upon collections which certainly are not surpassed in interest and in extent anywhere in this country. They will see science as a whole and thus will get a larger perspective than if they were working in an isolated field or in an isolated place; and furthermore constant contact with men in other lines of scientific activity will stimulate interest and understanding.

In this way the Smithsonian Institution confidently expects not only to build up its own staff, but also to increase the number of trained men available for pure research in the country, and in doing both greatly to increase the value of the collections under its administration.

EXPLORATIONS

From its inception the Smithsonian has been interested in exploration. Heretofore exploring expedi

tions have been largely in the nature of collecting trips which as they went along gathered up material of every sort from the regions that they traversed. So much has now been done that such general expeditions no longer yield results commensurate with the expense involved. We have a pretty good idea of the general features of the world, so that general expeditions increasingly result in duplicating work already done with the resultant waste of effort.

We have now reached the time when fruitful and efficient exploration can be undertaken only after adequate study and preparation, with very definite aims in view and with as many different lines of scientific work as possible served in each endeavor. Intensive rather than extensive exploration is the need to-day, equally in zoology and in botany.

The Smithsonian Institution plans from time to time, as occasions may arise or as opportunities may offer, to send out expeditions to those regions as yet but little known, especially in Central and in South America, expeditions thoroughly equipped and with a personnel competent to carry on at the same time many different though correlated lines of work. As in the past it is expected that these expeditions will often be undertaken in cooperation with other institutions.

PUBLICATIONS

In any country progress in science is dependent on the appreciation of an interested public. The theory that it is the hobby of the rich and leisure classes and that effective advance can be made in it thanks to the restricted patronage of a Louis XIV will not hold water. Isolated steps may be taken in such a way, but a great sound body of science can no more be built without the interest and backing and yes even participation of a large part of the population than the Cathedral of Chartres could have been built by the nobles of Beauce alone. The best science, like the

finest art, belongs to the people and must express their interests.

I suppose that no one will deny that England with her Newtons, her Faradays, her Darwins, her Lubbocks, leaders in every branch of science, holds first place in the discovery of basic scientific principles. It is equally undeniable that interest in science among the common people is greater in England than in any other country. There exist in that country any quantity of scientific societies made up largely of working men and tradesmen. The relationship between these two sets of facts is beyond question.

So much to indicate the dependence of scientific advance upon popular support. What of America? We are to-day witnessing a flowering of interest in science in this country which is without precedent. A number of startling achievements such as the automo

bile, the aeroplane, the radio, the X-ray-all products of pure research-have forcibly impressed upon every man the concrete significance of science to himself. Science owes it to itself to meet this new-born interest and to nourish it. And the medium through which it must work to these ends is primarily the press-newspapers, magazines, books. We have got to devote an increasing share of our attention to publication.

So far as newspapers and magazines are concerned, the interest exists. We do not have to create it. Our responsibility and opportunity consist in providing accurate material and plenty of it. Where we must stimulate publication is in the presentation of the results of research in pure science, and that is commonly presented in technical treatises and monographs.

Our facilities in this respect as a result of the ining demand for popular enlightenment have fallen far creased cost of printing and as a result of the grow

behind what they were two decades ago. Yet the necessity for such publication has increased enormously, while far more first-class material is produced than can possibly be taken care of. Each of you here either has manuscripts of your own or knows of others containing the results of work to which years have been devoted hidden away with no immediate prospect of publication. This is particularly true in regard to comprehensive monographic works, invaluable summaries of the life studies of able men, in which all previous information on the subject treated is included.

Monographs are the stepping stones to more efficient work through summarizing all that has been done before. The value of the time saved to students by each such comprehensive work may safely be measured in thousands of dollars.

It is safe to say that without adequate facilities for publication research work is largely futile. No scien

tific man any longer works alone. All future advances must be based on what other men have done, and the further the advance the more this is true. Perhaps the greatest scientific need to-day is for vastly increased facilities for the publication of results of research in pure science. The recognition of this fact is no new thing on the part of the Smithsonian Institution. In the founder's single statement of purpose

"for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men"-publication is given a place in importance equal to research. As Secretary Henry said in his plan of organization drawn up in 1846, "Knowledge can be most successfully diffused among men by means of the press."

In obedience to the expressed will of James Smithson and to the interpretation thereof by Joseph Henry, the Smithsonian has for eighty years maintained a definite program of publication with such success that these publications have come to be among the best-known books of the scientific libraries of the world. Who among you does not know of the "Contributions to Knowledge" series, of the "Miscellaneous Collections," of the "Smithsonian Physical Tables"? These various series include the results of pure research in widely different lines of science, many of which would never have been published had not the Smithsonian undertaken the work.

