of the active, energetic and intelligent Teacher, mind speaking with mind, was the only proper method of instructing the child when first introduced to School. A second error, he said, was a want of thoroughness. The admission that one has been "through the Book" two, three, or more times, was sufficient to show that he knew nothing at all of the subject. When the child was properly taught there was no need of having him repeat what was in his Book. Some Teachers are deceived as to the thoroughness of their Class,-a small percentage, perhaps, giving the correct solution while the others copy from them. Hence he would recommend placing the Pupils in such positions as would render prompting and copying impossible. He would also recommend holding thorough, impartial and strict examinations of the School at stated periods. A mariner imbued with a sense of his responsibility omits not to take his reckonings; why then should the Educator of the youth spend month after month without determining the position of his Class,-those who are making progress and those who are not? Some Teachers also, he regretted to say, were wilfully dishonest in this matter. Finding it an easy matter to persuade the child, and through the child, the Parents, that progress was being made, they lustily sounded their own praises for a year or two, until some fortunate event revealed the truth. Such Teachers were constantly shifting their places, and the pity was that they were ever allowed to rest. They cursed the community instead of blessing it where they happened for the time to get employment. A third error was allowing the Pupil to wander from rule to rule without giving any other reason for the operation than that "the Book said so." Every step of such a process should be explained and repeated till a clear perception of it was fixed in the mind. He did not mean till the Pupil could explain it in return, for this required a power of language which was not always found in children. To understand was one thing, to explain another. But the intelligent Teacher was never at a loss to know by the eye of his Pupil that the mind apprehended his explanation.

How

A fifth error and a most crying evil was not making the matter practical. many Pupils were there who had gone through the whole course of Arithmetic, and could, perhaps, solve tolerably difficult examples, and yet when required to calculate the price of a load of hay, or wood, or the interest on an ordinary note were utterly at sea! The urgent demand of the age, and one to which Teachers would do well not to close their eyes, was for a more practical Common School Education. The want was felt in the United States, and is beginning to be felt in Canada. Doctor Sangster then proceeded to show what method of instruction he would recommend. And, first, he would say, that the perceptive faculties should be developed before the reflective. Hence the child would then first learn things, then names as attached to things. Therefore, in teaching young children abstract numbers should never be used.

Begin, he said, by teaching the child to perform simple operations mentally, then to represent these on the Board, or Slate, and, lastly, to reproduce the same operation with the use of other numbers, always following the order, mental-work, black-board, slate. At least one-half the time should be spent in review, that every operation may be understood and remembered.

This is a brief outline of Doctor Sangster's Lecture on Arithmetic, and it will give a key to his method of teaching other subjects, with, of course, such differences as are interesting to the practical Teacher alone. His instructions, couched in appropriate language, were listened to with attention for six or eight hours each day. They cannot fail to elevate the status of Schools in this and surrounding Counties. At the close of the second day the following Resolutions were adopted :

Moved by Mr. James Mills, M.A., seconded by Mr. Wm. Wilkinson, M.A.: "First, that the Members of the Brant County Teachers' Association and the other friends of Education here assembled embrace this opportunity of testifying to J. Herbert Sangster, M.A., M.D., their very high estimate of his abilities as a Teacher, Author and Lecturer; secondly, that they render him their most cordial thanks for his great kindness in conducting their Teachers' Institute during the last two days; and, lastly,

that in their opinion, his Lectures are of inestimable value to Teachers, and his generosity in giving them gratuitously beyond all praise."

Moved by Mr. Thomas Pearce, Inspector of Schools, Waterloo County, seconded by Mr. William Rothwell:

"That the Members of this Association, being fully convinced of the great benefits that must arise to the profession from Teachers' Institutes being held throughout the Province, consider it very desirable that they be established by the Government at its earliest opportunity, and that a copy of this Resolution be forwarded to the Honourable the Attorney-General."-(Carried).

Moved by Mr. W. A. Douglas, M.A., seconded by Mr. G. B. McIntosh:

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"That the Members of this Association desire to express their sincere thanks to their esteemed President, Doctor Kelly, for his untiring efforts in behalf of the Association, and specially for his success in securing the services of so able and experienced a Lecturer as Doctor Sangster."

At the close Doctor Sangster was enrolled as an honorary Member of the Association.

BRANTFORD, October, 1873. WILLIAM ROTHWELL, Secretary of the Association.

PROGRAMME FOR THE

CHAPTER XVII.

EXAMINATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS, AND GENERAL REGULATIONS IN REGARD TO THEIR DUTIES, 1873.

1. Every Candidate, who proposes to present himself, or herself, at any Examination, shall send in to the presiding Inspector, at least three weeks before the day appointed for the commencement of the Examination a notice stating the class of Certificate for which he is a Candidate, and the description of Certificate he already possesses, if any; such notice to be accompanied by the testimonial required by the Programme.

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2. The Examination, except in reading, shall be conducted wholly on paper. written Examination in the principles of Linear Drawing and Vocal Music will be required of all Candidates. The further special Examination in Linear Drawing, on the Blackboard, and practice of Vocal Music provided for in Regulation Ten of the Powers and Duties of Examiners, is at the discretion of each Board.

