powerful. Contact with nature gives strong perceptive and instinctive minds, but such people hate books. Now it is out of this north race that we have come. We were civilized by invention, but the barbarian is in us yet.

The people of the south are naturally more refined and cultivated. The shepherd kings were 'from the north. They were known to the Greeks as Scythians, and to the Romans as the German people. The Celts and the Romans are the Catholics, and Catholicism is Romanized Christianity. The Romans conquered all but the Germans, who were our forefathers. From the Romans they learned the lesson of organization, and, passing from the Rhine, subdued them. They came first as rovers and marauders, but coming in contact with civilized life they were instructed by it, and finding that they could do better than to rob, they finally settled, and became the barons who built the castles of the middle ages. The poor people were settled about these castles, and thus grew up towns; and so this people grew out of the tribe condition into the national. Then they were converted to Christianity, and Christianity is the most historical of all religions. The Christian wants to know the story of the human race, and so, having become Christians, the Germans began to study history. Here comes in the value and use of language. Languages are the keys of human history. By and by the Germans went over to England. Then there became two divisions of the German race, one tending north, the other south. English history begins with the "Heptarchy," or seven tribes of the Saxons, who became united under the great and good King

Alfred, who, with our Washington, are the two great characters of English history. And so we shall see that language is a growth. It is the key to the spiritual life of a people. All that a people have done in their higher life goes to produce their history.

Naturally there is but one language, having many different branches. As in the English language there are different classes and occupations that use different terms, so it is on a larger scale with the different nations. There is but one language among men, but no one man has occasion to use it all. Greek and Latin are sister tongues, as are the German and English. From the Greeks we get metaphysical and scientific terms; from the Latin, military and civil, etc. A tongue becomes perfect as it combines all these in its use. Culture unites them in the individual.

There are four families of nations in Europe which came from the natural north and south divisions of Asia. First, the Greek-Latin, from the south, through Asia Minor; second, the Celts, which came by way of the north; third, in separate tribes, from central Asia, came the Goths, the stem of the great Germanic tree, of which we are a branch; and, fourth, the Slavonic, from the north, which spread over Russia.

The human unit is the individual; the first social unit is the family; the second, the tribe, by the separation of families; now, between war and commerce, the tribes are united to make nations, which is the third condition. There is one more unit, to which we have not yet come, the human family- the world of mankind.

Mr. Craig must have forgotten to state in this connection that the Celts came into Europe also by the southern route.-ED.

Nations, as related to the human race, are as the tribes related to the nations. The German, plus the

ocean, makes the Englishman.

The language of a people is the real history of that people. Commerce is not only material but mental. There are many unconscious influences upon character.

There is no perfect language yet, nor will there be till all the powers and faculties of man are fully and perfectly developed. No one nation comes to this perfect condition, but each is bringing in its attainments toward that great object.

One

All nations are flowing together in America. hundred years from this we may reasonably think that in this nation there will be two hundred millions of people speaking the English language. All nations are to be united and amalgamated in one human race. Physical grossness will give place to spiritual beauty, and all antipathies will be broken down. Spiritual life makes physical beauty, which will make its way any. where.

The

We are taking something from all languages. English language is two languages rolled together. The effects of Babel are to be done away, and there will be one speech, one science, one religion, and one human. whole.

The object of these lectures is to show the nature, value, and use of the English language.

Individuality and independence of character were the natural results from the conditions of the north races. The opposite was the natural result of the south. races. We see this in the contrast between Germanism

and Romanism.

There is individual freedom in the

former and none in the latter.

The great mountain barriers between the north and the south become less and less as you go from the east to the west, so that the north and south races come together as they approach the west. The north races find passes through the mountains and pour down into the south.

The course of empire is from east to west. From Babylon to Persia, from thence to Antioch and Alexandria, Greece, Rome, and north-west Europe - so went the south races. The course of the north races was westward, also, and when they came to the country of France, where the field seems to be left open on purpose for their uniting with the south, they came into position by conquering the Romans.

Their individual force of character was needed for the greatest good of mankind and for their own salvation as a race, and they came just when they were needed, too.

The region just opposite the south of the island of Great Britain is the point where the civilization of the north had to stop, for it could go no farther.

The south races also brought up on the borders of the sea near England.

In the providence of God these two great opposite races approach each other at or near the same point, at a place where the great barriers between the north and south cease. They could take but one more stand in the history of the east, and that in the island of Great Britain. It seems as if God designed that they should here come together and be fused into one new race and

form a new language and a new people who should rule the world. This brings us to the formation of the English language, which is really composed of two languages rolled together.

This new people became a race of robbers, having a great thirst for land and dominion. At first they went over to the islands in boats to rob and plunder; but finding it a fine country they finally went over to stay. The first kingdom was that of the Saxons. Augus

tine II. was then sent by the Pope of Rome to convert the Saxons. The papacy of Rome was the first great civilizer of Europe.

The next great event was the addition of a new element of population. The Saxons were a stay-at-home people. They did not take to the sea enough. Under the great and good King Alfred the people of England had become united, and were in a condition to advance. The position of England is favorable. From there it is down hill to all the world. The plans and unities of the lands and waters of the world indicate that the great position of the English-speaking people is providential. Still it is the soul of the people that molds its language, and the English language is the result of the uniting the two great tongues of the north and the south.

One branch of the Germanic race settled in Norway, where the natural conditions made them adventurers. They became seamen, pirates, and the scourge of the

seas.

The Saxons were steady, stay-at-home people, and the Normans were active and adventurous. They came down and conquered France, the north part of