53°. In cold countries, the air is found agreeable enough to the inhabitants while it is between 40 and 50°. In our climate we are best pleased with the beat of the air from 50 to 60°; while in the hot countries the air is generally at a medium about 70°. With us the air is not reckoned warm till it arrives at about 64°, and it is very warm and fultry at 80°. It is to be noted, that the foregoing obfervations are to be understood of the ftate of the air in the fhade; for as to the heat of bodies acted upon by the direct rays of the fun it is much greater: thus, Dr Martine found dry earth heated to above 120°; but Dr Hales found a very hot fun-fhine heat in 1727 to be about 140°; and Mufchenbroeck once obferved it fo high as 150°; but at Montpelier the fun was fo very hot, on one day in 1705, as to raise M. Amontons's thermometer to the mark of boiling water itself, which is 212. It appears from the register of the thermometer kept at London by Dr Heberden for 9 years, viz. from the end of 1763 to the end of 1772, that the mean heat at 8 A. M. was 74; and by another register kept at Hawkhill, near Edinburgh, that the mean heat in that place, during the fame period of time, was 46°. Alfo by registers kept in London and at Hawkhill for 1772, 1773, and 17749 it appears that the mean heat of thefe years in London at 8 A. M. was 48°5, and at 2 P. M. 56°, but the mean of both morning and afternoon 52°2; while the mean heat at Hawkhill for the fame time, at 8 A. M. was 45°4; at 2 P. M. 50°I; and the mean of both 477. Philof. Tranf. vol. 65, art. 44. Lastly, from the meteorological journals of the Royal Society, publifhed in the Philof. Tranf. it appears that the mean heights of the thermometer, for the whole years, kept without and within the house, are as below: For 1775 Without, 515 Within, 52*7 Medium of all, 51°4 5219 (17.) HEAT, THEORY OF THE DIVERSITY OF, IN DIFFERENT CLIMATES, &C. The diverfity in the heat of different climes and feafons arifes from the different angles under which the fun's rays ftrike upon the furface of the earth. In the Phil. Tranf. Abr. vol. 2, p. 165, Dr Halley has given a computation of this heat, on the principle, that the fimple action of the fun's rays, like other impulfes or ftrokes, is more or lefs forcible, according to the fines of the angles of incidence, or to the figns of the fun's altitudes, at different times or places. Hence it follows, that the time of continuance, or the fun's fhining on any place, being taken for a basis, and the fines of the fun's altitudes perpendicularly erected upon it, and a curve line drawn through the extremities of thofe perpendiculars, the area thus comprehended will be proportional to the collection of all the heat of the fun's beams in that space of time. Hence it likewife follows, that, at the pole, the collection of all the heat of a tropical day, is proportional to the rectangle or product of the fine of 23 degrees in 24 hours, or the circumference of a circle, or as into 12 hours, the fine of 23 degrees being nearly of radius. Or the polar heat will be equal to that of the fun continuing 12 hours above the horizon at 53 degrees height: and the fun is not 5 hours more elevated than this under the equinoctial. But as it is the nature of heat to remain in the subject, after the luminary is removed, and particularly in the air, under the equinoctial the 12 hours absence of the fun abates but little from the effect of his heat in the day; but under the pole the long abfence of the fun for 6 months has fo chilled the air, that it is in a manner frozen; and after the fun has rifen upon the pole again, it is long before his beams can make any impreffion, being obftructed by thick clouds and fogs. From the foregoing principle Dr Halley computes the following table, exhibiting the heat to every roth degree of latitude, for the equinoctial and tropical fun, and from which an efti mate may easily be made for the intermediate degrees. From the fame principles and table alfo he deduced the following corollaries, viz. 1. That the equatorial heat, when the fun becomes vertical, is as twice the fquare of the radius.-2. That at the equator the heat is as the fine of the fun's declination.-3. That in the frigid zones, when the fun fets not, the heat is as the circumference of a circle into the fine of the altitude at 6: and confequently, that in the fame latitude, these aggregates of heat are as the fines of the fun's declination; and at the fame declination of the fun, they are as the figns of the latitude; and generally they are as the fines of the latitudes into the fines of declination.