Slides in a verfe, or bitches in a rhyme; Sacred to ridicule his whole life long, And the fad burthen of fome merry fong. Pope. * HITCHEL. n. f. [heckel, German.] The inftrument with which flax is beaten or combed. To HITCHEL. v. a. [See HATCHEL.] TO beat or comb flax or hemp. HITCHEN, or a farge and populous town of HITCHING, Hertfordshire, near HITCHWOOD, 25 m. NNW. of Hertford, and 34 NW. of London. The manor was the ancient demefne of the kings of England, as it continues at this day; and it has been the dower of feveral of their queens. The town was reckoned the fecond in the county, and was formerly famous for the ftaple commodities of the kingdom, when divers merchants of the ftaple of Calais refided in it; but that trade is loft. The inhabitants make large quantities of malt; and the market is one of the greateft in England for wheat. Lon. c. 20. W. Lat. 51. 55.N. ! HITCHWOOD, a wood in Herts, near HITCHIN. HITERO, a town in Spain, in Navarre. (1.) HITHE. n. f. [hythe, Saxon.] A fmall haven to land wares out of veffels or boats; as Queenbithe, and Lambbitse, now Lambeth. Men must endure Their going hence, even as their coming bither. Milton. 2. It is used in oppofition: hither and thither, to this place and that. 3. To this end; to this defign; to this topick of argument; [buc, Lat. Huc refer ex itum.] Not much ufed.-Hereupon dependeth whatfoever difference there is between the states of faints in glory; bither we refer whatsoever belong. eth unto the highest perfection of man, by way of fervice towards God. Hooker-Hither belong all thofe texts, which require of us that we should not walk after the flesh, but after the fpirit. Tillotfon. HITHERMOST. adj. [of bither, adv.] Neareft on this fide.-That which is eternal can be extended to a greater extent at the bithermoft ex treme. Hale. HITHERTO. adv. [from hither.] 1. Yet; to this time.—Hitherto I have only told the reader what ought not to be the fubject of a picture of of a poem. Dryden. 2. In any time till now.— More ample spirit than hitherto was wont, Here needs me, while the famous anceftries Of my most dreadful fovereign I recount. F. 2. At every time till now.In this we are not their adverfaries, though they in the other hitherto have been ours. Hooker. 3. Hitberto, lords, what your commands impos'd Dryden. (2.) HITHE, a town of Kent; 70 miles from London. It is one of the Cinque Ports, and had formerly 5 parishes; but by the choaking up of its harbour and other accidents, thefe are now reduced to one. In the reign of Henry IV. num bers of its inhabitants were cut off by a peftilence, 200 of their houfes burnt, and 3 of their fhips funk at fea, with the loss of 100 men. It was incorporated by Q. Elizabeth. The mayor, jurats, and commonalty, with the freemen, elect the members of parliament. It has a market on Sa--He could not have failed to add the oppofition turday, and fairs in July and December. From of ill fpirits to the good: this alone has bitherto hence to Canterbury is a paved Roman military been the practice of the moderns. Dryden.-To way, called Stoney Street; and at a little distance correct them, is a work that has bitherto been afare the remains of the walls of a caftle, which in- fumed by the leaft qualified hands. Swift. cluded 10 acres. There is a remarkable pile of * HITHERWARD. adv. bytherweard, Sax. dry bones, 28 feet long, 6 broad, and 8 high, kept HITHERWARDS. This way, towards this in a vault under the church, in as good order as books in a library, confifting of feveral thousand beads, arms, legs, thigh-bones, &c. fome very gi gantic. They appear by an infcription to be the remains of the Danes and Britons killed in battle near this place before the Norman conquest. From hence to Boulogne is reckoned the shortest cut to France. Lon. 1. 17. E. Lat. gr. 6. N. (1.) * HITHER. adj. fuperl. hithermoft. Nearer; towards this part.—— After thefe, But on the bither fide, a different fort, Milton. -An eternal duration may be shorter or longer upon the bither end, namely, that extreme where in it is finite. Hale. (2.) HITHER, adv. [hither, Saxon.] 1. To this place from fome other. Cæfar, tempted with the fame Spenfer, place. Some parcels of their power are forth already, And only hitheraward. Sbak. The king himself in perfon hath fet forth, Or hither wards intended speedily. Shak. A puiflant and mighty power HITSACKER, a town of Lunenburg Zell, on an Ifland in Jetze; 29 miles E. of Lunenburg, and 36 NE. of Zell. Lon. 28. 