Their hair is generally fo clotted with red gum (fee 10.) that they refemble a mop. They alfo paint themselves with various colours like most other favages; and fometimes ornament them felves with beads and fhells, but make no ufe of the beautiful feathers of their nativẻ birds. Moft of the men want one of the fore teeth in the up per jaw; a circumftance mentioned by Dampier and other navigators; and this alfo appears to be a badge of honour among them. It is very com. mon among the women to cut off the two lower joints of the little finger; which, confidering the clumfinefs of the amputating inftruments they poffefs, muft certainly be a very painful operation. This was at firft fuppofed to be peculiar to the married women, or those who had born children; but fome of the oldeft women were found with out this diftinction, while it was obferved in others who were very young. The New Hollan. ders appear extremely deficient in the useful arts. Of the cultivation of the ground they have no no tion: nor can they even be prevailed upon to eat bread or dreffed meat. Hence they depend entirely for fubfiftence on the fruits and roots they can gather, with the fifh they catch, Governor Philip alfo mentions their frequent fetting fire to the grafs, in order to drive out the opuffums and other animals from their retreats; and they alfo ufe decoys for quails. As all thefe refources, how ever, must be at best precarious, it is no wonder that they are frequently diftreffed for provifions. Thus, in fummer they would eat neither the fhark nor fting ray; but in winter any thing was accept able. A young whale being driven afhore, was quickly cut in pieces and carried off. They broiled it only long enough to scorch the outfide; and in this raw ftate they eat all their fish. They broil alfo the fern root, and another whofe fpecies is unknown. Among the fruits ufed by them, is a kind of wild fig; and the kernels of a fruit refembling the pine apple. The principal part of their fubfiftence, however, is fifh; and when these happened to be scarce, they often watched an opportunity when the colonifts hauled the feine, and feized on the whole, though a part had formerly been offered or given them. They fometimes Arike the fish from the canoes with their spears, fometimes catch them with hooks and nets, contrary to the affertion of Dr Hawkefworth, who fays that none of these are to be met with among them. Their nets are generally made of the fibres of the flax plant, with very little preparation, and are ftrong and heavy; the lines of which they are compofed twifted like whip cord. Some of them, however, appear to be made of the fur of an animal, and others of cotton. The meshes of their nets are made of very large loops artificially inferted into each other, but without knots. Their hooks are made of the infide of a fhell, very much refembling mother-of-pearl. The canoes in which they fish are only large pieces of bark tied up at both ends with vines; and confidering the flight texture of thefe veffels, the dexterity with which they are managed is admirable, as well as the boldness with which they venture in them out to fea. They generally carry fire along with them in thefe canoes, to drefs their fish when caught. When fishing with the hook, if the fish

appears too ftrong to be drawn afhore by the line, the canoe is paddled to the shore; and while one man gently draws the fifh along, another ftands ready to ftrike it with a spear, in which he generally fucceeds. There is no reason for suppofing them to be cannibals, though they never eat animal fubftances but raw or next to it. Some of their vegetables are poisonous when raw, but deprived of this property when boiled. A convic unhappily experienced this by eating fome in an unprepared ftate; in confequence of which he died in 24 hours. They diflike European provifions; if bread be given them, they chew and spit it out again, feldom choofing to fwallow it. They like falt beef, and pork rather better; but they could never be brought to taste spirits a second time. The huts of these favages are formed in the most rude and barbarous manner imaginable. They confift only of pieces of bark laid together in the form of an oven, open at one end, and very low, though long enough for a man to lie at full length. There is reason, however, to believe, that they depend lefs on them for shelter than on the caverns with which the rocks abound. We must not imagine that the custom of going naked inures them fo to the climate as to make them infenfible to the injuries of the weather. The colonifts had repeated opportunities of observing this, by feeing them fhivering with cold in winter, or huddling together in heaps in their huts or in caverns, till a fire could be kindled to warm them. It is probable, however, notwithstanding their extreme barbarity, that some knowledge of the arts will foon be introduced among them, as fome have been seen attentively confidering the uten fils and conveniences of the Europeans, with a view, feemingly, of making fimilar improvements of their own. It has also been observed, that in fome things they poffefs a very great power of imitation. They can imitate the fongs and language of the Europeans almost inftantaneously, much better than the latter can imitate theirs by long practice. Their talent for imitation is, alfo dif cernible in their fculptures representing men and other animals every where met with on the rocks; which, though rude, are very surprising for people who have not the knowledge even of conftructing habitations in the leaft comfortable for themfelves, or even clothes to preferve them from the cold. In their perfons, the New Hollanders are active, vigorous, and ftout, though generally lean. Dampier afferts that they have a dimness of fight; though later navigators have determined this to be a mistake, afcribing to them, on the contrary, a quick and piercing fight. Their sense of smelling is alfo very acute. One of them having touched a piece of pork, held out his finger for his companion to fmell with ftrong marks of difguft. The only kind of food they eagerly accept of is fish. Their behaviour with regard to the women has been hitherto unaccountable to the colonists. Few of them, comparatively speaking, have been feen; and these have fometimes kept back with the moft jealous fenfibility; fometimes offered with the greatest familiarity. Such of the females as have been seen have foft and pleafing voices; and notwithstanding their barbarism and exceffive rudeness, feem not to be entirely destitute of mo