Not only has the Smithsonian faithfully striven to publish the results of as much fundamental research work as possible, but it has made sure that these publications would do the greatest amount of good by the free distribution of them among scientific bodies and libraries in all parts of the world. It is no uncommon thing for a traveler in Siam, for instance, in Borneo, in Nairobi, in Uruguay, in Queensland to come upon local scientific groups, the libraries of which give a place of honor to the torch of the Smithsonian publications.

In recent years the greatly increased cost of printing has forced the Smithsonian to suspend the "Contributions to Knowledge" series altogether, and to reduce the "Miscellaneous Collections" to a third of the number published annually before the war. While I have no desire to overdraw the picture, I can not forbear calling this a tragedy. The Smithsonian Institution earnestly desires not only to resume publication on the former scale, but to increase it to an extent more nearly commensurate with modern needs.

In this ambition we know that we can count upon the support of every man of science in America.

THE FUTURE

At the present time the enormous extension of applied science and its superior rewards are attracting to this line of work much of the best material

from among the graduates and from the faculties and staffs of our educational and other institutions. Consequently the sources to which we must look for the elaboration of new ideas and theories are gradually drying up. The application of facts already known is outrunning the discovery of new facts. And yet application is dependent upon discovery; it can not come before. Our first duty, therefore, is to support agencies for the discovery of new facts.

Quite apart from the ultimate materialism of this point of view, such mining for new truths is the nearest approach that man can make to the intriguing realm of the unknowable. Such mining will assist man's spiritual growth, while at the same time adding to his material prosperity. Let us not turn aside from this opportunity.

The Smithsonian Institution is consecrated to a definite program of research in pure science and the publication of the results thereof. So it has been for eighty years. So it is now that we are on the threshold of new endeavors. You know what the institution has done. I have told you what it proposes to do. In carrying out its program for research, publication and the training of promising men and women, the Smithsonian will perform a fundamental service to the American people and to the American government. Only by the performance of such service will it continue worthy of the traditions of achievement which have made it "The Smithsonian Institution."

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

AUSTIN H. CLARK

EDWARD SYLVESTER MORSE PROFESSOR MORSE, son of Jonathan K. and Jane Seymour (Beckett) Morse was born in Portland, Maine, June 18, 1838, and died at Salem, Mass., Dec. 20, 1925. Like most naturalists he early showed an interest in natural history, amassing a notable collection of shells at the age of thirteen, and what is less common, he developed unusual artistic ability. He made for Dr. William Stimpson numerous admirable drawings of living mollusks of the Maine coast. In 1859 he became one of Louis Agassiz's special students at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, where he pursued his studies until 1862 when he published his first paper on brachiopods, a subject to which he later made notable contributions. His first paper to attract particular attention was devoted to some very minute landshells of Maine, illustrated by his own drawings and proposing new generic names for several of them based on anatomical characters. This paper, published in 1864, was the precursor of a long series of studies by Bland, W. G. Binney and

Pilsbry, which have revolutionized the classification of the landshells.

About this time he prepared the beautiful series of drawings which illustrate Binney's edition of Gould's Invertebrata of Massachusetts.

immediate support and encouragement for pure science research in the United States, this declaration was made public on February 1.

The Trustees of the National Research Endowment, recognizing that human progress depends in large degree upon research in pure science, declare their conviction:

(1) That the United States, which already occupies a leading position in industrial research, should rank with the most enlightened nations in the advancement of pure science.

notes which later formed the basis of his volume on Japanese homes, and other contributions to our knowledge of the Japanese people for whom he always cherished a profound admiration. At this time too his artistic taste recognized the beauty of the common pottery of Japan, and he made of it the remarkable collection which is one of the treasures of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

On his return to Salem he became director of the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Sciences and so remained, being named director emeritus on his retirement. His work in this institution made the museum the custodian of the most artistically and scientifically arranged minor collection in the United States, if not in the world. After a wide inspection of European museums, the only one which even seemed to approach the Peabody in these respects is the Royal Cabinet at Stuttgart.

In 1886 Morse was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in the intervals of activity at Salem lectured acceptably in many parts of the United States. Long years a widower he leaves a son and daughter and four grandchildren.

The salient characteristic of Professor Morse, apart from his devotion to science and love of the beautiful in art, was his boyish enthusiasm which captivated all who knew him. The versatility of his interests was unbounded, his love of fun overflowed at every opportunity; to meet him was to find a welcome. The world was brighter for his presence.