48. E. of Ferro. Lat. 53. 14. N. HITTENDORF, a town of Auftria. HITTERN, or an island on the coaft of HITTERO, Norway, 60 m. in circuit. HITTITES, the defcendants of Heth, the fecond fon of Canaan, not the eldest, as fome Encyclopadifts affert. Gen. x. 15. Some maintain that there was a city called HETH, but we find no traces of it in Scripture. See HETH. (1.) * HIVE. . . [byfe, Saxon.] 1. The ha bitation or receptacle of bees,ZZ So So bees with smoke, and doves with noifome Are from their hives and houses driv’n away. Shak. So wand'ring bees would perish in the air, Did not a found proportion'd to their ear, Appease their rage, invite them to the hive. Waller. -Bees have each of them a hole in their hives: their honey is their own, and every bee minds her own concerns. Addison. 2. The bees inhabiting a hive. The commons, like an angry hive of bees That want their leader, scatter up and down. Shak. 3. A company being together.-What modern mafons call a lodge, was by antiquity called a bive of free mafons; and therefore, when a diffenfion happens, the going off is to this day called fwarming. Swift. (2.) HIVE. See APIS, IV. and BEE, II. 10-16. (1.) To HIVE. v. a. [from the noun.] 1. To put into hives; to harbour.-Mr Addifon of Ox ford has been troublesome to me; after his bees, my latter fwarm is fcarcely worth biving. Dryden, -When bees are fully fettled, and the clufter at the biggest, bive them. Mortimer's Hufb. 2. To contain, as in hives; to receive, as to an habita tion. Ambitious now to take excise He fleeps by day HIVER. n.. [from hive.] One who puts bees in hives.-Let the hiver drink a cup of good beer, and wash his hands and face therewith. Mort. HIVITES, a people defeended from Canaan, who dwelt at firft in the country afterwards poffelfed by the CAPHTORIMS, or PHHLISTINES. There were alfo Hivites in the centre of the promifed land, for the Shechemites and the Gibeonites were Hivites. Gen, xxxiv, 2. Josh, xi. 19. There were alfo fome beyond Jordan, at the foot of mount Hermon. Joh. xi. 3 Bochart fays, that CADMUS, who carried a colony of Phoenicias into Greece, was an Hivite. He derives Cadanus from the Hebrew Kedem, i. e. the east, becaufe he was of the eaftern part of Canaan; and Hermione, from Hermon. See HEVÆL (1.) HIWASSEE, a river of the United States, in Tennefee, which rifes near the head of the Coofee, and running NW. by W, falls into the Tenneflee. (2) HWASSEE, a town in the State of Tenneffee, 22 miles SW. of 'Fellico. HLAWITZ, a town of Bohemia. Like boys, kings would start forth, and cry, Shakespeare, (1.) HOADLEY, Benjamin, fucceffively bishop of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester, was born in 1676. His firft preferment was the rectory of St Peter le Poor, and the lectureship of St Mildred's in the Poultry. In 1706, he publish ed fome Remarks on Bp ATTERBURY'S fermon at the funeral of Mr Bennet, in which he had laid down fome dangerous propofitions. Two years after, Mr Hoadley again entered the lifts against this formidable antagonist; and in his Exceptions against a fermon published by Dr Atterbury en attacked the doctor with his ufual ftrength of reatitled "The Power of Charity to cover Sin," he thefe two learned combatants, concerning the doo foning. In 1709, another difpute arofe between trine of non-refiftance, occafioned by a perform ance of Mr Hoadley's, entitled, The Measures of Obedience; fome pofitions in which Dr Atterbury endeavoured to confute, in his elegant Latin fermon, preached that year before the London cler gy. In this debate Mr Hoadley fignalized himself in fo eminent a degree, that the House of Commons gave him a particular mark of their regard, by reprefenting, in an addrefs to the queen, the fignal fervices he had done to the cause of civil and religious liberty.