defty.

in feveral places, caufed one of thefe túmuli to be opened, in which were found a jaw-bone half confumed and fome afhes. From the manner in which the afhes are depofited, it appears that the body has been laid at length, raised from the ground a little space, and confumed in that pofture; being afterwards lightly covered with mould. They feem very little given to thieving, in comparifon with the inhabitants of moft of the South Sea iflands; and are very honeft among themselves, leaving their fpears and other implements open on the beach, in full and perfect fecurity of their remaining untouched. They are very expert at throwing their javelins, and will hit a mark with great certainty at a confiderable diftance; and it feems that fometimes they kill the kangaroo with this weapon, as a long fplinter of a spear was ta ken out of the thigh of one of thefe animals, the flesh having closed over it completely. The people are more numerous than was at first imagined, though ftill the number of inhabitants must be accounted fmall in comparison to the extent of country; and there is great reason to believe that the interior parts are uninhabited. The New Hollanders bake their provifions by the help of hot ftones, like the inhabitants of the South Sea iflands. They produce fire with great facility according to Capt. Cook, but with difficulty according to later accounts, and spread it in a wonderful manner. To produce it, they take two pieces of dry foft wood; one is a ftick about 8 or 9 inches long, the other is flat. The ftick they shape into an obtufe point at one end; and preffing it upon the other, turn it nimbly, by holding it between both their hands, as we do a chocolate mill; often fhifting their hands up, and then moving them down upon it, to increase the preffure as much as poffible. By this method they get fire in less than two minutes; and from the smallest spark they increase it with great speed and dexterity. "We have often feen (fays Captain Cook) one of them run along the fhore, to all appearance with nothing in his hand, who stooping down for a moment, at the diftance of every 50 or 100 yards, left fire behind him, as we could fee firft by the fmoke, and then by the flame along the drift of wood and other litter which was scattered along the place. We had the curiofity to examine one of these planters of fire when he fet off, and we faw him wrap up a small spark in dry grafs, which, when he had run a little way, having been fanned by the air that his motion produced, began to blaze; he then laid it down in a place convenient for his purpose, inclosing a spark of it in another quantity of grafs, and fo continued his courfe."

