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No man could comfort other: every man was too full of his own sorrow: helping rather to make the noise of the lamentation more doleful and astonishing. Bp. Hall. Contemplations.

With screwed face, and doleful whine, they only ply with senseless harangues of conscience against carnal ordinances.

South. The pain returned, dissipating that vapour which obstructed the nerves, and giving the dolorifick motion free passage again. Ray.

She earnestly entreated to know the cause thereof,

that either she might comfort or accompany her doleSidney. ful humour.

Never troubling him either with asking questions or finding fault with his melancholy; but rather fit ting to his dolour, dolorous discourses of their own and other folks' misfortunes.

DOLICHOS, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-second, papilionaceæ. The basis of the vexillum has two callous knobs, oblong, parallel, and compressing the alæ below. There are fifty-three species, natives of the East and West Indies and of the Cape: the most remarkable are: 1. D. lablab, with a winding stalk, a native of warm climates, where it is frequently cultivated for the table. The Egyptians make pleasant arbours with it, by supporting the stem and fastening it with cords; by which means the leaves form an excellent covering, and an agreeable shade. 2. D. pruriens, the couhage, cow-itch, or stinging bean, is also a native of warm climates. It has a fibrous root, and an herbaceous climbing stalk, which is naked, dividing into a great number of branches; and rises to a great height when properly supported. The leaves are alternate and trilobate, rising from the stem and branches about twelve inches distant from each other. The foot-stalk is cylindrical, from six to fourteen inches long. From the axilla of the leaf descends a pendulous solitary spike, from six to fourteen inches long, covered with long blood-colored papilionaceous flowers, rising in clusters of three each, in a double alternate manner, from small fleshy protuberances, This, by the softness and rarity of the fluid, is in- each of which is a short pedunculus of three sensible, and not dolorifick.

Id

Hell-ward bending o'er the beach descry
The dolesome passage to the infernal sky.
Pope's Odyssey.
Talk not of ruling in this dolorous gloom,
Nor think vain words, he cried, can ease my doom.
Pope.

Happy the mortal man, who now at last
Has thought this doleful vale of misery past;
Who to his destined stage has carried on
The tedious load, and laid his burden down.

Prior.

Arbuthnot on Air.

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DOLE, a large well-built town of France, on the river Doubs, in Franche Compté, in the department of the Jura. The country around has, from its fertility and beauty, received the name of the Val d'Amour. It has several good edifices, as the Palais de Justice, the former Chambre des Comptes, the church of Notre Dame, the College d'Arc, and the Hotel Dieu Hospital. It has also a pleasant public promenade.

Dole was the Dola Sequanarum of the Romans, and contains considerable remains of that people. The great Roman road to Lyons passed through this place; and here are two aqueducts and a public edifice near the river of their erection. It was the capital of Franche Compté until 1674, and, is twenty-three miles south of Besançon, and twenty-eight south-east of Dijon. Dole, La, a lofty point of the Jura chain of mountains, between the department of Jura and the Swiss canton of Vaud, it is elevated 5600 feet above the level of the sea, and has the appearance of an immense rock. From its summit there is a most magnificent view for 100 miles in each direction, and, on the side of France, a prospect which extends into Burgundy.

DOLGELLY, or DOLGETH, a town of North Wales, in Merionethshire, at the foot of the mountain Cader-Idris. A new court-house has been erected, in which the summer assizes for the county are held. The county jail is situated at a small distance from the town. The town and its neighbourhood have a peculiar manufacture of coarse undyed woollen cloth, called webbing or white plains, which is chiefly exported. It has a market on Tuesday. It is seated in a valley on the banks of the Avon, thirty-one miles northwest of Montgomery, and 212 north-west of London.