-The principles, however, which he efpoused being repugnant to the general temper of thofe times, drew on him the virulence of a party; yet at this period, (1710, when, as he himself expreffed it, fury feemed to be let loofe upon him), Mrs Howland prefented him to the rectory of Streatham in Surry, unafked, and without-his having been seen by her. Soon after the acceffion of K. George I. he was confecrated Bp. of Ban gor: But in 1717, having broached some opinions concerning the nature of Chrift's kingdom, & be again became the object of popular clamour; when he was diftinguished by another mark of royal regard, by the convocation being fucceffively prorogued, till that refentment had fubfided. In 1721, he was tranflated to Hereford; in 1923, to Salisbury; and in 1734, to Winchester : when he published his Plain Account of the Sacrament; which which alfo occafioned much controverfy. His latter days were embittered by a vile instance of fraud and ingratitude, committed by a French prieft, who, pretending to abjure his religion, was taken under his protection, with no other recommendation than his neceffities; in return for, which, the priest, getting the bishop's name written by his own hand, caused a note of fome thousand pounds to be placed before it, and offered it in payment. But the bishop denying it to be his, it was brought before a court of juftice, and was there found to be a grofs impofition. The ungrateful villain had now recourfe to a pamphlet, in which he charged the bishop with being a drunkard; and alleged that he had the note of him when he was in liquor. But the public acquitted the bifhop of all fufpicion of fuch a charge. As a writer, he possessed uncommon abilities. His fermons (published in 1754 and 1755) are esteemed inferior to few writings in the English language, for plainness and perpiscuity, energy, and ftrength of reafoning, and a free and mafterly style. In private life, he was naturally facetious, eafy, and complying; fond of company, yet would frequently leave it for study or devotion. He was every where happy; and particularly in his own family, where he took all op. portunities of instructing by his influence and example. He died in 1761, aged 83. Befides the above, he wrote, 1. Terms of Acceptance, 8vo. 2. Reasonableness of Conformity. 3. On the Sacrament. His tracts and pamphlets are extremely numerous; and the reader may fee a catalogue of them in the Supplement to the Biog. Brit. (2.) HOADLEY, Benjamin, M. D. and F. R. S. fon of the bishop, (N° 1.) was born in 1706; and Atudied at Bennet college, Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr Herring, (afterwards Abp.) Applying himself to mathematics and philofophy, he was, when very young, admitted a member of the Royal Society. He was made regifter of Hereford, and was appointed phyfician to his majesty's houfehold, but died at his house in Chelsea, in 1757. He wrote, 1. Three letters on the organs of respiration, 4to. 2. The Sufpicious Husband, a comedy. 3. Obfervations on a series of electrical experiments; and, 4..Oratio anniversaria, in Theatro Col. Med. Londin. ex Harvei inftituto, habita die Oob. 1742. HOAI-KING, a town of China, in the prov. of Honan, 15 miles SSW. of Pekin. Lon. 130.20. E. of Ferro. Lat. 35. 6. N. HOAI-NGAN-Fou, a city of China, in the prov. of Kiang-nan, fituated in a marsh, and enclosed by a triple wall. As the ground on which it ftands is lower than the bed of the canal, the inhabitants live in continual dread of an inundation. The fuburbs extend 3 miles on each fide of the - canal, and form a kind of port on the river Hoangho. This city is very populous, and has a brisk trade. One of thofe great mandarins who have the infpection of the canals and navigation, refides here. This city has 11 others under its jurifdiction; two of which are of the 2d, and nine of the 3d class. Lon. 136. 13. E. of Ferro. Lat. 53. 30. N. HOANG-HO. See YELLOW RIVER. (1.) HOANG-TCHEOU, a city of China of the *HOARD. n. f. {hord, Saxon] A store laid up in fecret; a hidden stock; a treasure.→ I have a venturous fairy, that shall seek The fquirrel's board, and fetch thee, thence new nuts. Shakespeare. They might have even starved, had it not been for this providential reserve, this board, that was ftowed in the ftrata underneath, and now feasonably difclofed. Woodward. * (1.) To HOARD. v. a. 1. To lay in hoards; to husband privily; to ftore fecretly.