heraldic diftin&tions in proper terms, fo as not to omit any thing that ought to be fpecified, and at the fame time to be clear and concife without tautology. II. Begin with the tincture of the field, and then proceed to the principal charges which poffefs the moft honourable place in the field, fuch as Fefs, Cheveron, &c. always naming that charge first, which lies next and immediately upon the field. JII. After naming the tincture of the field, the honourable ordinaries, or other principal figures, specify their attributes, and afterwards their metal or colour. IV. When an honourable ordinary, or fome one figure, is placed upon another, whether it be a Fefs, Cheweron, Crofs, &e. it is always to be named after the ordinary or figure over which it is placed, with one of thefe expreffions, fur tout, baccher mon or over allbitu, d. 2 V. In blazoning fuch ordinaries as are plain, the bare mention of them is fufficient; but if an ordinary should be made of any of the crooked lines mentioned above, its form must be specified; that is, whether it be Engrailed, Wavy, &c. VL. When a principal figure poflefles the centre of the field, its pofition is not to be expreffed: or (which amounts to the fame thing), when a bear ing is named, without specifying the point where it is placed, then it is understood to poffefs the middle of the fhield. VII. The number of the points of mullets or cutcheon, and of distributing their contingent or naments in proper places. Various caules may occafion arms to be thus conjoined, which J. Guillim comprises under two heads, viz. manifeft and obfcure. What this learned and judi cious herald means by manifeft caufes, in the marfhalling of coats of arms, are fuch as betoken marriages, or a fovereign's gift, granted either through the fpecial favour of the prince, or for fome eminent fervices. Concerning marriages it is to be obferved, I. When the coats of arms of a married couple, defcended of diftinct families, are to be put together in one efcutcheon, the field of their refpective arms is conjoined pale-ways, and blazoned parted per Pale, Baron and Femme, tauo coats; first, &c. In which cafe the baron's arms are always to be placed on the dexter fide, and the femme's arms on the finifter side. See Plate CLXXX. IL. If a widower marry again, his late and prefent wife's arms are, according to G. Leigh, "to be both placed on the finifter side, in the efcutcheon, with his own, and parted per Pale. The firft wife's coat fhall stand on the Chief, and the fe cond on the Base, or he may fet them both in Pale with, his own, the first wife's coat next to himself, and his fecond outermoft. If he should marry a 3d wife, then the two first matches shall ftand on the Chief, and the third shall have the whole Base. And if he take a 4th wife, she must participate one half of Bafe with the third to be fo many coats alfo, if a mullet or any other charge be pierced, it quaftered." But the of impaling are must be mentioned as such, to diftinguish it from -what is plain. a VIII. When a ray of the fun, or other fingle figure, is borne in any other part of the efcutcheon than the centre, the point it iffues from must be named. IX. The natural colour of trees, plants, fruits, birds, &c. is no otherwife to be expreffed in blazoning but by the word proper; but if difcoloured, that is, if they differ from their natural colour, it muft be particularized. X. When three figures are in a field, and their -pofition is not mentioned in the blazoning, they are always understood to be placed two above, and one below.. XI. When there are many figures of the fame fpecies borne in a coat of arms, their number must be obferved as they stand, and diftinctly expressed. See Plates CLXXVIII. and CLXXIX. There are other pofitions called irregular; as for example, when three figures which are naturally placed 2 and 1, are difpofed 1 and 2, &c. It muft alfo be obferved, that when the field is ftrewed with the fame figures, this is expreffed by the word femée; but if the figures ftrewed on the field are whole ones, it must be denoted by the words fans nombre; whereas, if part of them is cut off at the extremities of the efcutcheon, the word femée or femi is then to be used. CHAP. VI. Of MARSHALLING COATS OF ARMS. By marshalling coats of arms, is to be underRood the art of difpofing divers of them in one ef meant of hereditary-coats, whereby the husband ftands in expectation of having the hereditary poffeflions of his wife united to his patrimony. If a man marry a widow, he marthals her maiden arms only. See Plate CLXXX. III. In the arms of femmes joined to the paternal coat of the baron, the proper differences by which they were borne by the fathers of fuch wo men must be inferted. T IV. If a coat of arms that has a Bordure be impaled with another, as by marriage, then the Bordure must be wholly omitted in the fide of the arms next the centre. V. The perfon who marries an heiress, instead of impaling his arms with those of his wife, is to bear them in an efcutcheon placed in the centre of his hield, and which, on account of its showing forth his pretenfion to her eftate, is called an bescutcheon of pretence, and is blazoned fur-tout, i.e. over all. But the children are to bear the hereditary coat of arms of their father and mother quarterly, which denotes a fixed inheritance, and fo tranfmit them to pofterity. The first and fourth quarters generally contain the father's arms, and the fecond and third the mother's; unless the heirs fhould derive not only their eftate, but also their title and dignity, from their mother. VI. If a maiden or dowager