It was erected by Henry, and was mentioned in the royal almanack as a monument of his royal munificence and piety.' The archbishop, whom the pope has hitherto refused to consecrate, has a chapter, a seminary, and a college attached to the metropolitan see, all well endowed. He has also three archi-episcopal palaces assigned to him; and the bishops have each a chapter and a . seminary, endowed with considerable revenues. The armies of the two governments, in 1820, were composed of about 24,000 regular troops each; but not more than 5000 or 6000 were on duty at one time. They were relieved alternately every three months; and received pay while on actual service. During the remaining nine months of the year, they were quartered upon the great provision-grounds of the two governments. Since the revolution, commerce is said to have greatly declined. From 1804 to 1808, according to Waiton, only about seventy-five vessels arrived annually, with cargoes amounting to about £150,000 sterling.

The Haytians express themselves with great energy and propriety, on moral and political subjects. Some of the state-papers of the late king might vie with those of far more advanced communities. 'Five-and-twenty years ago,' says the black baron de Vastey, in his Political Reflections, printed at the press of Sans Souci, we were plunged in the most complete ignorance; we had no notion of human society, no idea of happiness, no powerful feeling; our faculties, both physical and moral, were so overwhelmed under the load of slavery, that I myself, who am writing this, I thought that the world finished at the spot which bounded my sight; my ideas were so limited, that things the most simple were to me incomprehensible, and all my countrymen were as ignorant, and even more so than myself, if that were possible. I have known many of us,' he continues, who have learned to read and write of themselves without the help of a master; I have known them walking with their books in their hands, enquiring of the passengers, and praying them to explain to them the signification of such a character or such a word, and in this manner many, already advanced in years, became able to read and write without the benefit of education. Such men,' he adds, 'have become notaries, attornies, advocates, judges, administrators, and have astonished the world by the sagacity of their judgment; others have become painters and sculptors from their own exertions, and have astonished strangers by their works; others again have succeeded as architects, mechanics, weavers; in short, others have worked mines of sulphur, fabricated saltpetre, and made excellent gunpowder, in mills and establishments similar to those of Europe, with no other guides than books of chemistry and mineralogy. And yet,' he continues, the Haytians pretend not to be a manufacturing and commercial people'-' like the Romans, we go from arms to the plough, and from the plough to arms.' But he contemplates the time when they shall call to their assistance the mechanical arts, the employment of machines, of animals, and of the natural agents, air, fire, and water, and put in practice those

means, which,' says he, 'will render our country the most beautiful, populous, and flourishing, and its inhabitants, heretofore so unfortunate, the happiest people in the world.'

In July 1816, after Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne, commissioners were sent from France to St. Domingo, entrusted with the administration of all the affairs of the island, both civil and military, but all their overtures were firmnly rejected in both parts of the island. His majesty Charles X. has been more successful in asserting the claims of France to this island. He has procured that kind of recognition of the interest of the former planters, which has resulted in a treaty of indemnity in regard to them, whereby the French government stipulates to acknowledge the independence of Hayti, which is on the other hand to pay a sum of money to France, and give certain advantages to the French commerce above that of other nations.

