that a knowledge of these alone is not fufficient to make an accomplished lawyer. An acquaintance with the forms and practical business of the courts, and efpecially of the fupreme court, as a member of which he was to feek for fame and emolument, he confidered as effentially neceffary to qualify him to be a complete barrifter. He accordingly attended for fome time the chamber of a writer to the fignet, where he had an opportunity of learning the ftyles of legal deeds, and the modes of conducting different fpecies of bufinefs. This wife ftep, independently of his great genius and

unwearied

unwearied application, procured him, after bis admiffion to the bar, peculiar refpect from the court, and proportional employment in his profeffion of an advocate. Whoever perufes the law. papers compofed by Mr Home when a young man, will perceive an uncommon elegance of ftyle, befides great ingenuity of reafoning, and a thorough knowledge of the law and conftitution of his country. These qualifications, together with the ftrength and vivacity of his natural abilities, foon raised him to be an ornament to the Scottish bar; and, on the ad of February 1752, he was ad vanced to the bench as one of the judges of the court of feffion, under the title of Lord Kames. Before this period, however, notwithstanding the unavoidable labours of his profeffion, he had become the author of feveral works. In 1728 he published Remarkable Decifions of the Court of Sef fon from 1716 to 1928 in one vol, folio.In 1732, appeared Elays upon several subjects in law, viz. Jus tertii; Beneficium cedendarum actionum; Vinco Vincentem; and Preferiptions in one volume 8vo. The firft produce of his original genius, and extenfive views, excited not only the attention, but the admiration, of the judges and other members of the court. This work was fucceeded, in 1741, by Decifions of the Court of Seffion from its firft inAitution to the year 1740, abridged and digefted under proper beads, in form of a Dictionary, in 2 vols. folio: a very laborious work, and of the greatest utility to the practical lawyer. In 1947 appeared Eflags upon feveral fubjects concerning British Antiquities, viz. 1. Introduction of the feudal law into Scotland. 2. Conftitution of parliament. 3. Honour, Dignity. 4. Succeffion, or Defcent; with appendix upon hereditary and indefeasible right, composed in 1745, and published in 1747, in one vol. 8vo. In a preface to this work, Lord Kames informs us, that in 1745 and 1746, when the nation was in great fufpenfe and distraction, he retired to the country; and in order to banish as much as poffible the uneafinefs of his mind, he planned and executed thefe Effays. It may be proper, though not in ftrict chronological order, to continue the lift of his writings on law, before we mention his works on other fubjects. In 1757 he published, The Statute Law of Scotland abridged, swith biftorical notes, in one vol. 8vo; a moft useful work. In 1759 he produced a new work entitled Hiftorical Law Trads, in one vol. 8vo. It contains 14 interesting tracts, viz. Hiftory of the Criminal Law of Promises and Covenants: of Property of Securities upon and for Pay ment of Debt:of the Privilege which an Heir apparent in a feudal Holding has to continue the Poffeffion of his Ancestor of Regalities, and of the Privilege of repledging :-of Courts of Brieves of Procefs in Abfence of Execution Against Moveables and Land for Payment of Debt: ➡of Perfonal Execution for Payment of Debt: of Execution for obtaining Payment after the Death of the Debtor of the limited and univer fal Reprefentation of Heirs:Old and New Extent. In 1760 he published, in one vol. folio, The Principles of Equity; a work which fhows both the fertility of the author's genius and his indefatigable application. In 1766 he gave to the publicanother volume, in folio, of Remarkable Decifions

