gotry in religion, and was himself a bigot to phi. lofophy."

(2.) HERBERT, George, an English poet and divine, brother to Edward, (N°. 1.) was born in 1593, and educated at Cambridge. In 1619 he was chofen public orator of that univerfity, and afterwards obtained a finecure from the king. In 1626 he was appointed prebendary of Layton Ecclefia, in the diocese of Lincoln, and in 1630, rector of Bamerton, near Sarum. The great lord Bacon had fuch an opinion of his judgment, that he would not fuffer his works to be printed before they had paffed his examination. He wrote a volume of devout poems, called The Temple, and a profe work, entitled, The Priests to the Temple, or The Country Parfon, &c. He died about 1635. (3.) HERBERT, Mary, counters of Pembroke, was fifter of the famous Sir Philip Sidney, and wife of Henry earl of Pembroke. She was not only a lover of the Mufes, but a great encourager of polite literature. Her brother dedicated his incomparable romance Arcadia to her. She tranf lated a dramatic piece from the French, entitled Antonius, a tragedy. She alfo turned the pfalms of David into English metre; but it is doubtful whether thefe works were ever printed. She died in 1621. An exalted character of her is given in Francis Ofborne's memoirs of king James I.

(4.) HERBERT, Sir Thomas, an eminent gentleman of the Pembroke family, born at York, where his father was an alderman. William earl of Pembroke (fee N° 5.) fent him to travel at his expense in 1626, and he spent 4 years in vifiting Afia and Africa., His expectations of preferment ending with the death of the earl, he went abroad again, and travelled over feveral parts of Europe. In 1634, he published, in folio, "A Relation of fome years Travel into Africa and the Greater Afia, especially the Territories of the Perfian monarchy, and fome parts of the Oriental Indies and ifles adjacent." On the breaking out of the civil war, he adhered to the parliament; and at Oldenby, on the removal of the king's fervants, he and James Harrington were retained as grooms of his bed-chamber, and attended him even to the block. At the restoration he was created a baronet by Charles II. for his faithful fervices to his father during his two laft years. In 1678 he wrote Threnodia Carolina, containing an account of the two laft years of the life of Charles I. and he affifted Sir William Dugdale in compiling the 3d volume of his Monafticon Anglicanum. He died at York in 1682, leaving feveral MSS. to the public libraries at Oxford and York.

(5.) HERBERT, William, earl of Pembroke was born at Wilton in Wiltshire, 1580: and ad mitted of New-college in Oxford in 1592, where he continued about two years. In 1601, he fucceeded to his father's honours and eftate; was made K. G. in 1604; and governor of Portsmouth in 1610. In 1626, he was elected chancellor of the university of Oxford; and appointed lord steward of the king's household, He died fuddenly at his houfe called Baynard's caffle, in London, April 30, 1630; according to the calculation of his nativity, fays Wood, made feveral years before by

Mr Thomas Allen of Gloucefterhall. Clarendon relates concerning this calculation, that fome confiderable perfons connected with lord Pembroke being met at Maidenhead, one of them at fupper drank a health to the lord fteward: upon which another faid, that he believed his lordship was at that time very merry; for he had now outlived the day, which it had been prognofticated upon his nativity he would not outlive; but he had outlived it now, for that was his birth-day, which had completed his age to 50 years. The next morn ing, however, they received the news of his death. Lord Pembroke was not only a great favourer of learned and ingenious men, but was himself learned, and endued with a confiderable share of poetic genius. All that are extant of his productions were published with this title: "Poems written by William Earl of Pembroke, &c. many of which are answered by way of repartee by Sir Benjamin Rudyard, with other Poems written by them oc cafionally and apart," 1660, 8vo. * HERBESCENT. adj. [herbefcens, Latin.} Growing into herbs. HERBESOS, or an ancient city of Sicily, HERBESSUS, mentioned by Livy. HERBID. adj. [berbidus, Latin.] Covered with herbs.

}

HERBIERS, a town of France, in the dept. of the Vendee, 7 miles SSW. of Montagne, and 13 SE. of Montaigu.