flowers. These are succeeded by leguminous, coriaceous pods, like those of kidney beans, four or five inches long, densely covered with sharp hairs, which penetrate the skin, and cause great itching, stinging like a nettle, though not quite so painfully. This will grow in any soil in those countries where it is a native: but is generally eradicated from all cultivated grounds; because the hairs from the pods fly with the winds, and torment every animal they happen to touch. If it was not for this mischievous quality, the beauty of its flower would entitle it to a place in the best gardens. It flowers in the cool months, from September to March, according to the situation. The spicule, or sharp hairs, of this plant, have been long used in South America as a vermifuge, and have of late been frequently employed in Britain. The spicule of one pod mixed with syrup or molasses, and taken in the morning fasting, is a dose for an adult. The beans are used in the East Indies as a cure for the dropsy. 3. D. soja is a native of Japan, where it is termed daidsu; and, from its excellence, mame; that is, the pod, by way of eminence. It grows with an erect, slender, and hairy stalk, to the height of about four feet. The leaves are like those of the garden kidney bean. The flowers, of a bluish-white, are produced from the blosom of the leaves, and succeeded by bristly hanging pods resembling those of the yellow lupine, which commonly contain two, sometimes three, large white seeds. This legumen is doubly useful in the Japanese kitchens. It serves for the preparation of a substance named miso, that is used as butter; and likewise of a pickle celebrated among them under the name of sooju or soy.

DOLL, n. s. A contraction of Dorothy; and hence a child's toy. Shakspeare.

Doll tearsheet.

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DO'LLAR, n.s. Dutch daler. See below. A Dutch and German coin of different value, from about two shillings and sixpence to four and sixpence. He disbursed

Ten thousand dollars for our general use.

Shakspeare. Macbeth.

DOLLAR, in this country, is chiefly applied to the Spanish silver coin, otherwise called a piece of eight. Dollars are also coined in different parts of Germany and Holland: and have their subdivisions into semi dollars, quarter dollars, &c. See COINS.

DOLLART BAY, or THE DOLLERT, an arm of the North Sea, extending between East Friesland in Hanover, and Groningen in the Netherlands, to the mouth of the Ems. It is said to have been formed by the sea breaking in here towards the close of the thirteenth century; when it swept away nearly fifty villages. On the side of East Friesland, the sea has in some measure receded.

DOLLOND (John), a celebrated optician, the inventor of the achromatic telescope, was descended from that useful body of artificers the French refugees of Spitalfields, London, where he was born 10th June, 1706. His education was limited by the circumstances of his friends, who could only destine him to their own occupation, and he is said to have passed many years of his life as an operative silk-weaver. Mr. Dollond, however, possessed a mathematical and philosophical taste, which soon disclosed itself; he acquired the Greek and Latin languages, together with a considerable knowledge of anatomy and scholastic divinity; and though he married early, found means to continue his scientific pursuits, and bring up his family. In his eldest son Mr. Peter Dollond, he was happily afforded an heir of his own taste, and in 1752 he had so well established him in business as an optical instrument-maker, that he quitted Spitalfields to join him in partnership. This same year was read in the Royal Society, a letter of Mr. J. Dollond's to James Short, A. M. F. R. S., concerning a mistake in Mr. Euler's Theorem for correcting the Aberration in the Object Glasses of Refracting Telescopes, together with an introductory letter of Mr. Short, in which Euler's calculations are disputed; with Euler's answers to Short and Dollond. (Phil. Trans. 1753, p. 287.) It is somewhat strange,' says Mr. Dollond, that any body now-a-days should attempt to do that which so long ago has been demonstrated impossible:' and his discoveries were doubtless for a while retarded by his deference to the great name of Newton, whom Euler considered to agree with him; and whose experiments were certainly compatible with the doctrine of Euler, while Mr. Dollond was better acquainted than either with the mechanism of the eye. In 1753 he describes, in a second letter to Mr. Short, a telescope with six glasses, 'calculated for correcting, either wholly or in a great measure, the errors of refraction arising from the dispersion of the different colors, as well as from the spherical form of the surfaces of the eye-glasses;' appealing to the superiority of the telescopes, which he had thus constructed, above those

which had before been in use. He here reserves the detail of his theory for a future occasion.