defty. The New Hollanders generally display great perfonal bravery or the appearance of any danger. An old man, whom governor Philip had treated with fome familiarity, took occafion to fteal a fpade; but being taken in the fact, the governor gave him a few flight flaps on the fhoulder; on which the old man caught hold of a spear, and, coming up to him, feemed for fome time determined to ftrike, though, had he done fo, it would have been impoffible for him to have efcaped, being then furrounded by the officers and foldiers. No encounters between parties of the natives themselves have been obferved, though from fome circumftances it appears that wars are carried on among them. They have more than once been affembled as if bent on fome expedition. An officer one day met 14 of them marching along in a regular Indian file through the woods, each man having a spear in one hand and a ftone in the other. A chief appeared at their head, who was diftinguished from the reft by being painted. They paffed on peaceably, though greatly fuperior in number to our people. On another occafion they offered no hoftilities when affembled to the number of 200 or 300, though meeting the governor attended only by a small party. With all their courage, however, they are much afraid of a musket, and almoft equally fo of a red coat, which they know to be the martial drefs of the Europeans. The mischief which they have hitherto done has been exercised only on fome ftraggling convicts, most of whom probably have been the firft aggreffors. Though thefe favages allow their beards to grow to a confiderable length, it does not appear that they look upon them to be any ornament, but rather the contrary, as appears from the following inftance. Some young gentlemen, belonging to the Sirius, one day met an old man in the woods with a beard of confiderable length. This his new acquaintance let him know that they would rid him of, ftroking their chins, and fhow. ing him the fmoothness of them at the fame time. At length the old fellow confented; and one of the youngsters taking a penknife from his pocket, and making the best substitute for lather he could, performed the operation with fuch fuccefs that the Indian feemed highly delighted. In a few days he paddled alongfide of the Sirius again, pointing to his beard; but could not by any means be prevailed upon to enter the fhip. On this a barber was fent down to him, who again freed him from his beard, at which he expreffed the utmost fatisfaction. It has, however, been impoffible to form any kind of permanent intercourfe with the natives, though many attempts have been made for that purpose; but in his letter above quoted, gov. Phillip declares that he has not the leaft apprehen. fion of their doing any damage to the colony. At firft the colonifts imagined the fpears of the New Hollanders to be very trivial weapons; but it now appears that they are capable of inflicting very grievous and mortal wounds. They are fome times pointed with a fharp piece of the fame reed of which the fhafts are made, but more frequent ly with the fharp bone of the fting ray. They certainly burn their dead; which perhaps has given rife to the report of their being cannibals. Gov. Phillip, obferving the ground to be raised

(6.) HOLLAND, NEW, INSECTS OF. There are feveral forts of large spiders and scolopendros, but the moft remarkable infects feen by Capt. Cook were the green ants. These little animals form their habitations, by bending down the leaves of trees, and glueing the ends of them together, fo as to form a purfe. Though thefe leaves are as broad as a man's hand, they perform this feat by main ftrength, thousands of them holding down the leaves, while multitudes of others apply the gluti nous matter. Capt. Cook's people ascertained that this was the cafe, by fometimes disturbing them Сссг

at

greatly resembles gamboge, but has not the property of ftaining. It is produced by a low small plant with long graffy leaves; but the fructification fhoots out in a furprising manner, from the centre of the leaves on a fingle ftraight ftem, to the height of 12 or 14 feet. This item is strong and light, and is used by the natives for making fpears. The refin is generally dug up from the foil under the tree, not collected from it, and may perhaps be the fame which Tafman calls gum lat of the ground. It has been tried by Dr Blane, phyfician to St Thomas's hofpital, who found it very efficacious in the cure of old fluxes, and that in many very obftinate cafes. Many of the New Holland plants have been already imported into Britain, and are now flourishing in perfection at the nursery gardens of Mr Lee of Hammersmith. Captain Cook found three kinds of palm trees, but only two useful as timber, viz. the pine and the gum tree above mentioned.

miles below it they would lie in fresh water, and be perfectly fafe. The country about Broken Bay is at firft high and rocky, but up the river it be comes more level, the banks being covered with timber, and the foil a light rich mould, supposed to be very capable of cultivation. The other branches of this river are fhallow, but probably run many miles up into the country. Great numbers of black fwans and wild ducks were feen on these rivers, and the natives had several decoys for catching quails. RICHMOND HILL, near which a fall prevented the boats from proceeding farther up, is the most foutherly of a large range of hills which run to the N. and probably join the mountains nearly parallel to the coaft from 50 to 60 miles inland. The foil of this hill is good, and it lies well for cultivation. There is a very extenfive prospect from the top, the whole country around feeming a level covered with timber. There is a flat of 6 or 7 miles between Richmond hill and a break in the mountains which separates Lanfdown and Carmarthen hills; in which flat the governor fuppofes that the Hawkesbury continues its courfe; - though the river could not be feen, on account of the timber with which the ground is every where covered where the foil is good. Six miles to the S. of Port Jackfon is a small river; and 20 to the W. is one more confiderable, which probably runs into the Hawkesbury. As far as this river was at that time explored, the breadth was computed at from 300 to 400 feet. It was named the NEPEAN, and, like the Hawkefbury, fometimes rifes 30 feet above its level. A party who croffed the river attempted to reach the mountains, but found it impoffible, probably for want of provisions. After the first day's journey, they met with fuch a fucceffion of deep ravines, the fides of which were frequently fo inacceffible, that in five days they could not proceed farther than 15 miles. When they turned back, they supposed themselves to be 12 miles from the foot of the mountains.

