Botany. To be familiar with the Structure of Plants, and the uses of the several parts, (First Lessons in Agriculture).

Human Physiology.-Cutter's First Book on Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene.*

ADDITIONAL FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE SPECIAL CERTIFICATES FOR TEACHING AGRICULTURE, UNDER SECTION THIRTEEN OF THE SCHOOL ACT OF 1871.

Natural History.-General View of Animal Kingdom-Characters of Principal Classes, Orders and Genera-(Gosse's Zoology for Schools) [or Wood's Natural History].

Botany.-Vegetable, Physiology and Anatomy-Systematic Botany-Flowering Plants of Canada (Gray's How Plants Grow).

Agricultural Chemistry.-Proximate and ultimate constituents of Plants and Soils -Mechanical and Chemical modes of improving Soils-Rotation of Crops, Agricultural and Domestic Economy, etcetera, (Doctor Ryerson's First Lessons in Agriculture).

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS FOR FIRST CLASS PROVINCIAL CERTIFICATES.+

Reading. To be able to read intelligently and expressively a passage selected from any English Author.

Spelling. To be able to write correctly a passage dictated from any English

Author.

Etymology. As for Second Class Teachers.

Grammar. To be thoroughly acquainted with the subject, as contained in the Authorized Text Books.

Writing. As for Second Class Teachers.

Composition. As for Second Class Teachers.

English Literature. To have a general acquaintance with the History of English Literature. (Collier).

Geography. As for Second Class Teachers, and in addition to possess a special knowledge of the Geography of British America and the United States, including the relative positions of the Provinces and States, with their Capitals; to understand the structure of the crust of the earth; Use of the Globes, (Lovell's General Geography, and Keith on the Globes).

History.-General English and Canadian, (Collier and Hodgins).

Education. As for Second Class Teachers; and, in addition, to possess a good knowledge of the elementary principles of Mental and Moral Philosophy; and to be acquainted with the methods of teaching all the branches of the Public School Course.

School Law. To be acquainted with the Law and Official Regulations relating to Trustees, Teachers, Municipal Councils, and School Inspectors.

Music. To know the principles of Vocal Music.

Drawing. To evince facility in making Perspective and Outline Sketches of Common Objects on the Blackboard.

Book-keeping. As for Second Class Teachers.

Arithmetic. To know the subject, as contained in the Authorized Arithmetic, in Theory and Practice; to be able to solve problems in Arithmetical Rules with accuracy, neatness and despatch. To be ready and accurate in solving problems in Mental Arithmetic.

Mensuration. To be familiar with rules for Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids. Algebra. To know the subject, as contained in the Authorized Text Book completed. Euclid.-Books I, II, III, IV, Definitions of V, and Book VI, with exercises.

The following little works are also highly recommended for perusal. both by Teachers and Punils, videlicet.: "The House I Live in," by T. C. Girtin, Surgeon, (Longmans), and Our Earthly House and its Builder." (Religious Tract Society).

+ Candidates for First Class Certificates are recommended to provide against failure, by also presenting them. selves for examination for those of the Second Class.

NOTE. For female Teachers, the First Book only of Euclid, is required. If, however, the Candidate desires a Certificate of eligibility as an Inspector, or Examiner, the same examination must be passed in Euclid as is required of male Teachers.

Natural Philosophy.-As for Second Class Teachers; and, in addition, to be acquainted with Dynamics, Hydrodynamics, and Acoustics, pages 109-167 of Sangster's Natural Philosophy, Part I.

Chemical Physics.-To have a good general acquaintance with the subjects of Heat, Light and Electricity.

Chemistry. As for Second Class Teachers; and to be familiar with the Definitions, Nomenclature, Laws of Chemical Combination, and to possess a general knowledge of the Chemistry of the Metalloids and Metals, (Roscoe).

Human Physiology. As for Second Class Teachers.

Natural History.-General view of Animal Kingdom-Characters of principal Classes, Orders and Genera, (Gosse's Zoology for Schools), [or Wood's Natural History]. Botany.-Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy-Systematic Botany-Flowering

Plants of Canada, (Gray's How Plants Grow).

Agricultural Chemistry.-Proximate and ultimate constituents of Plants and Soils -Mechanical and Chemical modes of improving Soils-Rotation of Crops, etcetera, (Doctor Ryerson's First Lessons in Agriculture).

NOTE. The highest standard in all subjects will be maintained for First Class Certificates.

3. TIME OF EXAMINATIONS AND GENERAL REMARKS.

The Examinations are held at each County Town, in July and December of each year, notice being previously given of the day.

Respecting the Examination in the subject of Natural Philosophy, it is to be observed that Candidates for Second Class Certificates will be examined in Statics, Hydrostatics, and Pneumatics. They are referred to "Peck's Ganot;" but it is recommended that on the subject of Statics, that part of "Tomlinson's Rudimentary Mechanics" which relates to the Mechanical Powers, be also consulted.

As the Examination will be on the subject generally, those who have already provided themselves with Doctor Sangster's Natural Philosophy, will find the necessary information in it.