His great discovery is narrated in an Account of some Experiments concerning the different Refrangibility of Light,' Phil. Trans. 1758, p. 733. Mr. Dollond commenced the decisive experiments here described, by putting a common prism of glass into a prismatic vessel of water, and varying the angle of the vessel till the mean refraction of the glass was compensated; when he found that the colors were not destroyed, as they were supposed to have been in a similar experiment of Sir Isaac Newton's; for the remaining dispersion was nearly as great as that of a prism of glass of half the refracting angle. A thinner wedge of glass being then employed, our optician found that the image was colorless when the refraction of the water was about one-fourth greater than that of the glass. He next attempted to construct compound object-glasses by enclosing water between two lenses; but in this arrangement he found great inconvenience from the spherical aberration. He was, therefore, obliged to try the effects of different kinds of glass, and fortunately discovered that the refractions of flint and crown glass were extremely convenient for his purpose, the image afforded by them being colorless, when the angles were to each other nearly as two to three: hence he inferred that a convex lens of crown-glass, and a convex one of flint, would produce a colorless image when their focal distances were in the same proportion. The spherical aberration, where the curvature was so considerable, still produced some inconvenience; but, having four surfaces capable of variation, he was enabled to make the aberrations of the two lenses equal; and since they were in opposite directions, they thus corrected each other. These arrangements required great accuracy of execution for their complete success; but, in the hands of the inventor, they produced the most admirable instruments; and he was fortunate in obtaining a quantity of glass of remarkably uniform density. He afterwards made some small Galilean telescopes, with triple object-glasses.

For these inventions Mr. Dollond received the Copleian medal of the Royal Society; and in 1761 he was chosen a fellow of that learned body, and appointed optician to the king. Other valuable contributions of his to the 30ciety were, A description of a Contrivance for Measuring Small Angles, and an Explanation of an Instrument for that purpose. Trans. 1753 and 1754. His instrument consisted of a divided object-glass, with a scale for determining the distance of the images by measuring the linear displacement of the two portions of the glass.

Mr. Dollond, however, did not long enjoy these well-deserved honors. On the 30th of November, 1761, as he was reading a new work of Clairaut on the theory of the moon, he fell down in an attack of apoplexy, which shortly became fatal. He left two sons who succeeded to his business.

DOLLOND (Peter), eldest son of Mr. John Dollond, the optician, was born in 1730. He communicated, in 1765, a paper to the Royaí

Society on his improvement of telescopes; adopting his father's contrivance for measuring small angles (see above); and in 1772 another on his additions to and alterations in Hadley's quadrant. In 1779 he gave an account of his equatorial instrument for correcting the errors arising from refraction in altitude; and in 1789, Some account of the discovery made by his father in refracting telescopes,' which became also a separate publication. He died at Kensington in 1820, at the advanced age of ninety years.

DOLOMIEU (Deodate-Guy-Silvain Tancred Gratet de), a celebrated geologist, was born in Dauphiny in 1750. He entered into the service of the knights of Malta, and became a member of the order; but, happening to kill one of his companions, was sentenced to death. The grand master, however, granted him a pardon, but it was necessary that this should be confirmed by pope, and Dolomieu was closely confined for nine months under suspense. This perhaps decided his future studious habits. At the age of twenty-two he went to Metz, where he studied chemistry and natural history. In 1783 he published his voyage to the Lipari Isles, and a memoir on the earthquakes of Calabria. In 1788 appeared his Memoire sur les Isles Ponces, et catalogue raisonné de l'Etna.

the

On the breaking out of the revolution, Dolomieu ardently embarked, with his friend La Rochefoucault, in the supposed cause of liberty; he was at Paris on the 14th of July, and when La Rochefoucault fell a victim to the horrors of the day, watched his last moments, and received the affectionate messages which he sent to his mother and his wife. He now resumed his geological studies in other parts of Europe, and particularly in its southern countries. He afterwards extended his researches into the physical constitution of Egypt, on which subject he addressed a Memoir inserted in the Journ. Phys., v. xlii. In 1795 we find him again in France; and, upon the establishment of the school of Mines, he became Professor of Geology and Inspector of Mines. He was also one of the original members of the National Institute of Sciences and Arts. From this time he redoubled his philosophical labors, and published a great number of memoirs in the course of a few years. He also furnished various contributions to the Encyclopédie Méthodique. On the scientific arrangements being made for the expedition to Egypt, he was invited to take part in them: and on his journey was employed as a negociator for the surrender of Malta. In Egypt he visited the pyramids, and examined some of the mountains which form the limits of the country; but his health compelled him to return long before his companions. On his voyage home, the vessel was nearly lost in a tempest, and was only saved at the last extremity by running into a port in the gulf of Tarentum. Here, as a knight of Malta, he was pronounced a traitor to the existing government, and committed to close confinement at Messina. In this unfortunate situation he remained until the peace of 1800, in which the French government stipulated expressly for his release. During this period he had commenced