(10.) HOLLAND, NEW, VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS OF A variety of flowering fhrubs, almoft all entirely new to Europeans, and of exquifite fragrance, abound in those places which are free from trees; and among thefe, a tall fhrub, bearing an elegant flower, which fmells like English may, is peculiarly delightful, and perfumes the air to a great distance. The trees, as Capt. Tench and others relate, are of so bad a grain, that they can fcarcely be ufed for any purpose. But this Mr Stockdale afcribes to their being ufed in an unfea foned ftate. Thefe trees, however, yield vaft quantities of a peculiar kind of gum, which is ufed as a cure for the dyfentery. It is of an acrid quality, and therefore requires to be given along with opiates. The tree which yields it is of very confiderable fize, and grows to a great height before it puts out any branches. The gum itself is ufually compared to fanguis draconis, but differs from it in being perfectly foluble in water, which the other is not. It may be extracted from the wood by tapping, or taken out of the veins when dry. The leaves are narrow, and not unlike thofe of a willow; the wood fine grained and heavy, but warps to fuch a degree, when not properly feasoned, as foon to become entirely utelefs. The yellow gum is properly a refin, being entirely infoluble in water. It

HOLLANDERS, the people of HOLLAND. HOLLAND'S POINT, a cape of the United States, on Maryland in the Chesapeak, 20 miles S. of Annapolis.

HOLLAR, Wenceslaus, a celebrated engraver, born at Prague in 1607. His parents were in a genteel line of life; and he was at first defigned for the law. But the civil commotions which happened in his youth, ruining his family affairs, he was obliged to thift for himself, and, difcovering fome genius for the arts, he was placed with Marian, a very able defigner and engraver of views, under whofe inftructions he made rapid progrefs. He principally excelled in drawing geometrical and perfpective views and plans of buildings, ancient and modern cities and towns; alfo landfcapes, and every kind of natural and artificial cu. riofities; which he executed with a pen in a very peculiar ftyle, extremely well adapted to the purpofe. He travelled through feveral of the great cities of Germany; but notwithstanding his merit, met with fo little encouragement, that he found it very difficult to fupport himself. The earl of Arundel being in Germany, took him under his protection, brought him to England, and recommended him to K. Charles I. He engraved a variety of plates from the Arundel collection, and the portrait of the earl himself on horfeback. The civil wars which happened foon after in England, ruined his fortune. He was taken prifoner, with fome of the royal party, and with difficulty efcaped; when he returned to Antwerp, and joined his old patron the earl of Arundel. He fettled there for fome time, and published a confiderable number of plates; but his patron going to Italy foon after for the benefit of his health, Hollar fell again into diftrefs, and was obliged to work for the bookfellers of Antwerp at very low prices. At the restoration he returned to England; where, though he had fufficient employment, the prices he received were fo inadequate to his labour, that he could but barely fübfift; and the plague, with the fucceeding fire of London, putting for fome time an effectual stop to business, his affairs were fo much embarraffed, that he was never afterwards able to improve his fortune. It is faid that he used to work for the bookfellers at the rate of 4d. an hour; and always had an hour-glass