-4. That the equatorial day's heat is everywhere the fame as the cofine of the latitude 5. In all places where the fun fets, the differ ence between the fummer and winter heats, wher the declinations are contrary, is equal to a circle into the fine of the altitude at 6°, in the fummer parallel; and confequently thofe differences are as the rectangles of the fines of the latitude and declination.-6. The tropical fun has the leaf force of any at the equator; and at the pole it is greateft of all. Against this theory fome object, that the effect of the fun's heat is not in the fimple, bu in the duplicate ratio of the fines of the angles o incidence, like the law of the impulfe of fluids And indeed, the quantity of the fun's direct ray received at any place, being evidently as the fin of the angle of incidence, or of the fun's altitude if the heat be alfo proportional to the force with which a ray ftrikes, like the mechanical action o impulf I. To *To HEAT. v. a. [from the noun.] make hot; to endue with the power of burning. -He commanded that they should beat the furnace one feven times more than it was wont to be beated. Dan. iii. 19. 2. To caufe to ferment.Hops lying undried beats them, and changes their colour. Mortimer's Husbandry. 3. To make the conftitution feverish. Thou art going to lord Timon's feast. Whatever increafeth the denfity of the blood, even without increafing its celerity, beats, because a denser body is hotter than a rarer. Arbuthnot on Aliments. 4. To warm with vehemence of paffion or defire. A noble emulation beats your breast, And your own fame now robs you of your reft. Dryden. 5. To agitate the blood and spirits with action.When he was well beated, the young champion could not ftand before him; and we find the elder contended not for the gift, but for the honour. Dryden. *HEATER. n. S. [from heat.] An iron made hot, and put into a box iron, to smooth and plait linen. impulfe of any body, then it will follow that the Aftron. ch. 10; Long's Aftron. § 777;Mem. heat must be in the compound ratio of both, that Acad. Scienc. 1719. is, as the fquare of the fine of the fun's altitude. But this laft principle is here only affumed gratis, as we do not know a priori that the heat is proportional to the force of a striking body; and it is only experiment that can determine this point. It is certain, that heat communicated by the fun to bodies on the earth, depends also much upon other circumftances befide the direct force of his rays, Thefe must be modified by our atmofphere, and variously reflected and combined by the action of the earth's furface itfelf, to produce any remarkable effects of heat. So that if it were not for thefe additional circumftances, it is probable, the naked heat of the fun would not be very fenfible. Dr Halley himself allowed, that many other circumftances, befides the direct force of the fun's rays, contributed to augment or diminish the effect of this, and the heat refulting from it, in different climates. No calculation, therefore, formed on the preceding theory, can be fuppofed to correfpond exactly with obfervation and experiment. It has also been objected, that, according to the foregoing theory, the greatest heat in the fame place fhould be at the fummer folftice, and the most extreme cold at the winter folftice; which is contrary to experience. To this objection it may be replied, that heat is not produced in bodies by the fun inftantaneously, nor do the effects of this heat ceafe immediately when his rays are withdrawn; and therefore thofe parts which are once heated, retain the heat for fome time; which, with the additional heat daily imparted, makes it continue to increafe, though the fun declines from us: and this is the reafon why July is hotter than June, although the fun has withdrawn from the fummer tropic; as we also find it generally hotter at 1, 2, or 3 P. M. when the fun has declined towards the west, than at noon, when he is on the meridian. As long as the heating particles which are conftantly received, are inore numerous than thofe which fly away or lofe their force, the heat of bodies must continually increafe. So, after the fun has left the tropic, the number of particles which heat our atmosphere and earth, conftantly increases, because we receive more in the day than we lose at night, and therefore our heat must alfo increase. But as the days decrease, and the action of the fun becomes weaker, more particles will fly off in the night than are received in the day, by which means the earth and air will gradually cool. Farther, thofe places which are well cooled, require time to be heated again; and therefore January is moftly colder than December, although the fun has withdrawn from the winter tropic, and begun to emit his rays more perpendicularly upon us, But the chief caufe of the difference between the heat of summer and winter is, that in