a Series of Lectures on the Philosophy of Mineralogy, written with bones and soot-water, on the margin of the few books he was allowed to read. He was appointed, during his confinement, the successor of Daubenton in the Museum of Natural History. His last publication was Sur la Philosophie Minéralogique et sur l'espèce Minéralogique. He died at Paris, universally respected, 27th of November, 1801.

DOLOMITE. Of this calcareo-magnesian carbonate, we have three sub-species,

1. Dolomite, of which there are two kinds, viz. 1st. White granular. It occurs massive, and in fine granular distinct concretions, loosely aggregated. Lustre glimmering and pearly. Fracture imperfect slaty; hard as fluor, and brittle. Specific gravity 2.83. It effervesces feebly with acids, and is phosphorescent on heated iron, or by friction. Its constituents are 46.5 carbonate of magnesia, 52-08 carbonate of lime, 0.25 oxide of manganese, and 0.5 oxide of iron. 2d. Brown dolomite, or magnesian limestone of Tennant. Color, yellowish-gray and yellowish-brown. Massive, in minute granular concretions. Lustre, internally glistening. Fracture splintery. Harder than calcareous spar. Brittle. Specific gravity of crystals, 2.8. It dissolves slowly, and with feeble effervescence. Its constituents are, lime 29.5, magnesia 20.3, carbonic acid 47.2, alumina and iron 0.8. In the north of England it occurs in beds of considerable thickness, and great extent, resting on the Newcastle coal formation. In the Isle of Man it occurs in a limestone which rests on gray wacke.

2. Columnar Dolomite. Color, pale grayishwhite. Massive, and in thin prismatic concretions. Cleavage imperfect. Fracture uneven. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly, Breaks into acicular fragments. Brittle. Specific gravity 2.76. Its constituents are, 51 carbonate of lime, 47 carbonate of magnesia, 1 carbonated hydrate of iron. It occurs in serpentine in Russia.

3. Compact Dolomite, or Gurhofite. Color, snow-white. Massive and dull. Fracture flat conchoidal. Semi-hard. Difficultly frangible. Specific gravity 2.76. When pulverised, it dissolves with effervescence in hot nitric acid. It consists of 70-5 carbonate of lime, and 29.5 carbonate of magnesia. This kind occurs in veins of serpentine rocks, near Gurhoff, in Lower Austria.

Ital. and Lat. delphin, from Gr. deλøiç à deλpaž, DOLPHIN, n. s. Fr. dauphin; Germ. Span. a pig, because the dolphin resembles a pig in its fatness, and the form of its intestines, &c., says Minsheu after Becmanus. A fish. See our article

DELPHINUS.

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DOLPHIN OF THE MAST, in sea language, a peculiar kind of wreath, formed of plaited cordage, to be fastened occasionally round the masts as a support to the puddening, whose use is to sustain the weight of the fore and main yards in case the rigging or chains by which those yards are suspended should be shot away in the time of battle; a circumstance which might render their sails useless at a season when their assistance is extremely necessary.

DOLT, n. s. Teut, and Sax. dol. A heavy DOLTISH, adj. stupid fellow; a blockhead; a thickscull; a loggerhead. It is clearly the past participle of dull, as Mr. Tooke says.

Thou hast not half that power to do me harm,
As I have to be hur: oh gull, oh dolt,
As ignorant as dirt!

Shakspeare. Othello.

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A Latian field, with fruitful plains,
And a large portion of the king's domains.
Dryden's Eneid.
Ocean trembles for his green domain. Thomson.
So Howard, Moira, Burdett, sought the cells,
Where Want, or Wo, or Guilt in darkness dwells;
With Pity's torch illumed the dread domains,
Wiped the wet eye, and eased the galling chains.
Darwin.
Vain end of human strength, of human skill,
Conquest, and triumph, and domain, and pomp,
And ease, and luxury!