lady of quality marry a commoner, or a nobleman inferior to her rank, their coats of arms may be set befide one another in two feparate efcutcheons, upon one mantle or drapery, and the lady's arms ornamented according to her title. See Plate CLXXX. VII. Archbishops and bishops impale their arms differently from the forementioned coats, in giving the place of honour, that is, the dexter fide, to the arms of their dignity, as it is expreffed in Plate CLXXX; which reprefents the coat of arms of an archbishop of Canterbury, and a bifhop of an English fee. These prelates thus bear their arms parted per Pale, to denote their being joined to their cathedral church in a fort of fpiritual marriage. With refpect to fuch armorial enfigns as the fovereign thinks fit to augment a coat of arms with, they may be marshalled various ways, as may be feen by the arms of his grace the duke of Rutland, and many others. So far the causes for marshalling divers arms in one shield, &c. are manifeft. As to such as are called obscure, that is, when coats of arms are marsballed in such a manner, that no probable reafon can be given why they are fo conjoined, they must be left to heralds to explain. CHAP. VII. Of the ORDERS of KNIGHTHOOD, &c. To the augmentations above mentioned may be added, 1. The Baronet's mark of distinction, or the arms of the province of Ulster in Ireland, granted and made hereditary in the male line by King James I. who erected this dignity on the 22d of May 1611, in the 7th year of his reign, in order to propagate a plantation in the fore-mentioned province. This mark is Argent, a finifter Hand couped at the Wrift, and erected Gules; which may be borne either in a canton, or in an efcutcheon, as will beft fuit the figures of the arms. Plate CLXXX. See 2. The ancient and refpectable badge of the most noble Order of the Garter, inftituted by king Edward III. 1349, in the 27th year of his reign. This honourable augmentation is a deep blue garter, furrounding the arms of fuch knights, and infcribed with this motto, " Honi foit qui mal y genfe." See Plate CLXXX. The arms of those who are knights of the orders of the Bath, of the Thiftle, or of St Patrick, are marshalled in the fame manner, with this difference only, that the colour and motto accord with the order to which it belongs. Thus the motto, "Quis feparabit, 1783," on the light blue ribbon of the order, furrounds the efcutcheon of a knight of St Patrick. "Nemo me impune laceffet," on a green ribband, distinguishes a knight of the Thiftle; and "Tria juncta in uno," on red, a knight of the Bath. None of thefe orders of Knighthood are hereditary; but the honours of a Baronet of Ulfter, and of a Baronet of Nova Scotia (created by patent in 1602), defcend to the heirs male. With regard to the emblazoning of the wife's arms in the cafe of the husband being noble, or a knight of the Garter, of the Bath, &c. or where, on the other hand, the wife is noble in her own right, and the hufband a commoner, thefe will be found exemplified in Plate CLXXX. For reprefentations of the BADGES of the fevera! Orders of Knighthood, fee Plate CLXXX. CHAP. VIII. Of FUNERAL ESCUTCHEONS. WE fhall conclude this treatise by defcribing the feveral funeral efcutcheons, ufually called HATCHMENTS; whereby may be known, after any person's decease, what rank he or she held when living; and if it be a gentleman's hatchment, whether he was a bachelor, married man, or widower, with the like diftinctions for gentle. women. The hatchment is usually affixed to the fronts of houfes, when any of the nobility or gentry die. 1. The arms, if the deceased be a private gentleman, are parted per pale with thofe of his wife. The ground without the efcutcheon being black denotes the man to be dead; and the ground on the finister fide being white fignifies that the wife is living; which is represented on Plate CLXXX, where all the following varieties of hatchments are alfo depicted. When a married gentlewoman dies first, the hatchment is diftinguifhed by contrary colour from the former; that is, the arms on the finifter fide have the ground without the efcutcheon black; whereas those on the dexter fide, for her furviving husband, are upon a white ground: the hatchment of a gentlewoman is, moreover, differenced by a cherub over the arms instead of a crest. When a bachelor dies, his arms may be depicted fingle or quartered, with a creft over them, but never impaled, as the two firft are, and all the ground without the efcutcheon is also black. Wher a maid dies, her arms, which are placed in a lozenge, may be fingle or quartered, as thofe of a bachelor; but, instead of a creft, have a cherub over them, and all the ground without the efcutcheon is also black. When a widower dies, his arms are represented impaled with thofe of his deceased wife, having a creft and fometimes a helmet and mantling over them, and all the ground without the efcutcheon black. When a widow dies, her arms are alfo reprefented impaled with those of her deceased husband, but inclosed in a lozenge, and, instead of a creft, a cherub is placed over them; all the ground without the efcutcheon is also black. If a widower or bachelor fhould happen to be the last of the family, a mort-head is generally an nexed, to each hatchment, to denote that death has conquered all. By the forementioned rules, which are sometimes neglected through the ignorance of illiterate people, may be known, upon the fight of any hatchment, what branch of the family is dead; and by the helmet, coronet, &c. what title and degree the deceased person held. The fame rules are observed with