HERBIGNAC, a town of France, in the dep. of the Lower Loire, 9 miles NE. of Guerande. HERBINIUS, John, a native of Birfchen in Silefia, born in 1632. He wrote a work entitled, De Statu Ecclefiarum Auguftana confeffionis in Polonia; 4to, 1670: and several curious tracts on Cataracts and Waterfalls, also in Latin. He died in 1676, aged 44.

HERBIPOLIS, an ancient city of Franconia, now called WURTZBURG.

HERBITA, an ancient city of Sicily, now called Nicofia.

HERBIVOROUS. adj. feeding on herbs.

* HERBORIST. n.. [from herb.] One curious in herbs. This feems a mistake for berbarist. A curious herborift has a plant, whose flower perifhes in about an hour. Ray.

HERBORN, a town of Germany, in Weftphalia, and Naffau-Dillenburg, with a castle, on the Dille; a celebrated univerfity, founded in 1584, and manufactures of woollen and iron. It was taken by the French under Jourdan in June 1796. It lies 3 miles SSE. of Dillenberg. Lon. 8. 20. E. Lat. 59. 34, N.

* HERBOROUGH. n. f. [herberg, German.] Place of temporary refidence. Now written harbour.-The German lord, when he went out of Newgate into the cart, took order to have his arms fet up in his last herborough. Ben Jonfon.

HERBOUS. adj. [berbofus, Latin.] Abounding with herbs.

HERBRAM, a town of Weftphalia, in Paderborn, 4 miles SW. of Dringenberg.

HERBSTEIN, a town of Germany, in the bifhopric of Fulda, 13 miles W. of Fulda, and 16 SE, of Marpurg,

HERBULENT.

HERBULENT. adj. [from berbula:] Con taining herbs.

Dig.

HERBWOMAN. n. f. [herb and woman.] A woman that fells herbs.-I was like to be pull ed to pieces by brewer, butcher, and baker; even my berb-woman dunned me as I went along. Arbuthnot.

HERBY. adj. [from herb.] Having the nature of herbs.--No fubftance but earth, and the procedures of earth, as tile and ftone, yieldeth any mofs or herby fubftance. Bacon.'

HERCULANEUM, an ancient city of Campania in Italy, which was deftroyed by an eruption of Veluvius in the first year of the emperor Titus, or the 79th of the Christian era, and lately rendered famous on account of the curious monuments of antiquity difcovered in its ruins; an account of which has been published by order of the king of Naples, in a work of fix volumes folio. The epocha of the foundation of Herculaneum is unknown. Dionyfius Halicarnaffenfis conjectures that it may be referred to 60 years before the war of Troy, or about A. A. C. 1342; and therefore that it lafted about 1400 years. The thickness of the heap of lava, by which the city was overwhelmed, has been much increased by fiery ftreams vomited fince that cataftrophe; and now forms a mafs 24 feet deep of dark grey stone, which is eafily broken to pieces. By its non-adhesion to foreign bodies, marbles and bronzes are preferved in it as in a cafe made to fit them, and exact moulds of the faces and limbs of ftatues are frequently found in this fubftance. The precife fituation of this fubterraneous city was not known till 1713, when it was accidentally difcovered by fome labourers, who, in digging a well, ftruck upon a ftatue on the benches of the theatre. Many others were afterwards dug out and fent to France by the prince of Elbœuf. But little progrefs was made in the excavations, till Charles infant of Spain afcended the Neapolitan throne, by whofe unwearied efforts and liberality a very confiderable part of Herculaneum has been explored, and fuch treafures of antiquity drawn out as form the moft curious museum in the world. It being too arduous a task to attempt removing the covering, the king contented himself with cutting galleries to the principal buildings, and caufing the extent of one or two of them to be cleared. Of these the thea tre is the moft confiderable. On a balluftrade which divided the orchestra from the ftage, was found a row of statues; and, on each fide of the pulpitum, the equeftrian figure of a perfon of the Nonian family. They are now placed under porticos of the palace; and from the great rarity of equeftrian statues in marble, would be very valuable objects, were the workmanship even lefs excellent than it is one of them in particular is a very fine piece of fculpture. Since the king of Spain left Naples, the digging has been continued, but with lefs fpirit and expenditure; indeed the collection of curiofities brought out of Herculaneum and Pompeii is already fo confiderable, that a relaxation of zeal and activity becomes excufeable. (See POMPEII.) They are now arranged in a wing of the palace; and confift not only of ftatues, bufts, altars, inferiptions, and other orna