Byron.

DOMAIN. See DEMESNE. DOMAT (John), a celebrated French lawyer born in 1625, who, observing the confused state of the laws, digested them in 4 vols. 4to, under the title of The Civil Laws in their Natural Order; for which Louis XIV. settled on him a pension of 2000 livres. Domat was intimate with the famous Pascal, who left him his private papers at his death. He died in 1696.

DOMBES, a ci-devant principality of France, about twenty-four miles long, and twenty-one broad, lying around and partly in the late province of Burgundy, but not under its government, on the west bank of the Soane. Trevoux was the capital. It now forms part of the department of Ain.

DOMBEY (Joseph), a French botanist of celebrity, was born at Macon in 1742. He took the degree of doctor of physic at Montpelier, and in 1778 went to South America, where he discovered the majestic tree of the tribe of pines, now named after him, Dombeya. On his return

to Europe, in 1785, the revolution disgusted him so much that he re-embarked for America; and, being captured on the passage, died in prison in the island of Montserrat, February 19th, 1796.

DOMBEYA, in botany, a genus of the class monodelphia and order dodecandria: CAL. double, outer three-leaved, deciduous: PET. five: STAM. ten or twenty: STYL. five-cleft: CAPS. five, united, one-celled, one or many seeded. Species twelve, chiefly natives of the isles of Bourbon and Mauritius.

DOMBOO, a considerable town of Bornou, Mourzouk, and the first which occurs after passing Africa, situated on the caravan route from

the desert of Bilma. It is situated amid fertile plains.

DOMBOO LAKES are situated on the northern extremity of Bornou, and supply that kingdom, Cassina, and the states on the south of the Niger, with salt. The merchants of Agadez bring hither annually a large caravan, which they load with this commodity, and convey it to the surrounding counties. These lakes are supposed to be the Chelonides Palus of Ptolemy.

DOME, n. s. Fr. dome, from Lat. domus. A building, nouse; fabric. Also, from an early shape of roofs, probably a hemispherical arch, a cupola.

Best be he called among good men,
Who to his God this column raised;

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DOME, in architecture is a roof of a hemispherical form, raised over the middle of a building, as a church, hall, pavilion, vestibule, stair-case, &c., by way of crowning. Domes are the same with what the Italians call cupolas; or, according to Vitruvius, tholi. They are usually made round, though we have instances of square ones; as those of the Louvre; and others that are polygons, as that of the ci-devant Jesuits' church in the Rue St. Antoine at Paris. They have usually columns ranged around their outsides, both by way of ornament, and to support the vault. See ARCHITECTURE.

DOME, in chemistry, the upper part of furnaces, particularly portable ones. It has the figure of a hollow hemisphere, or small dome. Its use is to form a space in the upper part of the furnace, the air of which is continually expelled by the fire; hence the current of air is considerably increased, which is obliged to enter by the ash-hole, and to pass through the fire, to supply the place of the air driven from the dome. The form of this piece renders it proper to reflect or reverberate a part of the flame upon substances

DOME, or DOOM, signifies judgment, sentence, or decree. The homagers' oath in the black-book of Hereford ends: So help me God at his holy dome, and by my trowthe.'

DOMENICHINO, a famous Italian painter, born at Bologna in 1581. He was at first a disciple of Calvart the Fleming, but soon quitted his school for that of the Caraccis. He always applied himself to his work with much study and thoughtfulness; and never offered to touch his pencil but when he fancied a kind of enthusiasm upon him. His great skill in architecture also procured him the appointment of chief architect of the apostolical palace from pope Gregory XV. nor was he without a theoretical knowledge of music. He died in 1641.