- The boarded plague of the gods requite your love! Shakespeare. You board not health for your own private ufe, But on the publick spend the rich produce. Dryd. You will be unfuccefsful, if you give out of a great man, who is remarkable for his frugality for the publick, that he fquanders away the nation's money; but you may fafely relate that he boards it. Arbuthnot's Art of Political Lying. A fuperfluous abundance tempts us to forget God, when it is boarded in our treasures, or confidered as a fafe, independent provifion laid up for many years, Rogers. 2. It is fometimes enforced by the particle up. I have juft occafion to complain of them, who, because they understood Chaucer, would board him up as mifers do their grandam's gold, only to look on it themselves, and hinder others from making use of it. Dryden. The bafe wretch who boards up all he can, Is prais'd, and call'd a careful thrifty man. Dryd. (2.) To HOARD. v. n. To make hoards; to lay up ftore. He fear'd not once himself to be in need, Nor car'd to board for those whom he did breed. Spenfer. Happy always was it for that fon, Whofe father for his boarding went to hell. Shak. * HOARDER. n.f. [froad hoard.] One that ftores up in fecret.-Since commodities will be raised, this alteration will be an advantage to nobody but hoarders of money. Locke. (1.) HOAR-FROST. n. f. [hoar and froft.] The congelations of dew in froity mornings on the grafs. When the dew was gone up, behold upon the face of the wilderness there lay a fall round thing, as fmall as the boar-froft on the ground. Exod. xvi. 14.—In Fahrenheit's thermometer, at thirty-two degrees, the water in the air begins to freeze, which is hoar:frosts. Arbuthnot. Z. z 2 (2.) HOAR. (2) HOAR-FROST, according to many Cartelians, is formed of a cloud, and either congealed in the cloud, and fo let fall, or ready to be congealed as foon as it arrives at the earth. Hoar-froft, M. Regis obferves, confists of an assemblage of little parcels of ice cryftals, which are of various figures, according to the different difpofitions of the vapours, when met and condensed by the cold. Then in full age, and hoary holiness, Retire, great preacher, to thy promis'd blifs. 3. White with frost: 'Prior. The feafons alter; hoary headed frofts Fall in the freth lap of the crimson 'rofe. Shak. 4. Mouldy; molly; rufty.-There was brought out of the city into the camp very coarfe, boary (1.)* HOARHOUND. n. f. [marrubium, Lat. A moulded bread. Knolles's Hiflory. plant.-Hoarbound has its leaves and flower-cup covered very thick with a white hoarinefs: it is famous for the relief it gives in moift afthmas, of which a thick and viscous matter is the caufe; but it is now little ufed. Hill. (2.) HOARHOUND. See MARRUBIUM. (3.) HOARHOUND, WHITE. See BALLOTA. * HOARINESS. u. f. [from hoary.] The ftate of being whitith; the colour of old men's hair. He grows a wolf, his boarinefs remains, And the fame rage in other members reigns. Dryd. * HOARSE. adj. [bas, Saxon; beerfeb, Dutch.] Having the voice rough, as with a cold; having a rough found. Come, fit, fit, and a song. Clap into't roundly, without hawking or fpit- thore. governed by a Mogul Prince, who is a tributary HOATCHIT, a country of Chinese Tartary, to the empire: feated N. of Pekin. Lat.44.0. N. HOATH, a promontory of Ireland, on the W. coaft, N. of the entrance into Dublin bay. HOATSIANG, a town of Thibet, 30 miles "SE. of Hami. Arabs, the worship of which at Mecca was deHOBAL, în mythology, an idol of the ancient stroyed by Mahomet. HOBBES, Thomas, a famous writer, born at Malmsbury in 1588, was the fon of a clergyman. He completed his ftudies at Oxford, and was afterwards governor to the E. of Devonshire's eldeft -fon; whom he attended in his travels through France and Italy. 'He'tranflated Thucydides into English; and published his tranflation in 1628, to fhow his countrymen, from the Athenian history, the diforders and confufions of a democratical government. In 1626 his patron the E. of Devonfhire died; and in 1628 his fon died alfo: which lofs affected Mr Hobbes to fuch a degree, that he willingly accepted an offer of going abroad with ingly accompanied into France, where he staid the fon of Sir Gervafe Clifton; whom he accordTome time. While he continued there, be was folicited to return to England, and to refume his concern for the hopes of that family to whom he owed fo many and fo great obligations. In 1631 had attached himself fo early, and to which he the countefs dowager of Devonshire defired to about the age of 13. This was very fuitable to put the