summer the rays fall more perpendicularly, and pafs through a leis dense part of the atmosphere, and therefore with greater force, or at least in greater number in the tame place; and besides, by their long continuance, a much greater degree of heat is imparted by day than can fly off by night. For the calcu lations and opinions of feveral other philofophers on this head, fee Keill's Aftron. lect. 8; Ferguson's VOL. XI. PART I. (1.) HEATH, Benjamin, LL.D. an eminent lawyer, town clerk of Exeter, and author of feveral learned works, was educated at Oxford, where he took his degree in civil law, 31ft March 1762. He wrote, 1. An Effay towards a demonftrative Proof of the Divine Exiflence, Unity, and Attributes; to which is premised, A fhort Defence of the Argument commonly called à priori, 1740. 2. Nota five Le&iones, ad opera Tragicorum Græcorum veterum, Æfcbyli, &c. 1752, 4to; a work which places the author's learning and critical fkill in a very confpicuous light. 3. The Cafe of the County of Devon with refpect to the Confequences of the New Excife Duty on Cyder and Perry. Published by the direction of a Committee appointed at a General Meeting of that County to fuperintend the Application for the Repea! of that Duty, 1763, 4to. 4. A Revisal of Shakefpeare's Text, wherein the alterations introduced into it by the more modern editors and critics are particularly confidered: 8vo, 1765. (2.) HEATH, James, an English hiftorian, born in 1629 at London; where his father, who was the king's cutler, lived. He was educated at Weftminster school, and became a student of Chrift-church, Oxford, in 1646. In 1648, he was ejected by the parliament vifitors for his adherence to the royal caufe; lived upon his patrimony till it was almoft fpent; and then marrying, was obliged to write books and correct the prefs to maintain his family. He died of a confumption and dropfy at London in Auguft 1664, and left several children. His chief works were, 1. A brief Chronicle of the late Inteftine War in the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c. 1661, 8vo; afterwards enlarged, and completed from 1637 to 1663, in 4 parts, 1663, in 8vo this was again added a continuation from 1663 to -16759 T To name. 1 Chron. xvi. 35.-If the opinions of others, whom we think well of, be a ground of affent, men have reason to be heathens in Japan, Mahometans in Turkey, papifts in Spain, and proteftants in England. Locke. In a paper of morality, I confider how I may recommend the particular virtues I treat of, by the precepts or examples of the ancient heathens. Addifon. 1675, by John Philips, nephew to Milton, 1676, folio. 2. Flagellum: or, The Life and Death, Birth and Burial, of Oliver Cromwell, 1663. The 3d edition came out with additions in 1665, 8vo. 3. A New Book of Loyal English Martyrs and Confeffors, who have endured the Pains and Ter. rors of Death, Arraignment, &c. for the Maintenance of the juft and legal Government of thefe Kingdoms both in Church and State, 1663, 12mo. Heath, who perhaps had nothing but pamphlets and newfpapers to compile from, frequently relates facts that throw light upon the hiftory of those times, which Clarendon, though he drew every thing from the most authentic records, has omitted. (3) HEATH, Thomas, brother of Benjamin, (N° 1.) an alderman of Exeter, and father of John Heath, Efq. one of the judges of the Common pleas, was author of An Effay towards a new Englifh Verfion of the Book of Job, from the original Hebrew; with fome account of his Life, 1755, 8vo. (4.) * HEATH, n. f. [erica, Lat.] 1. A fhrub of low ftature: the leaves are small, and abide green all the year. Miller.-In Kent they cut up the heath in May, burn it, and spread the ashes. Mortimer.Oft with bolder wing they foaring dare The purple heath. z. A place overgrown with heath. Say, from whence Thomson. You owe this ftrange intelligence! or why, Upon this blafted heath, you stop our way With fuch prophetick greeting. Shak. -Health and long life have been found rather on the peak of Derbyshire, and the heaths of Staf fordshire, than on fertile foils. Temple. 3. A place of fhrubs of whatever kind.-Some woods of oranges, and heaths of rosemary, will smell a great way into the fea. Bacon. (5.) HEATH, in botany, § 4, def. 1. See ERICA. (6.) HEATH, BERRY-BEARING. See EMPE TRUM. (7.) HEATH, LOW PINE. See CORIS, No 1. (8.) HEATH, MOUNTAIN. See SAXIFRAGA, N° 4. (9.) HEATH, in geography, a township of Maffachusetts, in Hampshire county, 18 miles NNW. of Northampton, and 225 NW. of Boston. (10-18.) HEATH, 9 English villages; in Bedford, Derby, Gloucefter, Hampshire, Middlefex, Oxford, Salop, Warwick, and York fhires. *HEATH-COCK. n. f. [heath and cock.] A large fowl that frequents heaths.