WILLIAM H. DALL

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

THE NATIONAL RESEARCH ENDOWMENT FOLLOWING a conference of public men and scientists, who have consented to serve as a board of trustees of a National Research Endowment to obtain

(2) That it is wiser to make large expenditures for scientific research, thus advancing civilization, improv ing human welfare, conserving health and saving countless useful lives, than to tolerate suffering and then endeavor to alleviate it at still greater cost.

(3) That research in all branches of the mathematical,

because of the intellectual and spiritual value of adding to knowledge and because the greatest advances in science and in industry often result from apparently useless abstract discoveries.

(4) That scientists exceptionally qualified to widen fundamental knowledge through research are of such value to the nation that every effort should be made to facilitate their work.

(5) That the overcrowding of educational institutions, and the consequent excessive demands of teaching and administration, have further reduced the limited opportunities for research previously enjoyed by the members of their faculties.

(6) That the funds now available for the support of research in pure science in the United States are far below what our population, education and material resources demand.

(7) That the National Academy of Sciences, created by congressional charter the scientific adviser of the government, and composed of leading investigators in the closely interlocked and mutually dependent mathematical, physical and biological sciences, is peculiarly qualified to evaluate the needs of pure science in America, to stimulate its progress and to insure the widest use of funds provided for research.

In view of these considerations, the Trustees of the National Research Endowment, established by the National Academy of Sciences, propose immediately to secure adequate funds for the encouragement of research in pure science.

Those in attendance at the organization meeting of the special board of trustees, appointed recently by the National Academy of Sciences for the fund, were: Secretary Hoover, chairman; Albert A. Michelson, president of the National Academy of Sciences; Gano Dunn, chairman of the National Research Council; Vernon Kellogg, permanent secretary of the National Research Council; Elihu Root, Col. Edward M. House, Cameron Forbes; Henry S. Pritchett; Dr. Robert A. Millikan, foreign secretary of the National Academy of Sciences; Dr. John C. Merriam, president of the

APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE

THE annual agricultural department supply bill was reported in the house on January 23 by the appropriation committee. The measure provides for a total expenditure of $126,220,000 during the fiscal year, representing an increase of $486,000 over last year's bill, but a decrease of $3,245,000 from budget estimates.

For continuance of federal aid to states in road construction the measure recommends appropriation of $75,000,000, which is $1,000,000 below current funds, but increasing from $4,000,000 to $5,000,000 funds for building forest roads and trails.

The bill allots $2,521,000 to the Weather Bureau, an increase over current funds of $178,165, which the committee explained is necessary to cover an increase of $147,000 in telegraphic tolls on transmitting weather reports and to provide for additional field stations.

For farmers cooperative demonstrations, the measure again appropriates $1,308,000, while $630,000, an increase of $20,000, is recommended for the inspection and quarantine work of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

A total appropriation of $1,440,000 is made for agricultural experimental stations, in accordance with the Purnell Act of the last Congress. This is an increase of $480,000 over current funds.

Other appropriations include: Bureau of animal industry, $8,369,000, decrease of $15,000; bureau of dairy industry, $490,790, decrease of $5,000; bureau of plant industry, $3,853,000, decrease of $28,000; forest service, $8,232,000, increase of $38,000; bureau of entomology, $2,606,000, increase of $51,000;

bureau of agricultural economics, $4,731,000, decrease of $6,000.

To purchase land to be included in the upper Mississippi River wild life refuge, the bill appropriates $25,000 compared with a current appropriation of $400,000. The report explained that inasmuch as work on this project did not start until the beginning of the present fiscal year, the recommended appropriation with that remaining from current funds would be sufficient.

THE GUGGENHEIM FUND FOR

AERONAUTICS

THE endowment of chairs of aeronautics in universities in the West, South and Southwest is proposed by the Daniel Guggenheim fund for the promotion of aeronautics, which will spend $2,500,000 to foster aeronautical science in the next ten years.

Daniel Guggenheim has given $500,000 to New York University for an aeronautical school there. The Boston School of Technology already has such a course. The demand for technical education in flying in the East is thus considered to be met. Besides endowing professorships, a school of aeronautics may be founded in some engineering college on the Pacific Coast.

Harry F. Guggenheim suggested that the fund might encourage trade schools to set up courses in plane building and rigging. He suggested also that fellowships be founded enabling engineering graduates to take postgraduate courses at aeronautical schools. Other fellowships would send aircraft students abroad.

Other research under consideration includes problems in connection with helicopters, radio direction finders and leader cables. Fundamental research in aerodynamics is also to be encouraged.