mental appendages of opulence and luxury; but alfo comprehend an entire affortment of the domeftic, mufical, and chirurgical inftruments used by the ancients; tripods of elegant form and exquifite execution, lamps in endless variety, vases and bafons of noble dimenfions, chandeliers of the most beautiful shapes, pateras and other appurtenances of facrifice, looking-glaffes of polished metal, coloured glass, fo hard, clear, and well ftained, as to appear emeralds, fapphires, and other precious ftones; a kitchen completely fitted up with copper pans lined with filver kettles, cifterns for heating water, and every utenfi! neceffary for culinary purposes; fpecimens of various forts of combustibles, retaining their form, though burnt to a cinder; corn, bread, fish, oil, wine, and flour; a lady's toilet, fully furnished with combs, thimbles, rings, paint, ear-rings, &c. Among the ftatues, which are numerous, a Mercury and a fleeping fawn are moft admired by connoiffeurs. The bufts fill feveral rooms; but very few of the originals whom they were meant to imitate are known. The floors are paved with ancient Mofaic. Few rare medals have been found in thefe ruins; the most curious is a gold medallion of Auguftus, ftruck in Sicily in the 15th year of his reign. The fresco paintings, which, for the fake of prefervation, have been torn off the walls and framed and glazed, are to be seen in another part of the palace. "The elegance of the attitudes, and the infinite variety of the fubjects (Mr Swinburne obferves,) ftamp them as performances wor thy of the attention of artifts and antiquarians; but no pictures yet found are mafterly enough to prove that the Greeks carried the art of painting to as great a height of perfection as they did that of ftatuary. Yet can we fuppofe those authors incapable of appreciating the merits of an Apelles or a Zeuxis, who with fo much critical difcernment have pointed out the beauties of the works of a Phidias or a Praxiteles, beauties that we have ftill an opportunity of contemplating? would they have beltowed equal praises on both kinds of performances, if either of them had been much inferior to the other? I think it is not probable; and we must prefume that the capital productions of the ancient painters, being of more perishable materials than bufts and ftatues, have been destroyed in the fatal difafters that have so often afflicted both Greece and Italy. Herculaneum and Pompeii were but towns of the fecond order, and not likely to poffefs the mafterpieces of the great artists, which were ufually deftined to adorn the more celebrated temples, or the palaces of kings and em perors." A more valuable acquifition was thought to be made, when a large parcel of MSS. was found among the ruins. Hopes were entertained, that many works of the ancients were now going to be restored to light, and that a new mine of fcience was on the point of being opened. But the difficulty of unrolling the burnt parchment, of pafting the fragments on a flat surface, and of decyphering the obfcure letters, have proved fach obftacles, that very little progrefs has been made in the work. A prieft invented a method of proceeding; but it would require the joint labours of many learned men to carry on fo nice and tedious Ffa

an

an operation with fuccefs. The plan is dropped; and the MSS. now lie in dufty heaps, as ufelefs to the learned world as they had been for the preceding 17 centuries.

HERCULEAN, adj. [from Hercules.] Belonging to, or refembling Hercules; as, a Herculean labour, a work requiring the ftrength of Hercules.

