Journey of Hope: The Back-to-Africa Movement in Arkansas in the Late 1800sUniv of North Carolina Press, 2005 M10 12 - 288 pages Liberia was founded by the American Colonization Society (ACS) in the 1820s as an African refuge for free blacks and liberated American slaves. While interest in African migration waned after the Civil War, it roared back in the late nineteenth century with the rise of Jim Crow segregation and disfranchisement throughout the South. The back-to-Africa movement held great new appeal to the South's most marginalized citizens, rural African Americans. Nowhere was this interest in Liberia emigration greater than in Arkansas. More emigrants to Liberia left from Arkansas than any other state in the 1880s and 1890s. In Journey of Hope, Kenneth C. Barnes explains why so many black Arkansas sharecroppers dreamed of Africa and how their dreams of Liberia differed from the reality. This rich narrative also examines the role of poor black farmers in the creation of a black nationalist identity and the importance of the symbolism of an ancestral continent. Based on letters to the ACS and interviews of descendants of the emigrants in war-torn Liberia, this study captures the life of black sharecroppers in the late 1800s and their dreams of escaping to Africa. |
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... Little Rock. In addition to assisting with my research in Liberia, he became my friend and teacher about his homeland and its culture. I thank Charles's mother, the Reverend Mother Edna Mayson Ford, who opened her home to me in Monrovia ...
... Little Rock. In addition to assisting with my research in Liberia, he became my friend and teacher about his homeland and its culture. I thank Charles's mother, the Reverend Mother Edna Mayson Ford, who opened her home to me in Monrovia ...
Page 15
... Little Rock Morrilton Hot Springs Fort Smith • OZARK MOUNTAINS OUACHITA MOUNTAINS • • Pine Bluff Monticello Camden Texarkana Arkansas River A rkans a s Riv e r D E L TAArkansas nor that five black representatives in the Arkansas ...
... Little Rock Morrilton Hot Springs Fort Smith • OZARK MOUNTAINS OUACHITA MOUNTAINS • • Pine Bluff Monticello Camden Texarkana Arkansas River A rkans a s Riv e r D E L TAArkansas nor that five black representatives in the Arkansas ...
Page 19
... Little Rock, claimed that a hundred people were ready to go immediately, and 5,000 more would emigrate if the ACS would provide some assistance. The state's leading newspaper, the Arkansas Gazette, reported that 1,600 ...
... Little Rock, claimed that a hundred people were ready to go immediately, and 5,000 more would emigrate if the ACS would provide some assistance. The state's leading newspaper, the Arkansas Gazette, reported that 1,600 ...
Page 21
... Little Rock to complain personally to the governor about the intimidation and threat of violence by the rifle clubs. Democratic leaders from the county also met with Governor Miller to respond to the Republican complaints. On 19 August ...
... Little Rock to complain personally to the governor about the intimidation and threat of violence by the rifle clubs. Democratic leaders from the county also met with Governor Miller to respond to the Republican complaints. On 19 August ...
Page 24
... Little Rock to discuss the Windom resolution, at that time stalled in Congress. The meeting adopted statements declaring that, as black citizens do not enjoy their constitutional rights in many parts of Arkansas, they wished to move to ...
... Little Rock to discuss the Windom resolution, at that time stalled in Congress. The meeting adopted statements declaring that, as black citizens do not enjoy their constitutional rights in many parts of Arkansas, they wished to move to ...
Contents
1 | |
13 | |
The 1880s | 33 |
Liberia Fever 18881891 | 49 |
The Crisis of 1892 | 75 |
Five Troublemakers | 91 |
Six Missions | 107 |
Seven The Meaning of Africa | 123 |
Eight The Last Voyages | 135 |
Nine In Liberia | 149 |
Conclusion | 177 |
Notes | 195 |
Bibliography | 245 |
Index | 259 |
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Common terms and phrases
ACS reel African African Americans agent American Annual appeared applicants Arkansas arrived asked August Baptist became Bishop black Americans brought called Christian Church citizens City civilization claimed club Colonization color Conway Coppinger correspondence County December Democrats discussion early election emigration Exodus farmers February Gazette Henry hope immigrants interest interview James January John July June kansas labor land late later leaders leave letters Liberia Little Rock lived lynchings March meeting migration missionary Missions Monrovia months moved movement Negro newspaper North November October Office organized party Phillips political population president Printing race received Recorder refugees reported Republican returned Ridgel September settlers ship Smith Society South southern Stanford tion took town traveled Turner United University Press Voice vote wanted Washington women wrote York
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