We conclude with the excellent reflections of a modern periodical publication. The establishment of a black empire in the midst of the British West Indies,' observes this writer, 'excited the most fearful apprehensions in the minds of the planters. Subsequent events have shown that, however well founded those apprehensions might seem, they have little to fear, so long as their slaves are treated with kindness and humanity. The abolition of the nefarious traffic in slaves, and other wise measures of the British legislature, have already contributed to ameliorate the condition of the slaves; aad we may reasonably expect that, in proportion as these measures have their full effect, the condition of the negroes in our West-India colonies will be progressively improved. In their present state entire freedom would be no boon to them. Nothing indeed can prepare their minds for its reception and enjoyment but the introduction of Christianity, and the diffusion of moral and religious education. We have no data by which we can compute the actual number of Christian slaves in the West Indies; but we know generally that, in almost all the larger islands, there are active and zealous missionaries, who devote themselves to the pious and benevolent task of imparting religious instruction to those neglected outcasts. In Antigua, especially, this greatest of blessings has been imparted to many thousands of slaves, who bear the yoke of bondage with patience, cheered by the hope which the Gospel reveals, as the end and compensation of all their sufferings. many other islands, the prejudice of planters against the tuition of their slaves is silently wearing away; while the number of those, who, from various causes, are favorable to their instruction, is gradually increasing; and a conviction is gaining ground, most advantageous to the interests of all parties, of the inefficacy of human restraints and punishments to produce that uniform obedience, which is seen in well instructed and religious slaves. These are truly encoura ging signs of the times; and when we add to them the increasing liberality of British Christians in this country, we may reasonably indulge the hope that the period is not far distant. when the entire black population in the West Indies shall hail with devout gratitude the day, that trans

In

ported them from their native deserts, to make them free men in the noble sense suggested by the New Testament.

DOMINICA, the last of the Leeward or Caribbee islands, taking them from north-west to south-east; so named by Christopher Columbus, from his having discovered it on Sunday, Nov. 3d, 1493. It is situated about half way betwixt Guadaloupe on the north-west, and Martinico on the south-east, fifteen leagues from each, between 15° 20′ and 15° 44′ 30′′ N. lat., and between 61° 17′ and 61° 30′ W. long. It is twenty-nine miles long from Crab-Point on the south, to the north-west cape of Agusha Bay on the north; and nearly sixteen broad from Raymond Bay east, to Coulihaut on the west. It contains 186,436 acres of land, and is divided into ten parishes, viz. St. John, St. Andrew, St. Peter, St. Joseph, St. Paul, St. David, St. George, St. Patrick, St. Luke, and St. Martin. It has many high and rugged mountains, interspersed with fertile valleys, and is watered by upwards of thirty rivers, besides a number of rivulets. Several of the mountains contain unextinguished volcanoes, which often discharge vast quantities of sulphur. Here are also several hot springs, esteemed efficacious in removing tropical disorders. Some of the waters are said to be hot enough to coagulate an egg. Vast swarms of bees produce a great quantity of wax and honey: they hive in the trees, and are thought to have been transported from Europe; the native bee of the West Indies being a smaller species, unprovided with a sting, and very different in its manners from the European. The forests afford an inexhaustible tity of rose wood. The fruits and other productions are similar to those in the neighbouring islands; but the soil, being generally thin, is more adapted to the rearing of cotton than sugar. The best eye-stones that are known, are found on the shores of this island. They are shaped like a lentil, smooth and sleek, but much smaller, and of a gray color. The anchorage is good all round the coast of Dominica; but it has no port or bay for retiring into; but the vessels have the advantage of shelter behind many of its capes. Charlotte town (Roseau of the French), the chief place, is on a point of land between two bays on the south-west side of the island. It has 500 houses. Portsmouth, or Prince Rupert's Bay, on the north-west side of the island, is the only

other town.

quan

The imports from the island to England, and the exports from the latter were,

being vain, the only thing the garrison couid do, was to procure as favorable terms as possible. These were granted with such readiness as did great honor to the character of this officer; the inhabitants experiencing no kind of change except that of transferring their obedience from Britain to France. A large quantity of military stores, with 164 pieces of cannon, and twentyfour brass mortars, were found in the place; so that the French themselves expressed their surprise at finding so few hands to make use of them. It was restored to Britain at the conclusion of the peace in 1783; and, in 1795, the French attempted to take it again, but were unsuccessful; all the Frenchmen who landed being either killed or taken prisoners. The position of Dominica renders it of great consequence to England in war with France; for a squadron, stationed at Prince Rupert's Bay, may effectually cut off the communication between Martinique and Guadaloupe.