Candidates for First Class Certificates will be examined in Statics, Dynamics, Pneumatics, Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics. They are recommended to consult besides "Tomlinson's Rudimentary Mechanics," "Haughton's Manual of Mechanics." Candidates are strongly advised to procure copies of the Examination Papers used at previous Examinations, as they will be of material assistance in indicating the kind of examination they will be required to undergo. Bound copies may be procured at the Depository at sixty cents per set, free of postage, or fifty cents exclusive of First Class Papers.

The sets of Examination Papers used in the Normal School during the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and 24th Sessions can be sent free of postage on receipt of thirty cents each. Those of the 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 31st, 33rd, 36th, 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, and 44th Sessions, at forty cents each; and those of the 45th 47th, and 49th Sessions, at fifty cents each.

Lectures on the School Law by Doctor Hodgins, Deputy Superintendent of Educa tion, have been published by Messieurs Copp, Clark and Company, Toronto. Those for Second and Third Class Certificates can be obtained for fifty-five cents, free of postage, and those for First Class Certificates for eighty-five cents, also free of postage. The Chairman of the Central Committee of Examiners remarks as follows:"The Examination Papers will be framed as far as possible, in such a manner that a well-instructed Candidate shall be able to answer them, from whatever source his information may have been obtained. The Examiners agree in thinking that what

should be sought to be ascertained, is not a Candidate's acquaintance with details peculiar to any one Text Book, but his general knowledge of the subjects of examination.

"At the same time, as the Council of Public Instruction has prescribed, or recommended, certain Text Books in connection with particular subjects, respect will be had to these in framing the Examination Papers. As a rule, no question will be asked which lies beyond the range of the Books prescribed. If any questions beyond this range should be put they will not be taken into account in determining the total value of the Paper in which they occur; and they will thus, while doing an injury to no Condidate, serve the purpose of rewarding superior attainments.

"I have been asked specially regarding Geography, Algebra, Mensuration, Natural Philosophy, and Chemical Physics. In Geography the prescribed Text Books are Lovell's Geography, and Keith on the Globes. In Algebra, the prescribed Text Book is Sangster's Algebra; but any other work that treats of the subjects discussed by Sangster, will do equally well, for example:-Colenso's Algebra. In Mensuration, Sangster's treatise is sanctioned for the Normal School; and the work in the Irish National Series, for the Public Schools. Either of those may be studied. In Natural Philosophy, the Council of Public Instruction recommend Candidates for First Class Certificates to consult Haughton's Manual of Mechanics, and Tomlinson's Rudimentary Mechanics. Some portions of the former of these works are too advanced for the generality of Candidates; but a judicious Student, by omitting sections in which advanced Mathematics are used, may derive much benefit from a persual of the other parts. Candidates for Second Class Certificates may consult Peck's Ganot, and the Chapter in Tomlinson's Mechanics on the Mechanical Powers.

"In Chemical Physics, the Chapter in Peck's Ganot, which treats of Light, Heat and Electricity, will be found sufficient."

CHAPTER XVIII.

THIRD CLASS TEACHERS AS

ASSISTANTS ONLY IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, IN SPECIAL CASES.

Owing to the fact that the Law does not prescribe what class of Teachers shall be employed in the Public Schools, Trustees excuse the employment by them of Third Class Teachers, on the ground that the Law places no restriction on them as to the Class of Certificate which the Teacher employed by them shall hold. True, the particular Section of the Act, which authorizes them "to contract with and employ Teachers for such School Section, and determine the amount of their Salaries," says nothing about the Class of Certificate which these Teachers shall hold, but it speaks of "Teachers" for the School, and not a Teacher, thereby implying that an Assistant should be employed in every School. It, however, requires Trustees to "see" that their School "is conducted according to the Authorized Regulations ;" and it further declares that "no Public Schools shall be entitled to any share in the Fund applicable to it unless it is conducted according to the Regulations provided by Law." Now. these Regulations require that the subjects mentioned in the Official Programme and Limit Table, and prescribed by the Legislature, shall be taught in the various Classes of every School.

The Law itself requires the Teacher "to teach diligently and faithfully all the branches required to be taught in the School, according to the provisions

of this Act."

Knowing that Third-Class Teachers are not competent to teach "all the branches required to be taught in the School," the Council of Public Instruction has prescribed

that in every School, in which two, or more, Teachers are employed, one of them "shall be designated and known as the Master, and the others as first, second, Assistant,” etcetera. The Regulations also give the Master power, "to prescribe, (with the assent of the Trustees), the duties of the several Teachers in the School," but makes him responsible for the control and management of the Classes under their charge." The Regulations further prescribe the specific duties of Assistant Teachers, and declare that in every School, where the number of Pupils on the roll exceeds fifty, an Assistant Teacher shall be employed.

Overlooking the words of the Statute and the general Regulations, Trustees, in some cases, object to the Programme as beyond the capacity of Third Class Teachers, and argue that as the subjects prescribed for the Examination of Third Class Teachers are much below those required by Law to be taught in the Public Schools, it is both anomalous and unjust to require their Third Class Teachers to teach them. They say: "We are authorized to employ Third Class Teachers for our School, and yet you require these Teachers to teach subjects with which they are wholly unacquainted, and in which they themselves are not required to pass an Examination."

