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CHAPTER XX.

1582 TO 1587.

Traits of the queen.-Brown and his sect.-Promotion of Whitgift.-Severities exercised against the puritans.-Embassy of Walsingham to Scotland.-Particulars of lord Willoughby.-Transactions with the Czar.-Death of Sussex.-Adventures of Egremond Ratcliffe-of the earl of Desmond.-Account of Raleigh-of Spenser-Prosecu tions of catholics.-Burleigh's apology for the government. -Leicester's commonwealth.-Loyal association.—Transactions with the queen of Scots.-Account of Parry.→→ Case of the earl of Arundel—of the earl of Northumber land.-Transactions of Leicester in Holland.-Death and character of P. Sidney-of sir H. Sidney.-Return of Leicester.-Approaching war with Spain.-Babington's conspiracy.—Trial and condemnation of the queen of Scots.-Rejoicings of the people.- Artful conduct of the queen.-Reception of the Scotch embassy.-Conduct of Davison.-Death of Mary.-Behaviour of Elizabeth.Davison's case.-Conduct of Leicester.—Reflections.

THE disposition of Elizabeth was originally deficient in benevolence and sympathy; and prone to suspicion, pride and anger; and we observe with pain, in the progress of her history, how much the influences to which her high station and the peculiar circumstances of her reign inevitably exposed her, tended in various modes to exasperate these radical evils of her nature.

The extravagant flattery administered to her daily

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and hourly, was of most pernicious effect; it not only fostered in her an absurd excess of personal vanity, but, what was worse, by filling her with exaggerated notions both of her own wisdom and of her sovereign power and prerogative, it contributed to render her rule more stern and despotic, and her mind on many points incapable of sober counsel. This effect was remarked by one of her clergy, who, in a sermon preached in her presence, had the boldness to tell her, that she who had been meek as lamb was become an untameable heifer; for which reproof he was in his turn reprehended by her majesty on his quitting the pulpit, as "an over confident man who dishonored his sovereign."

The decay of her beauty was an unwelcome truth which all the artifices of adulation were unable to hide from her secret consciousness; since she could never behold her image in a mirror, during the latter years of her life, without transports of impotent anger; and this circumstance contributed not a little to sour her temper, while it rendered the young and lovely the chosen objects of her malignity.

On this head the following striking anecdote is furnished by sir John Harrington...." She did oft ask the ladies around her chamber, if they loved to think of marriage? And the wise ones did conceal well their liking hereto, as knowing the queen's judgment in this matter. Sir Matthew Arundel's fair cousin, not knowing so deeply as her fellows, was asked one day hereof, and simply said, she had thought much about marriage, if her father did consent to the man she

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loved. You seem honest, i'faith,' said the queen: ⚫ I will sue for you to your father.'. . . . . The damsel was not displeased hereat; and when sir Robert came to court, the queen asked him hereon, and pressed his consenting, if the match was discreet. Sir Robert, much astonied at this news, said he never heard his daughter had liking to any man, and wanted to gain knowledge of her affection; but would give free consent to what was most pleasing to her highness' will and advice. • Then I will do the rest,' saith the queen. The lady was called in, and the queen told her that her father had given his free consent. • Then,' replied the lady, I shall be happy, and please your grace.' So thou shalt, but not to be a fool and marry; I have his consent given to me, and I vow thou shalt never get it into thy possession. So go to thy business, I see thou art a bold one to own thy foolishness so readily "."

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The perils of many kinds, from open and secret enemies, by which Elizabeth had found herself environed since her unwise and unauthorised detention of the queen of Scots, aggravated the mistrustfulness of her nature; and the severities which fear and anger led her to exercise against that portion of her subjects who still adhered to the ancient faith, increased its harshness. It is true that, since the fulmination of the papal anathema, the zealots of this church had kept no measures with respect to her either in their words, their writings or their actions. Plans of insurrec

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tion, and even of assassination, were frequently revolved in their councils, but as often disappointed by the extraordinary vigilance and sagacity of her ministers; while the courage evinced by herself under these circumstances of severe probation was truly admirable. Bacon relates, that "the council once represented to her the danger in which she stood by the continual conspiracies against her life, and acquainted her that a man was lately taken who stood ready in a very dangerous and suspicious manner to do the deed; and they showed her the weapon wherewith he thought to have acted it. And therefore they advised her that she should go less abroad to take the air, weakly attended, as she used. But the queen answered, that she had rather be dead, than put in custody.'"

"Ireland," says Naunton, "cost her more vexation than any thing else; the expense of it pinched her, the ill success of her officers wearied her, and in that service she grew hard to please." She also arrived at a settled persuasion that the extreme of severity was safer than that of indulgence; an opinion which, being communicated to her officers and ministers, was the occasion, especially in Ireland, of many cruel and arbitrary acts.

When angry, she observed little moderation in the expression of her feelings. In the private letters even of Cecil, whom she treated on the whole with more consideration than any other person, we find not unfrequent mention of the harsh words which he had to endure from her, sometimes, as he says, on occasions when he appeared to himself

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deserving rather of thanks than of censure. The earl of Shrewsbury often complains to his correspondents of her captious and irascible temper and we find Walsingham taking pains to console sir Henry Sidney under some manifestations of her displeasure, by the assurance that they had proceeded only from one of those transient gusts of passion for which she was accustomed to make sudden amends to her faithful servants, by new and extraordinary tokens of her favor.

There was no branch of prerogative of which Elizabeth was more tenacious than that which invested her with the sole and supreme direction of ecclesiastical affairs. The persevering efforts there. fore of the puritans, to obtain various relaxations or alterations of the laws which she in her wisdom had laid down for the government of the church,-on failure of which they scrupled not to recall to her memory the strong denunciations of the Jewish prophets against wicked and irreligious princes, at once exasperated and alarmed her; and led her to assume continually more and more of the incongruous and odious character of a protestant persecutor of protestants. But the puritans themselves: must have seemed guiltless in her eyes, compared with a new sect, the principles of which, tending directly to the abrogation of all authority of the civil magistrate in spiritual concerns, called forth about this time her indignation manifested by the utmost severity of penal infliction.

It was in the year 1580 that Robert Brown, having completed his studies in divinity at Cambridge, began to preach at Norwich against the discipline

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