is supposed to be essential to Moral Agency; 5. The great Doctrine of Original Sin defended; 6. Sermons, &c. &c. EDWARDS (Edward), a London artist, of great ingenuity, was born in 1738, and brought up to his father's business of a chair-maker and carver. This he soon quitted for drawing, in which he acquired skill enough to become a teacher, and by that means supported his mother when a widow, and a brother and sister. The society of arts encouraged his efforts by two premiums, for historical pictures, and in 1773 he became an associate of the Royal Academy. He now visited Italy, and on his return was employed by Mr. Horace Walpole, Mr. Hamilton of Bath, and several other gentlemen. In 1788 he became teacher of perspective in the Royal Academy, and in the course of his duties composed his Treatise on Perspective, 4to. He died in 1806: after his death were printed his Anecdotes of Painters, 4to., with his life prefixed. EDWARDS (Bryan), a literary gentleman principally known for his History of the West Indies, was born in 1743, at Westbury in Wiltshire. Educated at a private dissenting seminary at Bristol, he acquired on the death of his father the protection of an uncle, of considerable property in Jamaica, and was placed by him under the tuition of a clergyman resident there. Together with the large fortune of his uncle, he inherited that of a Mr. Hume of Jamaica, and, becoming a considerable merchant, returned to England, and took his seat in 1796 for the borough of Grampound, which he represented until his death in July 1800. He published Thoughts on the Trade of the West India Islands with the United States, 8vo. 2. A Speech on the Slave Trade. 3. History of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 2 vols. 4to. and 3 vols. 8vo. 4. The Proceedings of the governor and assembly of Jamaica in regard to the Maroon negroes, 8vo. EDWARDS (George), a physician and political writer of respectable literary attainments, left the following productions. The Aggrandisement and National Perfection of Great Britain, 2 vols. 4to., 1787; Royal and Constitutional Regeneration of Great Britain, 2 vols. 4to.; Practical Means of exonerating the public Burthens, and of raising the Supplies of War without new Taxes, 4to., both in 1790; Great and important Discovery of the Eighteenth Century, &c., 8vo.; First Volume of the Franklinian Improvement of Medicine, 4to., both in 1791; Effectual Means of providing against the Distress apprehended from Scarcity, &c., 8vo. 1800; Practical Means of counteracting the present Scarcity, &c., 8vo.; Political Interests of Great Britain, 8vo., both 1801; Peace on Earth, Good will towards Men, &c., 1805, 8vo.; Measures as well as Men, &c. 8vo., 1806; A plain Speech to the Imperial Parliament of Great Britain, 8vo.; Means adequate to the present Crisis, 8vo.; Discovery of the natural Era of Mankind, all in 1807; and The National Improvement of the British Empire, &c., 1808. Dr. Edwards died at his house in Suffolk Street, February 17th, 1823, in the seventy-second year of his age. EDWARDS (Thomas), an English divine, born at Coventry in 1729, and educated at Clare-Hall, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He printed a translation of the Psalms in 1755, and the year following was chosen master of the grammar-school at Coventry, besides being presented to the rectory of St. John Baptist in that city. In 1759 he published a book, entitled The Doctrine of Irresistible Grace proved to have no Foundation in the New Testament. In 1762 he became the defendant of bishop Hare's System of the Hebrew Metre against Dr. Lowth. He took the degree of D.D. in 1766, and in four years after obtained the living of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, where he died in 1785. Besides the works above noticed, he published Selections from Theocritus, with notes. EDWARDS (Thomas), an ingenious writer, born in London in 1709. He was bred to the bar, and became a member of the society at Lincoln's Inn, yet he scarcely ever practised. He attacked Warburton's edition of Shakspeare in 1744, after which he published a very sharp and humorous work, entitled Canons of Criticism, with a Glossary, which went 'through several editions. He added to this work some sonnets, and an account of the trial of the letter Y. He died in 1757. A tract of his, upon Predestination, was published some time after. EDWARDS (William), a selt-taught architect, of Glamorganshire, South Wales, whose name deserves to be recorded on account of the uncommon displays of genius which he has left in that corner of the country. He held only the rank of an ordinary masou, yet, by the