young earl under his care, who was then truft with great fidelity. In 1634 he republifhed Mr Hobbes's inclination, who discharged that his tranflation of Thucydides, and prefixed to it (2.) HOARSENESS is a diminution or temporary gives a long character of his father, and reprefents a dedication to that young nobleman, in which he lofs of the voice, fometimes attended with a pre-in the ftrongeft terms the obligations he was unternatural afperity or roughness of utterance. The parts affected are the trachea and larynx. It is occafioned by a flight inflammation of the mucous membrane covering thofe parts; and is relieved by mucilaginous linetufes; warm diluting drinks, fuch as bran tea, linfeed tea, &c.; affifted by opi I had a voice in heav'n, ere fulph'rous fteams ates and fudorific medicines taken at bed-time. Thus the refted on her arm reclin'd, The boary willows waving with the wind. Addif. 2. White or grey with age. A comely palmer, clad in black attire, Of ripeft years, and hairs all boary grey. Spenf. -Solyman, marvelling at the courage and majef. ty of the hoary old prince in his fo great extremity, difmiffed him, and fent him again into the city. Knolles's Hiftory. Has then my hoary head deferv'd no better? der to that illuftrious family. The fame year he accompanied his noble pupil to Paris, where he applied his vacant hours to the study of natural philofophy; especially to the perfect underftanding of mechanifm, and the caufes of animal motion. He had frequent conversations upon these fubjects with father Marin Merfenne; a man defervedly famous, and who kept up a correfpondence with almost all the learned in Europe. From Paris he attended his pupil into Italy, where at Pifa he became known to that great aftronomer GALILEO, who communicated to him his notions markable in that country, he returned with the very freely; and after having feen all that was reE. of Devonshire into England. Afterwards, forefeeing the civil wars, he went to feek a retreat at Paris; where, by the good offices of F. MerCARTES, and afterwards held a correfpondence fenne, he became known to the famous DES with hitn upon feveral mathematical subjects, as appeare appears from his letters published in Des Cartes's 92. His character and manners are thus defcribed works. But when this philofopher printed his by Dr White Kennet, in his Memoirs of the CaMeditations, wherein he attempted to eftablifh vendish family. "The earl of Devonshire (fays points of the highest confequence from innate he) for his whole life entertained Mr Hobbes in -ideas, Mr Hobbes diffented from him; as did alfo his family, as his old tutor, rather than as his the illuftrions Peter Gaffendi, with whom Mr friend or confident. He let him live under his Hobbes contracted a very clofe friendship, which roof in eafe and plenty, and in his own way, withcontinued till Gaffendi's death. In 1642, Mr out making use of him in any public, or so much Hobbes printed a few copies of his famous book as domeftic affairs. He would often express an De Give, which, in proportion as it became known, abhorrence of some of his principles in policy and railed him many adverfaries, who charged him religion; and both he and his lady would frequentwith inftilling principles of a dangerous tendency. dy put off the mention of his name, and fay, "He Among many illuftrious perfons who, upon hip- was a humourift, and nobody could account for wreck of the royal caufe, retired to France for him. His profeffed rule of health was to dedifafety, was Sir Charles Cavendish, brother to the cate the morning to his exercife, and the afternoon duke of Newcastle: and this gentleman, being to his ftudies. And therefore, at his first rifing, skilled in every branch of the mathematics, proved he walked out, and climbed any bill within his a conftant friend and patron to Mr Hobbes; who, reach; or if the weather was not dry, he fatigued by engaging, in 1645, in a controverfy about himself within doors by some exercise or other, to fquaring the circle, became fo famous, that, in be in a fweat: recommending that practice upon 1647, he was recommended to inftruct Charles this opinion, that an old man had more moisture prince of Wales, afterwards king Charles II. in than heat, and therefore by fuch motion heat was mathematics; an office which