(1.) HERCULES, in fabulous hiftory, a moft renowned Grecian hero, who after death was ranked among the gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients, there were many perfons of this name. Diodorus mentions 3, Cicero 6, and fome authors no less than 43. Of all thefe, one generally called the Theban Hercules is the most celebrated; and to him the actions of the others have been attributed. He is reported to have been the fon of Jupiter by Alcmena (wife to Amphitryon king of Argos', whom Jupiter enjoyed in the fhape of her husband while he was abfent; and in order to add the greater ftrength to the child, made that amorous night as long as three. Amphitryon baving foon after accidentally killed his uncle and father-in-law Electryon, was obliged to fly to Thebes, where Hercules was born. The jealoufy of Juno prompting her to deftroy the infant, fhe fent two ferpents to kill him in the cradle, but young Hercules ftrangled them both. He was early inftructed in the liberal arts: Caftor the fon of Tyndarus taught him to fight; Eurytus to shoot; Autolicus to drive a chariot; Linus to play on the lyre; and Eumolpus to fing; while the inftructions of Chiron, the centaur, rendered him the most valiant and accomplished hero of the age. In his 18th year he delivered the neighbourhood of mount Citharon from a huge lion, which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon, and laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the court of Thefpius king of Thefpes, who fhared in the general calamity, by whom he was hof pitably entertained for 50 days: but he made a bad return, for the king's 50 daughters became mothers by him during his ftay at Thefpis, and fome fay in one night. He next delivered his country from the tribute of 100 oxen, annually paid to Erginus. Such public fervices became univerfally known; and Creon king of Thebes rewarded his patriotic deeds by giving him his daughter in marriage, and entrüfting him with the government. Euryftheus, the fon of Amphitryon, having fucceeded his father, became jealous of Hercules; and left he fhould deprive him of his crown, left no means untried to get rid of him. On this Her. cules confulted the oracle; but being answered that it was the pleasure of the gods that he should ferve Euryftheus 12 years, he fell into a deep me ancholy, which at laft ended in a furious madness; during which, among other defperate actions, he put away his wife Megara, and murdered all the children he had by her. As an expiation of this crime, the king impofed upon him 12 labours, furpafling the power of all other mortals to accomplish, which nevertheless our hero performed with eafe, the favours of the gods having indeed completely armed him. He had received a coat of armour and helmet from Minerva, a fword from Mercury, a horfe from Neptune, a fhield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from

Vulcan a golden cuirafs and brazen bufkin, with a celebrated club of brafs. His ift labour was the killing of a lion in Nemea, a wood of Achaia; whofe hide was proof against any weapon, fo that he was forced to feize him by the throat and ftrangle him. He carried the dead beaft on his fhoul ders to Mycenae, and ever after clothed himfelt with the skin. Euryftheus was fo aftonished at the fight of the beaft, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without the walls. He even got a brazen vessel made, into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The ad labour was to deftroy the Lernæan hydra, which had 7 heads according to Apollodorus, so according to Simonides, and 190 according to Diodorus. This monfter he firft attacked with his arrows; but foon after, by means of his heayy club, he deftroyed the heads of his enemy. This, however, was productive of no advantage; for as foon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club, two fprang up; and the labour of Hercules would have remained unfinished, had not he commanded his friend Iolaus to burn with a hot iron the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces. This succeeded; and Hercules became victorious, opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall, to render the wounds they should give incurable. He was ordered in his 3d labour to bring alive and unhurt into the prefence of Euryltheus a ftag, famous for its incredible swiftnefs, its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented the neighbourhood of Œnoe; and Hercules was employed for a whole year in purfuing it; at last he caught it in a trap, or when tired. The 4th labour was to bring aliye to Euryftheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he deftroyed the centaurs, and caught the boar by clofely pursuing him through the deep fnow. Euryftheus was fo frightened at the fight of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vellel for fome days. In his 5th labour Hercules was ordered to clean the ftables of Augeas, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. For his 6th labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia. In hia 7th labour he brought alive, in the Peleponnefus, a prodigious wild bull which laid wafte the ind of Crete. In his 8th labour he was employed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, king of Thrace, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurytheus; who fent them to mount Olympus, where they were devoured by wild beafts; though fome fay they were confecrated to Jupiter, and that a breed of them ftill exifled in the age of Alexander the Great. For his 9th labour, he was commanded to obtain the gir dle of the queen of the Amazons. In his Icth labour he killed the monfter GERYON king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flecks which fed upon human flefh. This was in Iberia or Spain; in the furtheft parts of which he erected his two pillars as the utmoft limits of the then known world. Thefe ten labours he achieved in