3. The presiding Inspector shall furnish to the Chief Superintendent of Education, full returns and other information in all matters relating to the results of the Examinations; and any points relating to the Examinations, on which a majority of the Examiners do not agree, shall be referred to the Chief Superintendent for decision.

4. The Candidates, in preparing their Answers, will write only on one page of each sheet. They will also write their names on each sheet, and having arranged their papers in the order of the Questions, will fold them once across and write on the outside sheet their names, and the class of Certificate for which they are competing. After the papers are once handed in, the Examiners will not allow any alteration thereof, and the presiding Inspector is responsible for the subsequent safe-keeping of the same, until he has transmitted them, with all surplus Examination Papers, to the Education Department.

5. The presiding Inspector, or Examiner, must be punctual to the moment in distributing the Examination Papers, and in directing the Candidates to sign their names on the papers at the close of the allotted time. No writing other than the signature should be permitted after the order to sign is given. The Candidates are required to be in their allotted places in the Room before the hour appointed for the

commencement of the Examination. If a Candidate be not present till after the commencement of the Examinations, he cannot be allowed any additional time on account of such absence.

6. In examining the Answers of Candidates, two Examiners at least should look over and report on each Paper.

7. The Central Committee of Examiners appointed by the Council of Public Instruction will, in a Paper, assign numerical value to each Question, or part of a Question, according to their judgment of its relative importance. The local Examiners will give marks for the Answer to any Question in correspondence with the number assigned to the Question, and the completeness and accuracy of the Answer.

8. In order that a Candidate may obtain a Second Class Certificate, the sum of his marks must amount for grade A, to at least two-thirds, and for grade B, to one-half of the aggregate value of all the Papers; in both cases, great importance should be attached to accurate spelling. The Candidate must also obtain for grade A, two-thirds and for grade B, one-half of the marks assigned to each of the subjects of Arithmetic and Grammar. In order to obtain a Third Class Certificate, the marks must be not less than one-half of the aggregate value of all the Papers for Certificates of that rank. A Candidate for a Second Class Certificate who fails to obtain it, may be awarded a Third Class Certificate, provided that such Candidate obtains what will be equivalent to fully one-half of the aggregate value of all the Papers for a Third Class Certificate. 9. The names of successful Candidates shall be arranged alphabetically, in classes and grades.

10. In the event of a Candidate copying from another, or allowing another to copy from him, or taking into the room any Book, Notes, or anything from which he might derive assistance in the Examination, it shall be the duty of the presiding Examiner, if he obtain clear evidence of the fact at the time of its occurrence, to cause such Candidate at once to leave the Room; neither shall such Candidate be permited to enter during the remaining part of the Examination, and his name shall be struck off the list. If, however, the evidence of such case be not clear at the time. or be obtained after the conclusion of the Examination, the Examiners shall report the case at a general Meeting of the Examiners, who shell reject the Candidate if they deem the evidence conclusive.

CONDITIONS REQUIRED OF CANDIDATES FOR CERTIFICATES OF QUALIFICATION AS PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS.

Prscribed by the Council of Public Instruction for Ontario, 28th March, 1871, 31st May, and 14th December, 1872, and 23rd January, 1873, as authorized by the Revised School Act of 1871.

1. To be eligible for examination for a Third Class (County) Certificate, the Candidate, if a female, must be sixteen years of age; if a male, must be eighteen years of age; and must furnish satisfactory proof of temperate habits and good moral character.

2. Candidates for Second Class (Provincial) Certificates must furnish satisfactory proof of temperate habits and good moral character, and of having successfully taught in a School three years, except in the special cases hereinafter provided. The Candidate must also have previously obtained either a Third Class Certificate under the present system of examinations, or a First, or Second, Class Certificate under the former system.

3. Candidates for First Class (Provincial) Certificates must furnish satisfactory proof of temperate habits and good moral character, and of having successfully taught in a School five years, or two years, if during that period he has held a Second Class Certificate, granted under these Regulations, and all Candidates for First Class Certificates, who do not already possess Second Class Provincial Certificates, shall be required to previously pass the examination for such Second Class Certificate.

Explanatory Note.-Attendance at the Normal School for Ontario, with the required practice in the Model Schools, and passing the requisite Examination for a First Class Certificate, shall be considered equivalent to teaching five years in a Public, or Private, School. So also, attendance at the Normal School, with the required practice in the Model School, and passing the requisite Examinations for a Second Class Certificate, shall be considered equivalent to teaching three years in a Public, or Private, School. But those Normal School Students only shall be eligible to compete for First, or Second, Class Provincial Certificates, who shall have successfully passed a terminal Examination in the subjects prescribed in the Programme, and received a Normal School Certificate to that effect.

4. In regard to Teachers in French, or German, settlements, a knowledge of the French, or German, Grammar respectively may be substituted for a knowledge of the English Grammar, and the Certificates to the Teachers expressly limited accordingly. In regard to these settlements, it was ordered by the Council of Public Instruction, That the County Councils within whose jurisdiction there are French, or German, settlements, be authorized to appoint one or more persons, (who in their judgment may be competent), to examine Candidates in the French, or German. language, at the semi-annual Examinations.

