Even the child in fucking, wills the end, which is as much as a metaphyfician does in his molt voluntary movements, fince he is unacquainted with the mufcles to be contracted, in order that the end may be accomplished.

The principles of action pointed out, in this sketch, are inftinet, habit, appetite, paffions, and affections. The moral principles are confidered under the head of moral philofophy. Thefe principles our author explains with his ufual perfpicuity, except that he entangles himself in his definition of appetite, which, as a principle of action, cannot include weariness, though the appetite for reft is at least as strong as that for food or drink. While appetite is fo often a principle of action as to deferve its place among the other principles, its definition need not have been so ftrict as to have excluded this species. Our author's definition is fufficiently exact, if he had addedto fupport the life of the individual,' alternate fucceflions of reft and motion; or to continue the species.'-Paffion, Dr. Beattie defines to be a commotion of the foul, attended with pleasure or pain, affecting both the mind and body, and arifing from the view of fomething which is, or appears to be, good, or evil, or uncommon.' The whole fubject is explained with great accuracy and propriety; and in the courfe of it he endeavours to prove that there is in man a principle of pure benevolence as well as of univerfal benevolence, that is, a consciousness of wishing well to all our fellow-creatures. We fhall not enlarge on this part of the work, because it is lefs new than the obfervations on fome other fubjects: indeed our author acknowledges that the outline is taken from Dr. Watts, The deductions from these remarks, or the arguments which they fuggeft for the government of the pallions, are excellent, and of thefe we fhall extract a fpecimen :

• Games of chance, where money is the object, are dangerous in the extreme. They cherish evil paffions without number; as avarice, anger, felfifhnefs, difcontent; and give rife to altercation and quarrelling, and fometimes, as I am well informed, to the most shocking impiety: they occafion, as long as they continue, a total lofs of time and of all the rational pleasures of focial life: they are generally detrimental to health, by keep. ing the body inactive, and encroaching on the hours of reft: they produce a feverish agitation of the fpirits as hurtful to the mind, as habitual dram-drinking would be to the body: they level all diftinctions of fenfe and folly, vice and virtue; and bring together on the fame footing, men and women of decent and of the most abandoned manners. Perfons who take pleafure in play, feldom fail to become immoderately attached to it; and neglect of bufinefs, and the ruin of fortune, family, and reputation, are too frequently the confequence, Savages are addicted

addicted to gaming; and, in this refpect, whatever difference there may be in the drefs or colour of the fkin, the characters of the gentleman gambler and gambling, favage are not only fimilar, but the fame. The favage at play will lofe his wife and children and perfonal liberty; the other will throw away in the fame manner what should fupport his wife and children, and keep himself out of a jail; and it is well if he stop short of self-murder. Is it pollible to keep at too great distance from fuch enormities? and can the man who once engages in this dreadful business, fay when he will stop, or how far he may go? let no such man be trusted.'

The description of the paffions, as they difplay themselves in the look or gefture, fhow much ingenuity, and evince that Dr. Beattie is no mean proficient in the fcience of phyfiognomy. The remarks are general, but they are curious and entertaining.

The fecond part is ftyled natural theology, and contains the demonstration of the being and attributes of a God. For the argument, à priori, Dr. Beattie refers to Dr. Clarke, and explains that which, as proceeding by the oppofite path, has been termed, à pofteriori, for proving his existence from his works. In this walk of calm perfuafive reafoning, our author is unrivalled; but a few little incidental errors have efcaped him, which we are furprised had not occurred on the flightest review. For inftance, when he speaks of the incomprehenfible nature of many doctrines contained in the fcriptures, he obferves, that we cannot comprehend a past eternity;' and a future one aftonishes and confounds our reason; yet nothing can be more certain than that one eternity is paft and another to come.' Nothing, we think, can be more certain, than that if there are two eternities, one must have had an end, Q. E. A. Again, in another paffage, he speaks of the angles of prifm coinciding with thofe of a tube. The fe little inadvertencies, which we do not mark with any ill-natured defign, may eafily occur, and do not detract from the general merit of the work.

The Appendix confifts of two effays, on the immateriality and the immortality of the foul. The immateriality is fufficiently evinced, in our author's opinion, from the properties of the mind being diftinct and different from thofe of matter; but we are now acquainted with many species of active matter capable, in particular circumftances, of beginning motion; and who can say that our knowledge of matter has yet reached its utmoft limits? Every argument of the kind employed by Dr. Beattie muft neceffarily imply, that we are acquainted with Every kind of matter, with its various modifications and forms,

while in reality, we know only its more general qualities, and it is not yet abfolutely certain, that these are not owing to repulfive and attractive spheres; on our author's own argument, to fomething which is not matter. While Dr. Beattie's reafoning does not prove his pofition, we mean not to fay that these remarks have any powerful tendency to fupport the opposite opinion. We have already had occafion to obferve, that the fubject is fill in doubt; and we may add, that controverfy of this kind is ufelefs. We know, on the folid and indisputable ground of revelation, that we are accountable beings, that we shall rise again to be rewarded or to fuffer for what we have done in this world; and this doctrine is fufficiently compatible with either fyftem. Our author's explanation of the origin of evil proceeds on this foundation; of the present ftate being a probationary one, where our merits could not be ascertained, if we were not permitted to follow either good or evil courfes. The immortality of the foul, or, in other words, the refurrection of a being conscious of its identity, and accountable for his former actions, we cannot for a moment doubt, whether we believe man to be merely matter peculiarly modified, or whether he be formed of a body to which a different principle has been fuperadded. The difficulties in the way of explaining a resurrection are not greater on one footing than on the other. Dr. Beattie's arguments are founded on the immateriality of the foul, which we cannot implicitly allow without farther proofs; but the whole of this fubject is fo ftrongly fupported by revelation, that human arguments are unneceffary.