superior mental powers with which he was endowed, he acquired remarkable skill in the designing and building of bridges. That over the Taaf, particularly, which is the segment of a circle, the chord of which is 147 feet at the surface of the water, is a monument of his abilities. William Edwards likewise exercised the calling of a methodist preacher. He died in 1789, aged seventy-one. EDWIN'S HALL, an ancient ruinous building. on Cockburn Law in Berwickshire, so nained from Edwin, king of Northumberland, but said to have been originally built by the Picts. It consists of three concentric circles; the diameter of the innermost is forty feet, the wall seven feet thick; the space between the innermost and second wall, seven fec, and that between the second and third, ten feet. The stones are very large, and grooved into each other, having never been cemented with mortar. EDWY, the son of Edmund I., king of England, succeeded his uncle, Edred, A.D. 955. The tragical history of this unfortunate monarch and his virtuous queen Elgiva, reflects an inde lible stain on the character of St. Dunstan, and shows what sort of monsters were canonised as saints in the ages of superstition. See BRITAIN. EDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE. See EDDY STONE. EECKHOUT (Gerbrant Vander), an historical portrait painter, was born at Amsterdam in 1621, and was a disciple of Rembrandt; whose manner of designing, coloring, and penciling, he imitated so nearly, that it is difficult to distinguish between several of his paintings and those of his master; his touch and his coloring are the same as Rembrandt's; but he rather excelled him in the extremities of his figures. His principal employment was in portraits; but his chief delight was in painting historical subjects, which he executed with equal success. His composition is rich and full of judgment; the distribution of his masses of light and shadow, is truly excellent; and, in the opinion of many connoisseurs, he had more transparence in his coloring, and better expression, than his master. He died in 1674. EEK, v. a. Better written EKE, which see. EEL, n. s. Sax. and Swed. æl; Dan. Belg. and Teut, al; Germ. aal; Gr. eyɛɛλuç, ab iλuç, limus, mud. A slimy, serpentine kind of fish, bred in muddy waters. Is the adder better than the eel, EEL, in ichthyology. See MURAna. EELS, MICROSCOPIC. See ANIMALCULE. The microscopic eels in vinegar are similar to those in sour paste. The taste of vinegar was formerly thought to be occasioned by the biting of these little animals, but that opinion has been long ago exploded. Mentzelius says, he has observed the actual transformation of these little creatures into flies; but as this has never been observed by any other person, nor is there an instance of such a transformation in any other animalcule, it seems probable that Mentzelius has been mistaken in his observations. EEL SHEAR, a forked instrument, with three or four jagged teeth, used for catching of eels; that with the four teeth is best, which they strike into the mud at the bottom of the river, and if it strike against any eels it never fails to bring them up. E'EN, adv. Contracted from even. See EVEN. Says the satyr, if you have a trick of blowing hot and cold out of the same mouth, I have e'en done with you. L'Estrange. EFBE, an island near the south coast of Mysol, in the Eastern Seas, having a bay on its north side, which forms a harbour. It is five or six miles in length, and birds of paradise migrate, where they are caught with bird-lime, and dried as they appear in Europe. Captain Forrest found two small villages here. Long. 127° E., lat. 2° 12' S EFF, n. s. Commonly written eft. A small lizard. See EFT. EFFABLE, adj. Lat. effabilis. Expressible; utterable. He accommodated thereunto his universal language to make his character effable. Wallis. EFFACE, v. a. Fr. effacer. Lat. er and facio, To destroy, or mar the appearance; blot out; herce, to destroy, generally; to wear away. Nor our admission shall your realm disgrace, Nor length of time our gratitude efface. Dryden's Æneid. Characters on dust, the first breath of wind effaces. Time, I said, may happily efface That cruel image of the king's disgrace. Prior. Otway failed to polish or refine, And fluent Shakspeare scarce effaced a line. Pope. Cowper. So coin grows smooth, in traffic current passed, Who hath bent him o'er the dead Have swept the lines where beauty lingers). Byron. EFFECT', n. s. & v. a. Fr. effect; Ital. EFFECT'IBLE, adj. effetto; Span. effetto, EFFECTIVE, adj. effecto; Port. effeito; EFFECTIVELY, adv. Lat. effectus, e exEFFECT'LESS, adj. Spletive, and facio, to EFFECT