about

about 8 years. In this last expedition he likewife killed Antæus, a monstrous giant, who, when weary with wrestling or labour, was immediately refremhed by touching his mother the Earth. Hercules overcame him in wrestling, and flew him; and after him the tyrant Bufiris, king of Egypt, who ufed to facrifice all ftrangers upon his altars; but was flain by Hercules, with all his attendants. His 11th labour was the carrying away the Hefperian golden apples kept by a dragon: (See HESPERIDES.) The 12th and laft, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring up to the earth the three headed dog Cerberus. Defcending into hell by a cave on mount Tænarus, he was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Thefeus and Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell, and Cerberus alfo was granted to his prayers, provided he made ufe of no arms to drag him away. Hercules carried him back to hell after he had brought him before Euryftheus. Many other exploits were performed by Hercules. He accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to Eurystheus. He aflifted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was through him that Jupiter obtained the victory. Ile conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. When lole, the daughter of Eurytus king of Echalia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he fell into a 2d fit of infanity, and murdered Iphitus, the only one of the fons of Eurytus who favoured his addreffes to Iole. He was afterwards purified of the murder, and his infanity ceafed; but he was vifited by a diforder which obliged him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The coldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he refolved to plunder Apollo's temple, and carry away the facred tripod. Apollo oppofed him, and a fevere conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have fettled. He was upon this told by the oracle that he must be fold as a flave, and remain 3 years in the most abject fervitude to recover from his diforder. He complied, and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale, queen of Lydia, to whom he was fold as a flave. Here he cleared all the country from robbers; and Omphale, aftonished at the greatness of his exploits, married him. Hercules had Agelaus and Lamon by Omphale, from whom Crofus king of Lydia was defcended. He became alfo enamoured of one of Omphale's female fervants, by whom he had Alcæus. After he had completed the years of his flavery, he returned to Peloponnefus, where he restored to the throne of Sparta Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejanira's fuitors, and, after overcoming all his rivals, married her. He was obliged to leave Calydon his father-in-law's kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man with a blow of his fift; and on this account he was not prefent at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia, who received him and his wife with great marks of friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed at Calydon. He next made war against Eurytus, who had refufed him his daughter Iole, and killed him with three of his fons.

Iole fell into his hands, and accompanied him to mount Œta, where he intended to offer a folemn facrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then the shirt and tunic in which he facrificed, he fent Lichas to Trachin to Dejanira, to provide him a proper drefs. Dejanira had fome time before been at→ tempted by the Centaur Neffus, as he was ferrying her over the river Evenus; and Hercules beholding it from the fhore, had mortally wounded him with one of his poifoned arrows. Nellus, finding himself dying, advised her to mix fome oil with the blood which flowed from his wound, and to anoint her husband's fhirt with it, pretending that it would infallibly fecure him from loving any other woman; and fhe, apprized of his inconftancy, had actually prepared the poifoned ointment accordingly. Lichas coming to her for the garments, acquainted her with his having brought away lole: upon which fhe annointed his fhirt with the fatal mixture. This had no fooner touched his body, than he felt the poison diffused through his veins; the violent pain of which made him difband his army, and return to Trachin. His torment increafing, he fent to confult the oracle for a cure; and was anfwered, that he should caufe himself to be conveyed to mount ta, and there rear up a pile of wood, and leave the reft to Jupiter. Having obeyed the oracle, and his pains becoming intolerable, he dressed himself in his martial habit, flung himself upon the pile, and defired the bystanders to fet fire to it; or, as others fay, his fon Philoctetes, who having performed his father's command, had his bow and arrows given him as a reward. At the fame time Jupiter fent a flash of lightning, which confumed both the pile and the hero; Iolaus, coming to take up his bones, found nothing but afhes; from which it was concluded, that he was gone to heaven, and admitted among the gods. His friends raised an altar where the burning pile had ftood; and Menotius the fon of Actor facrificed a bull, a wild boar, and a goat; and enjoined the people of Opus to obferve thefe ceremonies annually. His worship foon became as universal as his fame; and Juno, forgetting her refentment, gave him her daughter HEBE in marriage. Hercules has many furnames, from the places where his worship was established, and from the labours he had achieved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies entered his temple at Rome: and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always forbidden to women and pigs. The Phenicians offered quails on his altars; and as he was fupposed to prefide over dreams, the fick and infirm were fent to fleep in his temples, that they might receive in their dreams the agreeable prefages of their approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated to his fervice. Nope even of the twelve great gods of antiquity have fo many ancient monuments as Herenles. The famous ftatue of Hercules, in the Farnefe palace at Rome, is well known to the connoiffeurs. It reprefents him refting after the laft of his twelve labours above recited, leaning on his club, and holding the apples of the Hefperides in his hand. In this ftatue, as in all the other figures of him, he is formed, by the breadth of his fhoulders, the fpacioufnefs of his cheft, the

largenefs