of the Court of Seffion, from 1730 to 1752. In 1777, appeared his Elucidations refpecting the Common and Statute Law of Scotland, in one vol. 8vo. This book contains many curious and interefting remarks upon fome intricate and dubious points which occur in the law of Scotland. In 1780 he published a volume, in folio, of Select Decifions of the Court of Seffion from 1752 to 1768. Lord Kames was very much inclined to metaphyfical difquifitions. When a young man, in order to improve himself in his favourite ftudy, he corresponded with the famous Berkeley bishop of Cloyne, Dr Butler bishop of Durham, Dr Samuel Clarke, and many other ingenious and learned men in Britain and Ireland. The letters of correfpondence are carefully preferved by his fon George Home Drummond, Efq. In 1751 he published Effays on the Principles of Morality and Natural Religion, a small volume, but fo replete with ingenuity and acute reafoning, as to give rife to much controverfy. It contained, in the most explicit terms, the doctrine which then made fo much noife, under the appellation of philosophical neceffity. Like fome other great and good men, he continued a neceffarian to his death; but in a subsequent edition of these effays, he exhibited a remarkable proof of his candour and liberality of fentiment, by altering certain expreffions, which, contrary to his intention, had given very general offence. In 1761 he published an Introduction to the Art of Thinking, in one vol. 12mo. This fmall book confifts of maxims collected from Rochefoucault and many other authors, illuftrated in a variety of stories, fables, and historical anecdotes. His Elements of Criticism appeared in 1762, in 3 vols. 8vo. In this valuable work he attempts to how, that the art of criticism is founded on the principles of human nature. Such a plan, it might be thought, fhould have produced a dry and phlegmatic performance; but from the fprightlinefs of his manner of treating every subject, he has rendered the Elements of Criticism not only highly inftructive, but one of the moft entertaining books in our language. Rollin's Belles Lettres, a dull performance, from which a ftudent could derive little advantage, but which had till then been univerfally recommended as a ftandard, was wholly fuperfeded by this popular publication. A farther evidence of the various pursuits of his active mind was given in 1772. when he published a work in one volume 8vo, entitled, The Gentleman Farmer, being an attempt to improve Agriculture by fubjecting it to the test of rational principles. This book met with a very favourable reception in Scotland, where, as a practical farmer, its author gave many proofs of fuperior skill. After he fucceeded, in right of his lady, to the ample eftate of Blair-Drummond in Perthshire, he formed, and in part fuccessfully exe. cuted, a plan for turning a large mofs, confifting of at least 1500 acres, into arable land. In 1773, Lord Kames published Sketches of the Hiftory of Man, in 2 vols. 4to. This work confifts of a great variety of facts and obfervations concerning the nature of man; the produce of much and profitable reading. His laft work, entitled, Loofe Hints upon Education, chiefly concerning the Culture of the Heart, was published in 1781, in one vol. 8vo,

when

,

tions of his genius, it is obvious that there could be few idle moments in his long protracted life. His mind was inceffantly employed; either teeming with new ideas, or pursuing active and laborious occupations. At the fame time, with all this intellectual ardour, one great feature in the character of Lord Kames, befides his literary talents and public fpirit, was a remarkable innocency of mind. He not only never indulged in detraction, but when any fpecies of fcandal was mentioned in his company, he either remained filent, or endeavoured to give a different turn to the conversation. In confequence of this amiable difpofition, he never meddled with politics, even when parties ran to indecent lengths in this country; and, what is ftill more remarkable, he never wrote a fentence, notwithstanding his numerous publications, without a direct and manifeft intention to benefit his fellow-creatures. In his temper he was naturally warm, though kind and affectionate. In the friendfhips he formed, he was ardent, zealous, and fincere. So far from being inclined to irreligion, as fome ignorant bigots infinuated, few men poffeffed a more devout habit of thought. A constant sense of Deity, and a veneration for Providence, dwelt upon his mind. From this fource arose that propenfity which appears in all his writings, of inveftigating final causes, and tracing the wisdom of the Supreme Author of Nature. Lord Kames, to the great regret of the public, died on the 27th day of December 1782. As he had no disease but the debility neceffarily refulting from extreme old age, a few days before his death he went to the court of feffion, addreffed all the judges fepa rately, told them he was fpeedily to depart, and took a folemn and an affectionate farewel. A life of Lord Kames, with a view of his writings, has been lately published by Lord Woodhouselee. (2.) HOME. . f. [ham, Saxon.] 1. His own houfe; the private dwelling.