OR, n. s. make. That which EFFECT'UAL, adj. is produced by a real EFFECT'UALLY, adv. or supposed cause; EFFECT UATE, v. a. completion; reality : hence, in the plural, palpable and moveable property; hence also consequence or event accomplished or proposed; success; advantage: as a verb to bring to pass; produce; cause; particularly as an agent. Effectible means, that may be accomplished; practicable: effective is, having the power to accomplish objects or effects: efficient is, serviceable: effectless, useless; impotent: effector, he who produces an effect, applied to the First Cause: effectual is, actually productive of effects; practically operative of them: to effectuate, derived to us from the Fr. effectuer. is synonymous with to effect. They spake to her to that effect. 2 Chron. Gal. v. 4. The communication of thy faith may become effectual, by the acknowledging of every good thing. Philem. 6. Reprove my allegation, if you can; Or else conclude my words effectual. No man, in effect, doth accompany with others, but he learneth, ere he is aware, some gesture, or voice, or fashion. Bacon's Natural History. They are not effective of any thing, nor leave no work behind them. Being consul, I doubt not t'effect Bacon. Ben Jonson. Anger is the most impotent passion that accompanies the mind of man; it effects nothing it goes about. Clarendon. He should depart only with a title, the effect whereof he should not be possessed of, before he deserved it. Id. That a pot full of ashes will still contain as much water as it would without them, is not effectible upon the strictest experiment. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Nor do they speak properly who say that time consumeth all things; for time is not effective, nor are Id. bodies destroyed by it. If a mischief become public and great, acted by princes, and effected by armies, and robberies be done by whole fleets, it is virtue, and it is glory. Bp. Taylor. Whosoever is an effective real cause of doing his neighbour wrong is criminal, by what instrument soever he does it. Taylor. If any mystery, rite, or sacrament, be effective of any spiritual blessings, then this much more, as having the prerogative and principality above every thing else. Id. This effectively resists the devil, and suffers us to receive no hurt from him. Taylor's Rule of Holy Laving. Recovering shankers, crystallines, And nodes and blotches in their rinds, Upon that duller block your pate? Hudibras. Span. and State and wealth, the business and the crowd, Seem at this distance but a darker cloud ; And is to him, who rightly things esteems, No other in effect than what it seems. Denham. The change made of that syrup into a purple color, was effected by the vinegar. Boyle on Colours. We commemorate the creation, and pay worship to that infinite Being who was the effector of it. Derham. The students of nature, conscious of her more cryptick ways of working, resolve many strange effects into the near efficiency of second causes. Glanville. Apology. The institution has hitherto proved without effect, and has neither extinguished crimes, nor lessened the number of criminals. Temple. You may see by her example, in herself wise, and of others beloved, that neither folly is the cause of vehement love, nor reproach the effect. Sidney. He found means to acquaint himself with a nobleman, to whom discovering what he was, he found him a fit instrument to effectuate his desire. Id. Effect is the substance produced, or simple idea introduced into any subject, by the exerting of power. Locke. These men's opinions are not the product of judgment, or the consequence of reason; but the effects of chance and hazard, of a mind floating at all adventures, without choice, and without direction. Id. Sometimes the sight of the altar, and decent preparations for devotion, may compose and recover the wandering mind more effectually than a sermon, South. I took pleasure to trace out the cause of effects, and the dependence of one thing upon another in the visible creation. Burnet's Theory. EFFEM'INATELY, adv.. EFFEM'INATENESS, n. s. EFFEMINATION. Port. effe minedo; Lat. effeminatus, effamino; e, expletive, and famina, a woman. Womanish; unmanly; tender; nice; voluptuous. The verb seems to have been derived, in our language, from the adjective. Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor effeminate. Bible. 