DOMINICA, OF HEEVAROA, is the largest of the Marquesas islands, called by the natives Hiwaoa and Ohiwana, extending east and west eighteen miles. It is about forty-eight miles in circumference; full of rugged hills, and of a barren surface, but is, however, inhabited. Long. 139° 3′ W., lat. 9° 44′ N.

DOMINICAL, adj. Lat. dominicalis. Relating to the Lord's day, or Sunday.

The cycle of the moon serves to shew the epacts, and that of the sun the dominical letter, throughout all their variations. Holder on Time.

DOMINICAL LETTER, or SUNDAY LETTER, See CHRONOLOGY. The dominical letters were introduced into the kalendar by the primitive Christians, instead of the nundinal letters in the Roman kalendar.

DOMINICANS, an order of religious, so named from their founder Dominic de Guzman, who preached with great zeal against the Albigenses in Languedoc, where he laid the first foundation of this order. See GUZMAN. It was approved of in 1215, by Innocent III., and confirmed in 1216, by a bull of Honorius III, under the title of St. Augustin; to which Dominic added several austere precepts and observances, obliging the brethren to take a vow of absolute poverty; to abandon entirely all their revenues and possessions; and to take the title of Preaching Friars, because the public instruction was the main end of their institution. The first convent was founded at Thoulouse by the bishop thereof and Simon de Montfort. Two years afterwards they had another at Paris, near the bishop's house; and some time after a third in the rue St. Jacques, whence the denomination of Jacobins. Just before his death, Dominic sent Gilbert de Fresney, with twelve of the brethren, into England, where they founded their first monastery at Oxford, in 1221, and soon after another at London. In 1276 the mayor and aldermen of the city of London gave them two whole streets by the river Thames, where they erected a very commodious convent, whence that place is still called Black Friars, from the name by which the Dominicans were called in England. Dominic, at first, only took

the habit of the regular canons; that is, a black cassock and rochet: but this he quitted in 1219, for that which they now wear, which it is pretended was shown by the blessed Virgin herself to the beatified Renaud of Orleans. This order has been spread throughout the whole known world. Before the revolutionary wars, it had forty-five provinces under the general, who resided at Rome; and twelve particular congregations, governed by vicars general. There have been three popes of this order, above sixty cardinals, several patriarchs, 150 archbishops, and about 800 bishops; besides masters of the sacred palace, whose office has been constantly discharged by a religious of this order, ever since St. Dominic, who held it under Honorius III. in 1213. Of all the monastic orders, none enjoyed a higher degree of power and authority than the Dominicans. Their credit was great, and their influence universal.' But the measures they used to maintain and extend their authority were so perfidious, and cruel, that their influence began to decline towards the beginning of the sixteenth century. The tragic story of Jetzer, conducted at Bern in 1509, for determining an uninteresting dispute between them and the Franciscans, relating to the immaculate conception, reflects indelible infamy on this order. See an account of it in Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. vol. iii. p. 294, 8vo. They were indeed perpetually employed in stigmatising with the opprobrious name of heresy numbers of learned and pious men; in encroaching upon the rights and properties of others, to augment their possessions; and in laying the most iniquitous snares and stratagems for the destruction of their adversaries. They were the principal counsellors, by whose instigation and advice Leo X. was determined to the public condemnation of Luther. The papal see never had more active and useful abettors than this order, and that of the Jesuits. The dogmata of the Dominicans are opposite to those of the Franciscans. There are nuns of this order, called in some places Preaching Sisters. These are even more ancient than the friars; St. Dominic having founded a society of religious maids

at Proilles in 1206. There is also a third order of Dominicans, both for men and women.