before

before him. He was fo fcrupulously exact, that when obliged to attend the calls of nature, or whilft talking, though with the perfons for whom he was working and about their own business, he conftantly turned down the glass, to prevent the fand from running. Nevertheless, all his great induftry, of which his numerous works bear fuffi→cient teftimony, could not procure him a fufficient maintenance. It is melancholy to add, that on the verge of his 70th year, he was attached with an execution at his lodgings in Gardener's lane, Westminster; when he defired only the liberty of dying in his bed, and that he might not be removed to any other prifon than the grave: a favour which it is uncertain whether he obtained or not. He died, however, in 1677.—His works amount nearly to 24,000 prints, according to Vertue's Catalogue; and the lovers of arts are zealous to collect them. They are etchings performed almost entirely with the point; and their merits are thus characterifed by Mr Strutt: "They poffefs great fpririt, with aftonishing freedom and lightnefs, especially when we confider how highly he has finished fome of them. His views of abbeys, churches, ruins, &c. with his fhells, muffs, and every species of still life, are admirable; his landfcapes frequently have great merit; and his distant views of towns and cities are not only executed in a very accurate, but a very pleafing manner." A fomewhat colder character is given of them by Mr Gilpin in bis Effay on Prints: "Hollar gives us views of particular places, which he copies with great truth, unornamented as he found them. If we are fatisfied with exact reprefentations, we have them no where better than in Hollar's works: but if we expect pictures, we must seek them elfewhere. Hollar was an antiquarian and a draughtsman; but feems to have been little acquainted with the principles of painting. Stiffnefs is his · characteristic, and a painful exactness, void of taste. His larger views are mere plans. In fome of his fmaller, at the expense of infinite pains, fomething of an effect is fometimes produced. But, in general, we confider him as a repofitory of curio. -fities, a record of antiquated dreffes, abolished ceremonies, and edifices now in ruins."

HOLLAT, a town of Auftria, fix miles NNW. of Bruck, feated on the Danube.

HOLLENBACH, a town of Franconia. HOLLENBERG, a town of Carinthia. HOLLEYS, a town of the United States in N. Carolina, 28 miles N. of Fayetteville, HOLLFELD, a town of Franconia, 15 miles E. of Bamberg, and 16 W. of Bayreuth. HOLLIN, a town of Bohemia. HOLLISION, a town of the United States, in Maffachusetts, 22 miles SW. of Botton.

HOLLOA, in the sea language, an exclamation of answer to any person who calls to another to afk fome question, or to give a particular order. Thus, if the mafter intends to give any order to the people in the main top, he previoufly calls, J Main-top, boay! to which they aniwer, Holloa! to how that they hear him, and are ready. It is also the first answer in hailing a ship at a distance.

HOLLODALE, a river of Scotland, which runs between Sutherland and Caithness, and falls Shinto the North Sea, five miles SE. of Strathy Head.

(1.) HOLLOW. adj. [from bole.] r. Excava ted; having a void space within; not folid.It is fortune's ufe

To let the wretched man outlive his wealth, To view with bollow eye the wrinkled brow And age of poverty. Shak. Merchant of Venice. Some fearch for hollow trees, and fell the woods. Dryden.

He frets, he fumes, he ftares, he stamps the ground;

The bollow tow'rs with clamours ring around. Dryden. 2. Noify, like found reverberated from a cavity.The fouthern wind,

Now by his bollow whiftling in the leaves, Foretels a tempeft. Shakespeare. Thence iffu'd fuch a blast and hollow roar, As threaten'd from the hinge to heave the door. Dryden.

3. Not faithful; not found; not what one appears. Who in want a bollow friend doth try, Directly feafons him his enemy. Sbak. Hamlet. -Hollow church papists are like the roots of nettles, which themfelves fting not; but bear all the stinging leaves. Bacon.

3. Pit.-A fine genius for gardening thought of forming fuch an unfightly bollow into fo uncommon and agreeable a scene. Addison. 4. Any opening or vacuity.-He touched the hollow of his thigh. Gen. xxii. 25. 5. Paflage; canal.-The little springs and rills are conveyed through little channels into the main hollow of the aqueduct. Addifon on Italy.

(3) HOLLOW, in architecture, a concave moulding, about a quarter of a circle, by some called a cafement, by others an abacus.

(4.) HOLLOW TOWER, in fortification, is a rounding made of the remainder of two brifures, to join the curtain to the crillon, where the small flot are played, that they may not be so much expofed to the view of the enemy.

(1.) * To HOLLOW. v. a. [from the noun.] To make hollow; to excavate.

Trees, rudely bollow'd, did the waves fuftain, Ere hips in triumph plow'd the watʼry plain.

Dryden. -Multitudes