-Cornwall hath quail, rail, partridge, pheasant, beath-cock, and powte. Caresu. HEATHCOTE, Ralph, D. D. a learned Englifh divine of confiderable abilities, born in 1721. He was educated and graduated at Cambridge. He wrote, 1. A Treatise against the Hutchinfonians; 2. A Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke's Philofophy: 3. Sylva, or the Wood; and feveral other pieces. (1.) HEATHEN, adj. Gentile; pagan.It was impoffible for a heathen author to relate thefe things, becaufe, if he had believed them, he would no longer have been a heathen. Addifon. (2.) * HEATHEN. n. f. [heyden, German.] The gentiles; the pagans; the nations unacquainted with the covenant of grace.-Deliver us from the heathen, that we may give thanks to thy holy (3.) HEATHENS. See MYSTERIES, MYTHOLOGY, and POLYTHEISM. 1. Be *HEATHENISH. adj. [from heathen.] longing to the Gentiles.-When the apoftles of our Lord and Saviour were ordained to alter the laws of heathenish religion, chofen they were, St Paul excepted; the reft unfchooled altogether, and unlettered men. Hooker. 2. Wild; favage; rapacious; cruel.-The Moors did tread under their heathenish feet whatever little they found yet there ftanding. Spenfer.-That execrable Cromwell made a heathenish or rather inhuman edict, against the epifcopal clergy, that they should neither preach, pray in publick, baptize, marry, bury, nor teach school. South. *HEATHENISHLY. adv. [from heathenish:] After the manner of heathens. * HEATHENISM. n. ƒ. [from heathen.] Genti lifm; paganifm.-It fignifies the acknowledgment of the true God, in oppofition to beatbenifm. Hammond. HEATHFIELD, Lord. See ELIOTT. (1.) *HEATH-PEAS. n. f. A fpecies of bitter VETCH, which fee. * (2.) HEATH-PEAS. See OROBUS. HEATH-POINT, a cape on the island of Anticofti, in the Gulf of St Lawrence. Lon. 62.0. W. Lat. 49. 6. N. *HEATH-POUT. n. f. [heath and pout.] A bird. More pleafing morfels would afford * HEATHY. adj. [from heath.] Full of heath. This fort of land they order the same way with the beatby land. Mortimer. HEATON, 6 English villages, viz. two each in Lancashire and Northumberland, and one each in Stafford and York fhires. (1.)* HEAVE. n. f. [from the verb.] 1. Lift; exertion or effort upwards.-None could guess whether the next heave of the earthquake would fettle them on the first foundation, or swallow them. Dryden. 2. Rifing of the breaft. There's matter in thefe fighs; thefe profound heaves You must tranflate; 'tis fit we understand them. Shak. Hudibras. 3. Effort to vomit. 4. Struggle to rise.— But after many strains and heaves, He got up to his faddle eaves. (2.) HEAVE OFFERING. 7. f. An offering among the Jews.-Ye fhall offer a cake of the first of your dough for an heave offering, as ye do the heave offering of the threshing floor. Numb. (1.) To HEAVE. v. a. pret. heaved, anciently hove; part. heaved, or hoven. 1. To lift; to raife from the ground.➡ So Weak was the pulse, and hardly heav'd the So ftretch'd out huge in length the arch fiend lay, Chain'd on the burning lake; nor ever hence Had risen, or heav'd his head, but that the will And high permiffion of all-ruling heaven Left him at large. 2. To carry. Now we bear the king Milton. Tow'rd Calais: grant him there; and there being feen, Heave him away upon your winged thoughts Athwart the fea. 3. To raife; to lift. Shak. So daunted, when the giant faw the knight, His heavy hand he heaved up on high, And him to duft thought to have batter'd quite. Spenfer. I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. He dy'd in fight; Shak. Fought next my perfon, as in confort fought, Save when he heav'd his fhield in my defence, And on his naked fide receiv'd my wound. Dryden. 4. To cause to swell. The groans of ghosts, that cleave the earth And heave it up; they pant and stick half way. 3. To force up from the breaft.— Made the no verbal quest ? -Yes, once or twice the beav'd the name of father Pantingly forth, as if it preft her heart. Shak. 6. To exalt; to elevate ་ The heaving tide Prior. Gay. In widen'd circles beats on either fide. 4. To keck; to feel a tendency to vomit. (3.) To HEAVE THE LOG. See LOG, N° 5. (1.)* HEAVEN. n. f. [heofon, which feems to be derived from heefd, the places over the head, Saxon.] 1. The regions above; the expanse of the sky.A ftation like the herald Mercury, New lighted on a heaven kiffing hill. Thy race in time to come Shall spread the conquefts of imperial Rome; Rome, whofe afcending tow'rs shall heav'n invade, Shak. And high permiffion of all-ruling heav'n Left him at large. Shak. Milton. The prophets were taught to know the will of God, and thereby inftruct the people, and enabled to prophefy, as a teftimony of their being fent by heaven. Temple. 4. The pagan gods; the releftials. 