MEETING OF THE SOUTHWESTERN DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

THE seventh annual meeting of the Southwestern Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science will be held in Phoenix, Arizona, on February 15, 16, 17 and 18, under the presidency of Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado.

The plans for the meeting include many lectures which will be of interest to the general public as well as to men and women of science. These will be delivered at the general sessions of the division. The section programs are being planned with especial care and it is anticipated that these meetings will prove more profitable and interesting than ever before. The custom of a noon-day luncheon, followed by a symposium, has become an established feature of the

division meetings. Symposia topics for the coming meeting include research, archeology, education and radiation.

Registration and all section meetings will be held in the educational rooms of the First M. E. Church, on the northwest corner of Second Avenue and Munroe Street. General sessions, in the afternoon and evenings, will be held in the High School Auditorium, East Van Buren Street. Announcements concerning luncheons, excursions and other special features will appear on the general program.

All members of the association are urged to prepare papers dealing with their original research in any line and submit titles of such papers to the proper section chairman. Those who are to present papers or are to deliver addresses at the Phoenix meeting are requested to prepare, as soon as possible, two copies of an abstract of the paper or address, not to exceed twenty-five lines in length. One copy of this abstract and a copy of the manuscript should be sent to the chairman of the section before which the paper is to be read. The other copy of the abstract should be sent to Dr. Elliott C. Prentiss, 515 Roberts Banner Bldg., El Paso, Texas. The time limit for reading papers is twenty minutes.

Phoenix is well equipped to take care of members or others in attendance from distant points. Hotel accommodations may be arranged for through Robert Q. Grant, U. S. Weather Bureau, Phoenix. Plans for excursions to points of interest and other entertainments will be announced in the general program. At least one all-day archeological excursion is planned. The Salt River Valley is rich in archeological material, and an opportunity will be afforded to see the most important features.

Section chairmen for the meeting are as follows: Biology: Professor Charles T. Vorhies, University of Arizona.

Education: Dr. Frank C. Lockwood, University of Arizona. Medical Science: Dr. Gerald B. Webb, 402 Burns Bldg., Colorado Springs.

Physical Science: Dr. O. C. Lester, University of Colorado. Social Science: Professor E. B. Renaud, University of Denver.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS

THE Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia announces that the 1926 Hayden Memorial Geological Award will be made to Dr. William Berryman Scott, professor of geology at Princeton University. The award will be made in recognition of Dr. Scott's "many researches and publications in the field of vertebrate paleontology." The committee on the Hayden Memorial Geological Award for 1926 consists of the following individuals: Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr.,

chairman, Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Dr. Charles D. Walcott and Dr. Edgar T. Wherry. The award, which consists of a gold medal, is made once in three years, and was founded as a recognition of preeminent work by "publication, exploration, discovery or research in the sciences of geology and paleontology."

PROFESSOR ROBERT A. MILLIKAN, director of the Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics at the California Institute, will give a course of lectures at Cornell University next spring under the provisions of the Hiram J. Messenger Foundation.

DR. E. W. WASHBURN, editor of the "International Critical Tables," has been appointed chief of the chemical division of the U. S. Bureau of Standards.

PROFESSORS ANTON J. CARLSON and Arno B. Luckhardt, of the department of physiology at the University of Chicago, have been elected foreign members of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher, Halle, Germany, founded in 1652.

PROFESSOR A. S. HITCHCOCK, custodian of grasses, U. S. National Herbarium, has been elected a corresponding member of the German Botanical Society.

ROBERT M. GREY, superintendent of the botanical gardens in Cuba of the Harvard Institute for Tropical Biology and Medicine, maintained under the Atkins Foundation, has been awarded the Meyer memorial medal by the American Genetic Association for his introduction of plants into Cuba and for the production of new varieties of sugar cane.

THE Society of American Bacteriologists has elected the following foreign bacteriologists to corresponding membership: Winogradsky (Russia-France), Beijerinck (Holland), Omeliansky (Russia), Neufeld (Germany), Kitasato (Japan). There are now eighteen corresponding members representing various foreign countries.

DR. OLOF JONASSON, of Stockholm, who has been studying in this country under the auspices of the American Scandinavian Foundation, was awarded an honorary Ph.D. in geography by Clark University on February 1, on the occasion of the founders day exercises of the university.

DR. WILLIAM W. KEEN, emeritus professor of the principles of surgery and clinical surgery, Jefferson Medical College, celebrated his eighty-ninth birthday on January 19.

THE well-known psychologist, Professor V. M. Bekhterev, of the USSR Academy of Sciences, is celebrating this year the 40th anniversary of his scientific career. The Council of People's Commissaries has granted 25,000 roubles for the equipment