DOMINIS (Mark Anthony de), archbishop of Spalatro in Dalmatia at the close of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries. Becoming acquainted with bishop Bedell, while chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, ambassador from James I. at Venice, he became resolved to abandon the Roman Catholic religion, concerning the authority of which he had long had his doubts. He had written De Republicâ Ecclesiasticâ, but had hitherto dreaded to publish his work; he now therefore committed them to Bedell, and they were afterwards published at London, with his corrections. He came to England with Bedell; where he was received with great respect, and preached and wrote against the Romish religion. He had a principal share in publishing father Paul's History of the Council of Trent, which was inscribed to king James in 1619. But on the promotion of pope Gregory XIV., who had been his school-fellow and old acquaintance, he was deluded by Gondomar, the Spanish ambas

sador, into the hopes of procuring a cardinal's hat, by which he fancied he should prove an instrument of great reformation in the church. Accordingly he returned to Rome in 1622, recanted his errors, and was at first well received; but he afterwards wrote letters to England, repenting his recantation; which being intercepted, he was imprisoned by pope Urban VIII., and died in 1625. He was the author of the first philosophical explanation of the rainbow.

DOMINIUM DIRECTUM, in Scotch law, the right which a superior retains in his lands, notwithstanding the feudal grant to the vassal. See LAW.

DOMINIUM EMINENS, in Scotch law, that power which the state or sovereign has over private property, by which the proprietor may be compelled to sell it for an adequate price where public utility requires.

DOMINIUM UTILE, in Scotch law, the right which the vassal acquires in the lands by the feudal grant from his superior.

DOMINUS, a title anciently prefixed to a name, usually to denote the person either a knight or a clergyman. The title was sometimes also given to a gentleman not dubbed; especially if he were lord of a manor. In Holland, the title dominus distinguished a minister of the re formed church.

DOMUS, in antiquity, is sometimes used for all sorts of houses, either magnificent or ordinary; but it is often taken by writers to intimate a mansion of some lord, or palace of some prince, as in Virgil, speaking of the palace of Dido.

At domus interior regali splendida luxu.' These houses were built with much magnificence, many courts, apartments, wings, cabinets, bagand were of a vast extent; for they had nios, stoves, and halls, either to accommodate their owners at table, or for transacting matters of consequence. Before these houses was generally a large place or porch, where clients and make their court. It is supposed that this was persons giving attendance to great men waited to covered, for the conveniency of persons, who were sometimes waiting very long before they were admitted.

cavum-adium, or cavœdium: it was a spacious .There was a second part to these houses, called enclosed court.

in general the whole inside of the house. Virgil The third part was called atrium interius, i. e. used this word in this sense, when he said,

Apparet domus intus, et atria longa patescunt ;' for it is plain that Virgil means by the word atria, that all may be seen in the inside of a house when the doors are opened. There was a porter waiting at the atrium, called servus atriensis. Within this there were many figures; for the Romans raised every where trophies and statues, to leave monuments of their great actions to posterity, not only in the provinces, which they subdued to the empire, but also in public places, and their own palaces at Rome.

Here were therefore painted or engraven battles, axes, bundles of rods, and the other badges of the offices that their ancestors or them

selves had obtained; and statues of wax or metal, representing their fathers in basso relievo, were set up in niches of precious wood or rare marble. On the days of their solemn feasts, or triumphal pomp, these niches were opened, and the figures, crowned with festoons and garlands, carried about the town. When any of the family died, these statues accompanied the funeral parade; wherefore Pliny says, that the whole family was there present from the first to the last. There were also large galleries in these houses, adorned with pillars and other works of architecture.

The halls were built after the Corinthian or Egyptian order. The first had only a row of pillars set upon a pedestal, or on the pavement, and supported nothing but the architrave, and cornish of joiners' work or stud, over which was the ceiling in form of a vault; but the later halls had architraves upon pillars, and the architraves of the ceilings made of pieces joined together, which make an opened circular terrace. These houses had many apartments, some for men, and others for women; some for dining-rooms called triclinia, others for bed-chambers named dormitoria; and some others to lodge strangers. So large was ancient Rome, that there were 48,000 houses standing by themselves, or being so many insulæ, and having a light on every side.