1 Cor. vi. 9. The king, by his voluptuous life and mean marriage, became effeminate, and less sensible of honour. After the slaughter of so many peers, Shall we at last conclude effemunate peace? Bacon. Shakspeare. EFFETE',adj. Lat. effatus, (e privative, young). Barren; and fato, to bear young; disabled from producing young; worn out. All that can be allowed him now, is to refresh his decrepit, effete sensuality, with the history of his forSouth. mer life. In most countries the earth would be so parched and effete by the drought, that it would afford but one harvest. Bentley. Old Fr. efficaise, power; Lat. efficax, efficacis, from efficio, Powerful; productive of EFFICACIOUS, adj. to EFFECT, which see. intended objects or consequences. Whatsoever is spoken concerning the efficacy or necessity of God's word, they tie and restrain only Hooker. into sermons. Whether if they had tasted the tree of life before that of good and evil, they had suffered the curse of mortality; or whether the efficacy of the one had not overpowered the penalty of the other, we leave it unto Browne. God. Efficacy is a power of speech which represents a thing, by presenting to our minds the lively ideas or Peacham. forms. Byron. The effeminate?'-Thus, after a short pause, Sighed Juan, muttering also some slight oaths, What the devil shall I do with all this gause?' EFFENDI, in the Turkish language, signifies master; and accordingly it is a title very extensively applied; as to the mufti and emirs, to the priests of mosques, to men of learning, and of the law. The grand chancellor of the empire is called reis effendi. EFFERVESCE,' v. n. Lat. effervesco; efferveo, e and ferEFFERVESCENT, adj. Sveo, to burn. Το rise in chemical ebullition: to generate heat by intestine motion. Take chalk, ignite it in a crucible, and then powder it: put it into strong spirit of nitre, 'till it becomes sweetish, and makes no effervescence upon the injection of the chalk. Grew. The compound spirit of nitre, put to oil of cloves, will effervesce even to a flame. Mead on Poisons. Hot springs do not owe their heat to any colluctation or effervescence of the minerals in them, but to subterranean heat or fire. Woodward's Natural History. In the chemical sense, effervescence signifies an intestine motion, produced by mixing two bodies together that lay at rest before; attended sometimes with a hissing noise, frothing and ebullition. Arbuthnot on Aliments. If we find that any other body strikes efficaciously enough upon it, we cannot doubt but it will move that way in which the striking body impels it. Digby on Bodies. EFFICIENCE, n. s. Lat. efficio. See EFFICIENT, adj. &n.s. (poects or consequen EFFICIENTLY, adv. ces; agency: as a substantive, efficient is synonymous with causer, or with effector. The manner of this divine efficiency being far above us, we are no more able to conceive by our reason, than creatures unreasonable by their sense are able to apprehend after what manner we dispose and order Hooker. the course of our affairs. God, which moveth meer natural agents as an efficient only, doth otherwise move intellectual creaId. tures, and especially his holy angels, Observations of the order of nature carry the mind We have an agreeable imitation of acidulous waters, under the term of what is called the efferrescing draught. This consists of two solutions, one of an alkaline carbonate, and the other of the citric or some other vegetable acid, which are directed to be mixed together, and swallowed during the act Dr. A. Rees. of effervescence. EFFERVESCENCES are commonly attended with bubbles, vapors, small jets of the liquid, &c., occasioned by the air which then disengages up to the admiration of the great efficient of the world. itself. Sometimes, also, they are accompanied with a great degree of heat, the cause of which is not so well known. Formerly the word fermentation was also applied to effervescences; but now that word is confined to the motion naturally excited in animal and vegetable matters, and from which new combinations among their principles take place. Hale. That they are carried by the manuduction of a rule, is evident; but what that regulating efficiency should be, is not easily determined. Glanville. A pious will is the means to enlighten the understanding in the truth of Christianity, upon the account of a natural efficiency: a will so disposed, will engage the mind in a severe search. South Logical or consequential necessity is when a thing does not efficiently cause an event but yet by certain infallible consequences does infer it. South. Gravity does not proceed from the efficiency of any contingent and unstable agents; being entirely owing to the direct concourse of the power of the Author of Woodward. nature. Your answering in the final cause, makes me believe you are at a loss for the efficient. Collier on Thought. I look upon indolence as a sort of suicide; for