VALUE AND DURATION OF VARIOUS GRADES OF CERTIFICATES.

1. First and Second Class Certificates are valid during good behaviour and throughout the Province of Ontario. A First Class Certificate of any Grade renders the Holder eligible for the office of Examiner of Public School Teachers; that of the highest Grade (A) renders the Holder eligible to the office of Public School Inspector.

2. Third Class Certificates are valid only in the County where given, and for three years, and not renewable, except on the recommendation of the County Inspector; but a Teacher holding a Third Class Certificate may be eligible in less than three years, for examination for a Second Class Certificate, on the special recommendation of his County Inspector.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS REQUIRED FOR THIRD CLASS CERTIFICATES OF TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

Reading. To be able to read any passage selected from the Authorized Reading Books intelligently, expressively, and with correct pronunciation.

Spelling. To be able to write correctly any passage that may be dictated from the Reading Book.

Etymology. To know the Prefixes and Affixes, (Authorized Spelling Book, pages

154-169).

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Grammar. To be well acquainted with the elements of English Grammar, and to be able to analyze and parse, with application of the rules of Syntax, any ordinary prose sentence. (Authorized Grammar).

Composition. To be able to write an ordinary Business Letter correctly, as to form, modes of expression, etcetera.

Writing. To be able to write legibly and neatly.

Geography. To know the definitions, (Lovell's General Geography), and to have a good general idea of physical and political Geography, as exhibited on the Maps of Canada, America generally, and Europe.

History. To have a knowledge of the outlines of Ancient and Modern History, (Collier), including the introductory part of the History of Canada, pages 5-33, (Hodgins).

Arithmetic. To be thoroughly acquainted with the Arithmetical Tables, Notation and Numeration, Simple and Compound Rules, Greatest Common Measure and Least Common Multiple, Vulgar and Decimal Fractions and Proportion, and to know

generally the reasons of the processes employed; to be able to solve problems in said rules with accuracy and neatness. To be able to work, with rapidity and accuracy, simple problems in Mental Arithmetic; (Authorized Text Book). To be able to solve ordinary questions in Simple Interest.

Education. To have a knowledge of School Organization and the Classification of Pupils, and the School Law and Regulations relating to Teachers.

MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS FOR SECOND CLASS PROVINCIAL CERTIFICATES.

Reading. To be able to read intelligently and expressively a passage selected from any English Author.

Spelling. To be able to write correctly a passage from any English Author. Etymology. To know the Prefixes, Affixes and principal Latin and Greek Roots. To be able to analyze etymologically the words of the Reading Books, (Authorized Spelling Book).

Grammar. To be thoroughly acquainted with the definitions and grammatical forms and rules of Syntax, and to be able to analyze and parse, with application of said rules, any sentence in prose, or verse, (Authorized Text Books).

Composition. To be familiar with the forms of Letter Writing, and to be able to write a prose Composition on any simple subject, correctly as to expression, spelling and punctuation.

Writing. To be able to write legibly and neatly a good running hand.

Geography.-To have a fair knowledge of Physical and Mathematical Geography. To know the boundaries of the Continents; relative positions and Capitals of the Countries of the World, and the positions, etcetera, of the Chief Islands, Capes, Bays, Seas, Gulfs, Lakes, Straits, Mountains, Rivers, and River Slopes. To know the forms of Government, the Religions, and the Natural Products and Manufactures of the principal Countries of the World, (Lovell's General Geography).

History. To have a good knowledge of general, English and Canadian History, (Collier and Hodgins).

Education. To be familiar with the general principles of the Science of Education. To have a thorough knowledge of the approved modes of teaching Reading, Spelling, Writing, Arithmetic, Grammar, Composition, Geography, History, and Object Lessons. To be well acquainted with the different methods of School Organization and Management, including School Buildings and arrangements, Classification of Pupils, formation of Time and Limit Tables, modes of Discipline, etcetera. To give evidence of practical skill in teaching.

School Law. To have a knowledge of the School Law and Official Regulations relating to Trustees and Teachers.

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See Regulation 2 on

page

Music.—To know the principles of Vocal Music. Drawing. To understand the principles of Linear Drawing. Book-keeping.-To understand Book-keeping by Single and Double Entry. Arithmetic. To be thoroughly familiar with the authorized Arithmetic in theory and practice, and to be able to work problems in the various rules. To show readiness and accuracy in working problems in Mental arithmetic.

Mensuration. To be familiar with the principal rules for Mensuration of Surfaces. Algebra. To be well acquainted with the subject as far as the end of Section 153, page 129, of the Authorized Text Book, (Sangster).

Euclid.-Books I, II, with problems.

NOTE. For female Teachers only the First Book of Euclid is required.

Natural Philosophy.-To be acquainted with the Properties of Matter and with Statics, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics, as set forth in pages 1-100 of Sangster's Natura! Philosophy, Part I.

Chemistry. To understand the elements of Chemistry, as taught in the first part of Doctor Ryerson's First Lessons in Agriculture, pages 9-76.