he discharged much to be acquired and moisture expelled. He used to his fatisfaction. In 1647 was printed in Hol- to fay, that it was lawful to make use of ill inftruland, by M. Sorbiere, a more complete edition of ments to do ourselves good: If I were cast (says his book De Give; to which are prefixed two La- The) into a deep pit, and the devil fhould put down tin letters to the editor, by Mr Gaffendi, and F. his cloven foot, I would take hold of it to be Merfenne, in commendation of it: and in 1650 drawn out by it.' He could not endure to be left was published at London, a small treatife of Mr in an empty house. Whenever the earl removed, Hobbes's, entitled, Human Nature; and another, he would go along with him, even to his last stage, De corpore politico, or, Of the elements of the law. from Chatfworth to Hardwick. When he was in All this time he had been digefting his religious, a very weak condition, he dared not to be left bepolitical, and moral principles, into a complete hind, but made his way upon a feather-bed in a fyftem, called the Leviathan, which was printed coach, though he furvived the journey but a few at London in 1650 and 1651. After this he re- days. He could not bear any discourse of death, turned to England, and paffed the fummer com- and feemed to caft off all thoughts of it: he demonly at the earl of Devonshire's feat, and fome lighted to reckon upon longer life. The winter of his winters in town, where he had for his inti- before he died, he made a warm coat, which he mate friends some of the greateft men of the age. faid muft laft him three years, and then he would In 1660, upon the restoration, he came up to have fuch another. In his laft fickness his freLondon, where he obtained from the king an an- quent queftions were, Whether his disease was nual penfion of 16ol. But, in 166, his Leviathan, curable? and when intimations were given, that and his treatise De Cive, were cenfured by parlia- he might have eafe, but no remedy, he used this ment; which alarmed him very much, as did alfo expreffion, I fhall be glad to find a hole to creep the bringing in of a bill into the houfe of com- out of the world at;' which are reported to have mons to panifh atheism and profanenefs. When been his laft fenfible words; and his lying fome this ftorm was blown over, he procured a beauti- days following in a filent ftupefaction, did feem ful edition of his pieces in Latin, to be published owing to his mind more than his body." The in 4to, in 1668, by John Bleau. In 1669, he was Rev. Mr Granger obferves, that Hobbes's ftyle is vifited by Cofmo de Medicis, afterwards duke of incomparably better than that of any other writer Tuscany, who gave him ample marks of his ef- in the reign of Charles I. and was for its uncomteem; and having received his picture, and a common strength and purity fcarcely equalled in the plete collection of his writings, cauled them to be repofited among his curiofities, and in his library at Florence. He was alfo vifited by foreign am baffadors and other ftrangers, who were curious to fee a person whose fingular opinions had made fo much noife. In 1672 he wrote his own life in Latin verle, when he had completed his 84th year: and in 1694, he published in English verfe 4 books of Homer's Odyfley; which were fo well received, that he tranflated the whole Iliad and Odyfley, which he likewife published in 1675. About this time he went to fpend the remainder of his days in Derbyshire: where, notwithstanding his advanced age, he published several pieces, to be found in his works. He died in 1679, aged fucceeding reign." He has in translation (fays he) done Thucydides as much juftice as he has done injury to Homer; but he looked upon himfelf as born for much greater things than treading in the steps of his predeceffors. He was for ftriking out new paths in fcience, government, and religion; and for removing the land-marks of former ages. His ethics have a ftrong tendency to corrupt our morals, and his politics to destroy that liberty which is the birthright of every human creature. He is commonly reprefented as a feeptic in religion, and dogmatist in philosophy; but he was a dogmatift in both. The main principles of his Leviathan are as little founded in moral or evangelical truths, as the rules he has laid down for |