the man is efficiently destroyed, though the appetite of the Chesterfield. brute may survive. EFFIG'IATE, v. a. to Lat. effigio, (e, and fingo, to fashion). To form into resemblance; image: effigies or effigy is resemblance, generally of a rough, uncouth, or of the French caricature kind: but our older writers use these words more seriously, and for 'actual image,' or idea. We behold the species of eloquence in our minds, he effigies or actual image of which we seek in the organs of our hearing. Dryden's Dufresnoy, Preface. Garth. EFFIGY is also used for the print or impression of a coin, representing the prince's head who struck it. EFFIGY, TO EXECUTE OR DEGRADE IN, denotes the execution or degradation of a condemned criminal, who cannot be apprehended. In France, before the revolution, they used to hang a picture on a gibbet, wherein was represented the criminal, with the manner of punishment; at the bottom was written the sentence of condemnation. Those who were sentenced to death were executed in effigy. EFFINGHAM, a county of the United States, in the lower district of Georgia, bounded by the Savannah River on the north-east, which separates it from South Carolina, and by the Ogeechee River on the south-west, which divides it from Liberty county. Chief towns, Ebenezer and Elberton. EFFINGHAM, a township of New Hampshire, in Stafford county, seated on the Ossipee, southeast of Ossipee Pond. EFFLORESCENCE, n. s. Į Lat. effloresco, EFFLORESCENCY, e expletive, and EFFLORESCENT, adj. from flos, floris, a flower. The production of floreo, to flower; flowers; hence any excrescence of the shape or appearance of flowers. Where there is less heat, there the spirit of the plant is digested, and severed from the grosser juice in efflorescence. Bacon. Excrescencies in the form of flowers. Yellow efflorescent sparry incrustations on stone. Id. It has lately been found in large quantities in a natural bason of calcareous earth at Molfetta in Italy, both in thin strata between the calcareous beds, and in efflorescences of various beautiful leafy and hairy forms. Darwin. A wart beginneth in the cutis, and seemeth to be an efflorescence of the serum of the blood. Wiseman's Surgery. formation of a kind of mealy powder on the EFFLORESCENCE, in chemistry, denotes the surface of certain bodies. Efflorescence is ocThe efflorescence which happens to cobalt and casioned either by decomposition or drying. pyrites is of the first; and that observed on the crystals of marine alkali, Glauber's salt, &c, of also a species of crystallisation, the nature of the latter kind. An efflorescence is sometimes which is not well understood; as the beautiful vegetations which shoot up from vitriolated tartar, acidulated either with the vitriolic or niserved to shoot from salt butter, &c. Besides trous acids, the saline spiculæ, which are obthe common crystallisation of salts, all of them have the property of appearing in the form of an efflorescence, or small saline spiculæ, when mixed with any thick substance, particularly lime. Whatever salt happens to be made use of, there is little or no difference in the efflorescence. Thus, in butter very much salted, the sea-salt shoots in the form of long spiculæ, though the sea-salt itself never shoots but in the form of cubical crystals. In like manner, efflorescence, as well as the fossile alkali, &c., Glauber's salt will appear in the form of an nor will the form of the crystals of the effiosea-salt. The efflorescences which we see very rescence be perceptibly different from those of commonly upon walls, are in general Glauber's salt. In some cases, they are composed of fossile alkali. The reason of these differences is not known. In almost all cases of this kind there seems to be a real growth of salt. On one spot of a plaster wall, about two feet square, which we observed particularly, this growth was salt; and, by frequently taking off the efflovery evident. The produce was a true Glauber's rescence, eight ounces were procured; nor did the prolific virtue of the wall seem to be in the least impaired by the waste. TIE TEMPUS, in botany, from effloresco, to bloom, EFFLUENCE, 2.s. Fr. flur; Lat. effluo, when men are one with another; as from body to Bacon. The first efflux of men's piety, after receiving of the faith, was the selling and consecrating their possessions. Hammond. By effluxion and attraction bodies tend towards the earth. Bronene. These scintillations are not the ascension of the air upon the collision of two hard bodies, but rather the inflammable effluences discharged from the baches collided. Bright effluence of bright essence increate. Id. Milton. |