These objections have already been answered, and have been shown that, according to the letter of the Statute, Trustees are required to employ more than one Teacher in every School. The Regulations also provide for the employment of a Master and an Assistant, or Assistants, and prescribe a Programme of Studies which this Master and his Assistant shall teach, in order to afford to every child in a Section an education suitable in the various branches of instruction prescribed by the Statute.

To admit these objections as valid would be to declare that no child shall receive an education beyond that which a Third Class Teacher may be able to give! This would, indeed, be an absurdity, as well as a gross injustice to the Pupils in our Schools. This, also, was neither the intention of the Legislature, nor the spirit or provisions of the Law and Regulations which were framed to give effect to that intention. In nearly every School there are advanced Pupils, (or would soon be, if proper Teachers were employed). According to the theory advanced by some Trustees, these Pupils must remain satisfied with the meagre education which Third Class Teachers can give them, and be denied the better education which the Law secures to them, and for which their Parents pay rates. Third Class Teachers may be competent to teach the first and second, and possibly the third Classes in a School, but they are not qualified, and should not be employed to teach the fourth, fiifth and sixth Classes. They can, therefore, only be useful as Assistant Teachers.

Formerly, (under the School Law of 1850), County Boards of Examiners were required, in the issue of Third Class Certificates, to limit them to a particular School Section, (on the application of Trustees), where the Pupils were quite young, or were not far advanced. Under the present Law, this restriction was removed; but in its place other provisions were introduced, which were designed to give greater facilities for the more thorough instruction of all the Pupils of a School Section in the various subjects of a good English education, which the Legislature itself had declared to be

necessary.

It would certainly be a singular anomaly for the Legislature, on the one hand, to determine that certain higher subjects of instruction be introduced into our Public Schools, and then declare that incompetent Persons should be legally qualified to teach them. The Law and Regulations must be taken as a whole, and their symmetry and completeness must not be destroyed by giving a forced construction to one part alone.

ASSISTANT TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

In reply to a Communication from a Trustee, the Chief Superintendent has sent the following reply:

"In examining the Returns of your School, I find that the number of children reported of School age in your Section in 1872 was 129, with 112 names on the School

Register the first half of the present year, although the average attendance is only little more than half that number. I find by the returns that your School House is 48 by 30 in the clear in the inside, affording sufficient space for all the children of School age in your Section, if properly arranged, and for two Teachers, if divided into two Rooms, as so large a School House ought to be.

"I can find no reasons in your Letter that would justify me in not insisting upon the execution of the Law in your Section as in other Sections much less favourably situated and much less wealthy than yours. You and your Trustee colleagues are certainly bound by Law, as well as by a consideration of the interests of the children under your official charge, to employ a second, or assistant, Teacher. I observe that you speak of the average attendance of Pupils; but the Law does not speak of the average attendance in that sense, but of the 'number of Pupils in a School;' and this is determined, not by the average attendance, but by the number of Pupils on the School Register. It is possible that Trustees, from mercenary, or other unworthy, considerations, may keep the average attendance of Pupils low by not providing adequate teaching, or School Accommodation for a large number; but the number of children whose names are on the School Register show the number of children whose Parents wish to have them taught in the School, and for whose teaching and accommodation the Trustees are bound to provide, under pecuniary penalties equal to the amount of the School money lost to their Section by their neglect, besides being liable to prosecution for damages by any Parent whose children, or child, is not provided with the legally required means of School teaching and School Accommodation.

"Experience shows that Trustees in rural sections who provide proper Teachers and proper accommodations will secure an average attendance of nearly, and in some instances quite three-fourths of the children of School age in their division. Trustees who neglect their duty, not only violate the Law and the public trust committed to them, and incur a pecuniary penalty, but they do a great and irreparable wrong to the rising generation, whose interests they have been elected to protect and promote, and for the sacrifice of which no money can ever compensate."

NO PAYMENT IS LEGAL TO UNQUALIFIED TEACHERS

NOTE. A School Teacher sued the Trustees in the Division Court for his Salary upon an Agreement under Trustees Corporate Seal, by which they bound themselves to employ the powers legally vested in them to collect and pay him. It appeared that he was not a legally qualified Teacher, but that he had taught the School during the time claimed for.

Held by the Court, that he could not recover. 1. Because that by the School Law, the Trustees were prohibited from giving an order in his favour on the Local Superintendent, and the latter, from giving him a Check upon the Treasurer. 2. Because, if entitled to payment, his remedy would be by mandamus, or a special action, not by an action for the money, which was not in Trustees' hands.

This was an appeal by the Chief Superintendent of Education for Ontario, under the provisions of the 108th and following Sections of the Upper Canada Common School Act, the action in the Court below being one brought by the Teacher, George Wright against the Trustees in their corporate capacity in the Fifth Division Court of the County of Huron. That Court decided against the Trustees on the ground that the service was actually rendered by the complainant, but, on appeal from this decision by the Chief Superintendent of Education, the Court of Queen's Bench decided that the School Law forbade the payment of any part of the School Fund to a Teacher not possessed of a legal Certificate of Qualification.