The Greeks built in a different manner from the Romans; for they had no porch, but from the first door they entered into a narrow passage; on one side of it there were stables, and on the other was the porter's lodge; at the end of this passage there was another door, to enter into a gallery supported with pillars, and this gallery had piazzas on three sides.

Within the Greek houses there were halls, for the mistresses of the family, and their servant maids to spin in; in the entry both on the right and left hand there were chambers; one called thalamus, and the other antithalamus. Round the piazzas there were dining-rooms, chambers, and wardrobes. To this part of the house was joined another which was considerably larger. The finest entries and most magnificent doors were at this part of the house. There were sometimes four square halls, so large and spacious, that they would easily hold four tables, with three seats in form of beds, and leave room enough for the servants and gamesters. They entertained their friends in these halls, for it was not the custom for women to sit amongst men. On the right and the left of these buildings were small apartments, and convenient rooms to receive the guests; and among the Greeks wealthy and magnificent men kept apartments, with all their conveniencies, to receive any persons who came to lodge at their houses. The custom was, that after they had given them an entertainment the first day, they sent them afterwards every day some present, as chickens, eggs, pulse, and fruits; so that travellers were lodged as they had been at their own houses, and might live in these apartments privately.

The apartments were paved with mosaic or inlaid work. Pliny tells us, that the pavements that were painted and wrought with art came from the Greeks, who called them ospwra. These were in fashion at Rome during the time

of Sylla, who had one made at Præneste, in the temple of Fortune. This pavement was not only used for paving the courts of houses and the halls, but also in chambers, and wainscotting the walls, and called musæa, musia, and musiva, because ingenious works were ascribed to the muses, and the muses and sciences were thereby represented.

DON, v. a. [To do on.] To put on ; to invest with; the contrary to doff. Obsolete.

The purple morning left her crimson bed, And donned her robes of pure vermilion hue.

Fairfax.

Id.

Her helm the virgin donned. What! should I don this robe, and trouble you? Shakspeare.

DON, n. s. Lat. dominus. The Spanish DON'SHIP, n. s. ( title for a gentleman; as, Don Quixote. It is with us used ludicrously: donship is the rank of a don or gentleman.

To the great dons of wit,

Phoebus gives them full privilege alone
To damn all others, and cry up their own.

Dryden.

I'm none of those, Your bosom-friends, as you suppose But Ralph himself, your trusty squire, Wh' has dragged your donship out o' the mire. Hudibras. Here dons, grandees, but chiefly dames abound, Skilled in the ogle of a roguish eye,

Yet ever well inclined to heal the wound.

Byron.

DON, a river of Russia, anciently called Tanais, which takes its rise from the small lake of St. John, near Tula, in the government of Moscow, and passing through part of the province of Voronetz, a small portion of the Ukraina Slobodskaia, and the whole province of Azof, divides itself near Tcherkask into three streams, and falls in these separate branches into the sea of Azof. The river has so many windings, is in many parts so shallow, and abounds with such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely navigable, excepting in the spring, upon the melting of the snows; and its mouth is also so choked up with sand, that only flat-bottomed vessels can pass into the sea of Azof, at any other season. The banks of the Don, and the rivulets which fall into it, are clothed with large tracts of forest, whose timber is floated down the stream to St. Demetri and Rostof, where the frigates for the sea of Azof are chiefly constructed. The navigation of the Don, Mr. Coxe observes, may possibly hereafter be rendered highly valuable, by conveying to the Black Sea the iron of Siberia, the Chinese goods, and the Persian merchandise: which latter commodities, as well as the products of India, formerly found their way into Europe through this same channel.

DON, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, which rises about four miles north of the castle of Brae-Mar, runs through the district of Alford; so named from the river being almost All ford, or every where fordable, in that part of its course; afterwards joins the Ury at Inverury, and falls into the British Ocean at New Aberdeen, within two miles of the mouth of the Dee. It has been long famous for its salmon fishery.