respect to the escutcheons placed on the hearfe and horfes used in pompous funerals, except that they are not furmounted with any creft, as in the foregoing examples of hatchments, but are always plain. It is neceffary, however, to enfign thofe of peers with coronets, and that of a maiden lady with a knot of ribbands. In SCOTLAND, a funeral escutcheon not only fhows forth the arms and condition of the defunct, but is alfo a proof of the gentility of his defcent; and fuch perfons for whom this fpecies of efcutcheon can be made out, are legally entitled to the character of gentlemen of blood, which is the higheft fpecies of gentility. The English hatchment, above described, exhibits no more than a right to a coat of arms, which may be acquired by purchafe, and is only the first step towards eftablishing gentility in a family. The funeral efcutcheon, as exhibited in Scotland, as well as Germany, is in form of a lozenge, above fix feet fquare, of black cloth; in the centre of which is painted, in proper colours, the complete achievement of the defunct, with all its exterior ornaments and additional marks or badges of honour; and round the fides are placed the fixteen arms of the families from which he derives his descent, as far back as the grandfather's grandfather, as the proofs of his gentility. Thefe exhibit the armorial bearings of his father and mother, his two grandmothers, his four greatgrandmothers, and his eight great grandmothers mothers. If all these families have acquired a legal right to bear arms, then the gentility of the perfon whofe proof it is must be accounted complete, but not otherwife. On the four corners are placed mort-heads, and the initials of his name and titles or defignation; and the black interstices are femée, or powdered with tears. On the morning of the interment, one of these is placed on the front of the house where the deceafed lies; and another on the church in which he is to be buried, which after the burial is fixed above the grave. The pall, too, is generally adorned with thefe proofs of gentility, and the horfes of the hearfe with the defunct's arms. devant prov. of LANGUEDOC. Montpelier is the capital. (3, 4.) HERAULT. See HERALDUS, No 1, 2. (1.) * HERB. #. f. [herbe, French; berba, Latin.]-Herbs are those plants whofe ftalks are soft, and have nothing woody in them; as grafs and hemlock. Locke In fuch a night Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs That did renew old fon. With fweet-fmelling berbs Efpoufed, Eve deck'd firft her nuptial bed. Milton. Sbak. Unhappy, from whom ftill conceal'd does lie Of herbs and roots the harmlefs luxury. Cowley. (1.) HERALDUS, Defiderius, or Didier HɛRAULT, a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, of uncommon learning. His Adversaria appeared in 1599; which however, if the Scaligerana may be credited, he repented having publifhed. His notes on Tertullian's Apology, on Minutius Fœlix, and on Arnobius, have been efteemed. He alfo wrote notes on Martial's Epigrams. Under the name of David Leidbresserus, he wrote a political differtation on the independence of kings, fome time after the death of Henry IV. He had a con. troverfy with Salmafius, De jure Attico ac Romano; but did not live to finish what he had written on that fubject. What he had done, however, was printed in 1650. He died in June 1649. (2.) HERALDUS, or HERAULT, fon to Defide--If the leaves are of chief ufe to us, then we rius, was a minister in Normandy, when he was called to the fervice of the Walloon church of London under Charles I. He wrote a work entitled Pacifique Royal en deuil, wherein he condemned the execution of K. Charles I. It is quoted by Daille. He was fo zealous a royalift, that he was forced to fly to France, to escape the fury of the republicans. He returned to England after the Restoration, and resumed his miniftry in the Walloon church at London: fome time after which, he obtained a canonry in the cathedral of Canterbury, which he enjoyed till his death. (1.) HERAT, a town of Perfia, in Chorafan, furrounded with walls and ditches, and defended by a castle, feated on the river, N° 2. Lon. 60. so. E. Lat. 34. 30. N. (2.) HERAT, a river of Perfia in Chorafan. (1.) HERAULT, a river of France, which rifes among the Sevennes mountains, runs through the department (N° 2.) from N. to S. almoft centrically, and falls into the Gulf of Lyons, below Agde. (2.) HERAULT, a department of France, fo named from the river (N° 1.), bounded on the N. by thofe of Tarn and Aveiron; on the NE. by that of Gard; on the SE. by the Mediterranean; on the SW. by the dep. of Aude; and on the W. by that of Tarn. It comprehends part of the ci call them herbs; as fage and mint. Watt's Logick. Herb-eating animals, which don't ruminate, have ftrong grinders, and chew much. Arbuthnot on Aliments. (2.) HERB, in botany, is used by Linnæus to denominate that portion of every vegetable which arifes from the root, and is terminated by the fructification. It comprehends, 1. The trunk, ftalk, or ftem. 2. The leaves. 3. Thofe minute external parts called by him the fulcra or supports of plants. 4. The buds, or, as he alfo terms them, the winter quarters of the future vegetable. (3.) HERB BANE. See OROBANCHE. (4.) HERB BENNET. See GEUM. (5.) HERB CHRISTOPHER, Or Bane-berries.n.f. A plant. (6.) HERB CHRISTOPHER. See ACTEA. GOPODIUM. (11.) HERB PARIS OF CANADA. See TRILLIUM. (12.) HERB ROBERT, a species of GERANIUM; a plant in great reputation with farmers on ac count of its powerful virtue against staling of blood and the bloody flux in cattle. (13.) HERB TRINITY, a fpecies of VIOLA. |