We must wait for the fecond volume of this work before we can purfue the fubject, and thofe who can properly appreciate the merits of the firft, will be proportionably eager for the continuation. We have feen nothing on these subjects more plain, more perfpicuous, or more generally ufeful: to ftudents t will be particularly valuable; and proficients, we think, may read it with pleasure, and occafionally with profit.

The Genera Vermium of Linnæus, Part II. Exemplified by feve ral of the rarest and most elegant Subjects in the Orders of the Teftacea, Lithophyta, and Zoophyta Animalia. Accurately drawn from Nature by James Barbut. 40. 21. 25. coloured -Plain, l. 1s. Boards. White and Son. THE firft part of this work occurs in our LIXth volume,

p. 169; and either the difficulty of the undertaking, difinclination, or other avocations, have prevented the author from proceeding beyond the bivalve fhells. He follows Linnæus,

almoft

almost fervilely, though he gives his opinion on the arrangement, and proposes fome alterations. These are, we think, judicious, but we have fome doubts of their utility: we shall however transcribe them:

The genus lepas I would divide, referving in it the tintinnabulum, diadema, teftudinaria, in fhort, all the fubjects which are affixed firmly to rocks, wrecks, &c. by their calcareous base. The lepas anatifera, and others of the genus which affix themfelves to rocks, &c. by their flefly stem, and poffefs the faculty of waving about in the water, by the means of that foft part, I would, on account of their aggregate nature, arrange under the name of policeps.

The genus pholas might bear alteration, and Linnæus appears to have doubted the propriety of its prefent station. The pholas pufillus which is conilantly found buried as it were in fhip planks and wrecks, never in ftones or cliffs fimilar to the pholades in general, its chief nourishment appearing to confift of the dust of the wood which it perforates, with others of like form and nature, might compose a different genus, the animal inhabiting the former, being a terebella, and Linnæus calis that which inhabits the latter an afcidia. Might not the former take the name of terebella teftacea, and under that title include other fubjects of fimilar construction and nature?'

Our author's introduction contains a general account of these animals, in which he mixes many entertaining ftories; the fictions, we fufpect, in general, of more ignorant ages. Sailing is more common to the univalves, but on fome occafions the bivalves convey themselves in the fame manner. Muscles are often hurtful, though they do not blacken filver; and the dye of the murex, as Mr. Bruce remarks, was probably an invention of the Tyrians to conceal their art. The monkey catching the bivalves, by placing a ftone between their fhells, and birds dropping them from the air to break the fcaly coverings, we fufpect to be tales invented to impote on the credulous.

The genera noticed in this fecond part are the chiton, the lepas, pholas, mya, folen, tellina, cardium, mactra, donax, vecus, fpondylus, chama, arca, oftrea, anomia, mytilus, pinna. The fpecies defcribed are, in general, the most rare, and the most ornamental. In fome genera feveral new ones are added; and we fhall felect the whole genus fpondylus as a fpecimen of cur author's labours, because it contains the most numerous new fpecies. The anómia contains the fewest of the Linnæan fpecies. GENUS 11. SPONDYLUS. Tab. V.

'CHARACTER GENERIS.

Animal Tethys. Tefta inæqui alvis. rigida. Cardo dentibus fecundo recurvis cum foraminulo intermedio.

11th GE

11th GENUS SPONDYLE. Pl. V.
'CHARACTER OF THE GENUS

The animal a Tethys. The fhell unequivalve, of a hard confiftency. The hinge has two teeth bent backwards, with a fmall aperture between.

11me, GENRE. LA SPONDYLE. PI. V.
CARACTERE DU GENRE

L'animal un Tethys. La coquille à valves inégales, de confiftence dure. La charniere a deux dents tournées en arrière, avec une ouverture entre deux.

This genus receives the name of fpondylus, from the under valve turning up towards the hinge and forming a kind of knuckle. The thells of this genus ftrongly refemble in form the oyfter, but differ widely from them, by the teeth at the hinge and the valves being fpinous.

Spondylus gæderopus. The filt Spondyle.

The fhell nearly in form of an ear armed with long fpines. It dwells in the Mediterranean Sea, sticking close to the rocks. The under valve longer, the upper one flat carinated, and at the hinge appears mutilated, as if fhaved off.

Spondylus regius. The royal Spondyle.

The fhell ear-fhaped, and furnished with fpines fhort and hollow; the upper valve of a crimson colour, the under generally pale brown.

• Spondylus fpinofus ftriatus. The spiny friated Spondyles

Not fo large as the preceding, very like it in fhape, but ftriped with deep purple and white, and spiny like the former. Inhabits the South Seas.

• Spondylus flavus. The yellow Spondyle.

The under valve very hollow, fomewhat boat-shaped, and has a broad thin rim turned backwards; the upper rimmed also, and lefs in proportion to the other; the whole fhell thin and nearly diaphanous. Inhabits the Southern Ocean.

• Spondylus citronius. The lemon coloured Spondyle.

The under valve deeply carinated, and at the rim bent horizontally; minutely fpinous. Inhabits the South Seas. Spondylus plicatus.

The hell amber-coloured; the under valve largest, and as it were plaited. Inhabits the Ifland of Java.'

Mr. Barbut gives few mifcellaneous remarks, except from Linnæus. Thofe on the oyfter are, we fufpect, most generally interefting.

This fea-fifh occupies in the fcale of nature, one of the degrees the most remote from perfection; deffitute of defenfive weapons and progreffive motion, without art or induiry, it is

reduced