5. Take phyfick, pomp; Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, That thou may't fake the fuperflux to them. And fhow the heavens more juft,. Shak. They can judge as fitly of his worth, As I can of thofe myfteries which heaven Will not have earth to know. Shak. Heav'ns! what a fpring was in his arm to throw! How high he held his fhield, and rose at ev'ry blow. Elevation; fublimity. Dryden. O, for a mufe of fire, that would ascend The brightest heaven of invention. 6. It is often ufed in compofition. Shak. (2.) HEAVEN, (§ 1, def. 2.) among Chriftian divines and philofophers, is confidered as a place in fome remote part of infinite fpace, in which Ta the the omniprefent Deity affords a nearer and more immediate view of himself and a more fenfible manifeftation of his glory, than in the other parts of the univerfe. This is often called the empyrean heaven, from that fplendor with which it is fuppofed to be invefted; and of this place the infpired writers give us the most noble and magnificent defcriptions. (3.) HEAVEN, among Pagans, was confidered as the refidence only of the celeftial gods, into which no mortals were admitted after death, unlefs they were deified. As for the fouls of good men, they were configned to the Elyfian fields. See ELYSIUM, § 1, 2. (4.) HEAVEN, in astronomy, (§ 1, def. 1.) called alfo the ethereal and starry heaven, is that immenfe region wherein the ftars, planets, and comets are difpofed. See ASTRONOMY. This is what Mofes calls the firmament, speaking of it as the work of the second day's creation; at least it is thus the word rp is ufually rendered by his interpreters, though fomewhat abufively, to countenance their own notion of the heavens being firm or folid. But the word properly fignifies no more than expanfe or extenfion; a term very well adapted by the prophet to the impreffion which the heavens make on our fenfes; whence, in other parts of fcripture, the heaven is compared to a curtain, or a tent ftretched out to dwell in. The LXX first added to this idea of expansion that of firm or folid; rendering it by sigwa, according to the philofophy of thofe times; in which they have been very injudiciously followed by the mo dern tranflators. Des Cartes, Kircher, &c. demonftrated this heaven not to be folid but fluid; but they still fuppofed it full, or perfectly denfe, without any vacuity, and cantoned out into many vortices. But others have overturned, not only the folidity, but the supposed plenitude, of the heavens. Sir Ifaac Newton has abundantly shown the heavens void of almost all refiftance, and, confequently, of almoft all matter: this he proves from the phenomena of the celeftial bodies; from the planets perfifting in their motions without any fenfible diminution of their velocity; and the comets freely paffing in all directions towards all parts of the heavens. Heaven, taken in a general fenfe, for the whole expanfe between our earth and the remoteft regions of the fixed stars, may be divided into two very unequal parts, according to the matter found therein; viz. the atmosphere, or aerial heaven, poffeffed by air; and the æthereal heaven, poffeffed by a thin, unrefifting medium, called ETHER. (5) HEAVEN is alfo ufed, in aftronomy, for an orb, or circular region, of the æthereal heaven. The ancient aftronomers fuppofed as many different heavens as they obferved motions therein. These they supposed all to be folid, as thinking they could not otherwife fuftain the bodies fixed in them; and fpherical, that being the most proper form for motion. Thus they had heavens for the 7 planets; viz. the heavens of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The 8th was for the fixed stars, which they called the firmament. Ptolemy adds a 9th heaven, which he called the primum mobile. Two cryftalline heavens were added by king Alphonfus If once a fever fires his fulph'rous blood, Dryden. (1.) * HEAVENLY. adj. [from heaven.] Refembling heaven; fupremely excellent.-As the love of heaven makes one heavenly, the love of virtue, virtuous, fo doth the love of the world make one become worldly. Sidney.— 2. Not Maro's mufe, who fung the mighty man; Nor Pindar's heav'nly lyre, nor Horace when a fwan. Dryden. Celeftial; inhabiting heaven.Adoring firft the genius of the place, Then earth, the mother of the heav'nly race. Dryden. (2.) * HEAVENLY."` adv. 1. In a manner refembling that of heaven. In these deep folitudes and awful cells, Where heav'nly penfive contemplation dwells, And ever mufing melancholy reigns, What means this tumult in a veftal's veins ? 'Pope. 2. By the agency or influence of heaven. Truth and peace and love fhall ever thine About the fupreme throne Of him, t' whofe happy-making fight alone, Our heav'nly guided foul shall climb. Milton. * HEAVEN |