when its venerable author was in his 85th year. The intelligent reader will perceive in this compo fition an uncommon activity of mind at an age fo far advanced beyond the usual period of human life, and earnest defire to form the minds of youth to honour, to virtue, to industry, and to a veneration of the Deity. Lord Kames publifhed also many temporary and fugitive pieces in different periodical works. In the Effays Phyfical and Literary, published by a fociety of gentlemen in Edinburgh, we find compofitions of his Lordship On the Laws of Motion, On the Advantages of Shallow Ploughing, and on Evaporation; all of which exhibit evident marks of genius and originality of thinking. Lord Kames was remarkable ifor public fpirit, to which he conjoined activity and great exertion. He for a great length of time had the principal management of all the focieties and boards for promoting the trade, fisheries, and manufactures, in Scotland. As conducive to thofe ends, he was a strenuous advocate for making and repairing turnpike roads through every part of the country. He took likewife a chief Tead in the distribution and application of the funds arifing from the eftates in Scotland, which had unfortunately been annexed to the crown. He was no less zealous in supporting, both with his writings and perfonal influence, literary affociations. He was in fome measure the parent of what was called the Phyfical and Literary Society. This fociety was afterwards incorporated into the Royal Society of Edinburgh, which received a charter from the crown. As a private gentleman, Lord Kames was admired by both fexes. His vivacity and wit, even when advanced in years, rendered his company not only agreeable, but greatly folicited by the literati, and efteemed by ladies of the highest rank and accomplishments. He told very few stories, and rarely, if ever, repeated the fame ftory to the fame perfon. From the neceffity of retailing anecdotes, the miferable refuge of those who without genius attempt to fhine in converfation, the abundance of his own mind fet him free; for his wit of his learning always fuggefted what the occafion required. He could with equal eafe and readiness combat the opinions of a metaphyfician, unravel the intricacies of law, talk with a farmer on improvements in agriculture, or estimate with a lady the merits of the drefs in fafhion. Inftead of being jealous of rivals, the characteristic of little minds, Lord Kames fostered and encouraged every symptom of merit that he could difcover in the fcholar, or in the lowest mechanic. Before he fucceeded to the estate of Blair Drummond, his fortune was fmall. Notwithstanding this circumftance, he, in conjunction with Mrs Drummond, his refpectable and accom. plished spouse, did much more fervice to the indigent than most families of greater opulence. If the prefent neceffity was preffing, they gave money. They did more: When they discovered that male or female petitioners were capable of performing any art or labour, they exerted themfelves in procuring that fpecies of work which the poor people could perform. In cafes of this kind, which were very frequent, the Lady took charge of the women and his Lordship of the men. From what has been faid concerning the various produc

Flandria, by plenty made the home of war, Shall weep her crime, and bow to Charles reftor❜d.

Prior. 4. Home, united to a substantive, fignifies domeftick, or of the fame country.-Let the exportation of home commodities be more in value than the importation of foreign. Bacon.

(3.) HOME. adv. [from the noun.] 1. To one's own habitation.-One of Adam's children in the mountains lights on a glittering substance; home he carries it to Adam, who finds it to be hard, to have a bright yellow colour, and exceeding great weight. Locke. 2. To one's own coun try. 3. Clofe to one's own breast or affairs.-He that encourages treafon lays the foundation of a doctrine, that will come home to himself. L'EStrange. This is a confideration that comes home to our interest. Addifon.-These confiderations, proposed in general terms, you will, by particular application, bring home to your own concern, Wake's Preparation for Death. 4. To the point defigned; to the utmoft; closely; fully.-Crafty enough either to hide his faults, or never to fhew them, but when they might pay home. Sidney. With his prepared fword he charges home My unprovided body. Shak.

A loyal fir

To him thou follow'ft: I will pay thy graces Home both in word and deed. Shak. Accufe him home and home. Shak. -Men of age object too much, adventure too little, and feldom drive business home to the full period; but content themselves with a mediocrity of fuccefs. Bacon.-That cometh up home to the bufinefs, and taketh off the objection clearly. Sanderfon.

Break through the thick array

Of his throng'd legions, and charge home upon him. Addifon. -He makes choice of fome piece of morality: and, in order to prefs this home, he makes lefs ufe of reafoning, Broome.-I can only refer the reader to the authors themselves, who speak very home to the point. Atterbury. 5. United to a substantive, it implies force and efficacy.

Poifon may be false;

HOMELEN, a town of Germany, in the cidevant bishopric of Liege, now annexed to the French republic, and included in the dept. of the Lower Meufe; 4 miles W. of Maeftricht.

* HOMELILY. adv. [from homely.] Rudely; inelegantly.

* HOMELINESS. n. f. [from homely.] Plainnefs; rudeness; coarfenefs.-Homer has opened a great field of raillery to men of more delicacy than greatness of genius, by the homeliness of some of his fentiments. Addison.

(1.) * HOMELY. adj. [from home.] Plain; homefpun; not elegant; not beautiful; not fine; coarfe; rude. It is ufed both of perfons and things.-Each place hand fome without curiofity, and homely without loathsomeness. Sidney

Within this wood, out of a rock did rife A fpring of water, mildly tumbling down; Whereto approached not in any wife The homely fhepherd, nor the ruder clown. Spenfer.

Like rich hangings in an homely houfe,
So was his will in his old feeble body. Shak.
Be plain, good fon, and homely in thy drift:
Riddling confeffion finds but riddling fhrift.
Home-keeping youths have ever homely wits.
Sbak.

Our stomachs will make what's homely favoury.
Sbak.
Milten.

It is for homely features to keep home;
They had their name thence.
-It is obferved by fome, that there is none fo
homely but loves a looking-glafs. South.-

Their homely fare difpatch'd, the hungry band Invade their trenchers next.

Dryden.