which are in the furnace, which has occasioned of being advanced in its value: they were likethis kind of furnace to be called a reverberatory wise directed to return the tenants of every deone. See CHEMISTRY. gree, the quantity of lands then and formerly held by each of them; what was the number of villains or slaves, and also the number and kinds of their cattle and live stock. These inquisitions being first methodised in the country, were afterwards sent up to the king's exchequer. This survey, at the time it was made, gave great offence to the people; and occasioned a jealousy that it was intended for some new imposition. But notwithstanding all the precaution taken by the conqueror, to have this survey faithfully and impartially executed, it appears, from indisputable authority, that a false return was given in by some of the commissioners; and that, as it is said, out of a pious motive. This was particularly the case with the abbey of Croyland in Lincolnshire, the possessions of which were greatly under-rated, both with regard to quantity and value. Perhaps more of these pious frauds were discovered, as it is said Ralph Flambard, minister to William Rufus, proposed the making a fresh and more rigorous inquisition; but this was never executed. Notwithstanding this proof of its falsehood in some instances, which must throw a suspicion on others, the authority of domesday book was never permitted to be called in question; and always, when it has been necessary to distinguish whether lands were held in ancient demesne, or in any other manner, recourse was had to that only to determine the doubt. From this definitive authority, from which, as from the sentence pronounced at domesday, or the day of judgment, there could be no appeal, the name of the book is said to have been derived. But Stowe assigns another reason for this appellation; namely that domesday book is a corruption of domus Dei book; a title given it because heretofore deposited in the king's treasury, in a place of the church of Westminster, or Winchester, called domus Dei. From the great care formerly taken for the preservation of this survey, we may learn the estimation in which its importance was held. The dialogue de Scaccaris says, Liber ille (Domesday) sigilli regis comes est individuus in thesauro.' Until lately it has been kept under three different locks and keys; one in the custody of the treasurer, and the others in that of the two chamberlains of the exchequer. It is now deposited in the chapter-house at Westminster, where it may be consulted on paying to the proper officers a fee of 6s. 8d. for a search, and 4d. per line for a transcript Besides the two volumes above mentioned, there is also a third made by order of the same king; and which differs from the others in form more than matter. There is also a fourth called domesday, which is kept in the exchequer; which, though a very large volume, is only an abridgment of the others. In the remembrancer's office in the exchequer is kept a fifth book, likewise called domesday, which is the same with the fourth book already mentioned. King Alfred had a roll which he called domesday; and the domesday-book made by William the Conqueror, referred to the time of Edward the Confessor, as that of king Alfred did to the time of Ethelred. The fourth book of domesday having many pictures and gilt letters

DOMESDAY Book, an ancient record, made in the time of William I. and containing a survey of all the lands of England. It consists of two volumes. The first is a large folio, written on 382 double pages of vellum, in a small but plain character; each page having a double column. Some of the capital letters and principal passages are touched with red ink; and some have strokes of red ink run across them, as if scratched out. This volume contains a description of thirty-one counties. The other volume is in 4to., written upon 450 double pages of vellum, but in a single column, and in a large but very fair character. It contains the counties of Essex, Norfolk, Suffolk, part of the county of Rutland included in that of Northampton, and part of Lancashire in the counties of York and Chester. This work, according to the red book in the exchequer, was begun by order of William the Conqueror, with the advice of his parliament, in the year of our Lord 1080, and completed in the year 1086. The reason given for taking this survey, as assigned by several ancient records and historians, was, that every man should be satisfied with his own right, and not usurp with impunity what belonged to another. But, besides this, it is said by others, that now all those who possessed landed estates became vassals to the king, and paid him so much money by way of homage in proportion to the lands they held. This appears very probable, as there was at that time extant, a general survey of the whole kingdom, made by order of king Alfred. For the execution of the survey recorded in domesday book, commissioners were sent into every county and shire; and juries summoned in each hundred, out of all orders of freemen, from barons down to the lowest boors. These commissioners were to be informed by the inhabitants, upon oath, of the name of each manor, and that of its owner; also by whom it was held in the time of Edward the Confessor; the number of hides; the quantity of wood, of pasture, and of meadow land; how many ploughs were in the demesne, and how many in the tenanted part of it; how many mills, how many fish-ponds or fisheries belonged to it; with the value of the whole together in the time of king Edward, as well as when granted by king William, and at the time of this survey; also whether it was capable of improvement, or VOL. VII.

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