Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria, assumes
the Imperial dignity on the death of Per-
tinax, i. 117.

Petavius, character of his Dogmata Theologica,
iv. 328. note.

Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Mau-
rice, his injurious treatment of the citizens
of Azimuntium, iv. 293.

Peter I., czar of Russia, his conduct towards
his son contrasted with that of Constan-
tine the Great, ii. 66.

Peter of Arragon assumes the kingdom of
Sicily, vi. 104.

Peter, St., his and St. Paul's martyrdom, i.
500. The church of Rome, strictly
speaking, not founded by, 500. note M.
On the words cephas, pierre, correspond-
ing with Terpos, ibid. notes.
Peter Bartholemy, his miraculous discovery
of the Holy Lance, v. 448. His strange
death, 450. note M.
Peter of Courtenay, emperor of Constanti-
nople, vi. 59.

P. ter the Hermit, his character and scheme
to recover the Holy Land from the in-
fidels, v. 405. Leads the first crusa-
ders, 418. Failure of his zeal, 447. note
M.

Petra, the city of, taken by the Persians, iv.
107. Is besieged by the Romans, 108.
Is demolished, 109.
Petrarch, his studies and literary character,
vi. 246. And history, 367. His account
of the ruin of the ancient buildings of
Rome, 424.

Pfeffel, character of his history of Germany,
iv. 521. note.

Phalanx, Grecian, compared with the Ro-
man legion, i. 14.

Pharamond, the actions, and foundation of
the French monarchy by him, of doubtful
authority, iii. 160. vide note M.
Pharas commands the Heruli, in the
African war under Belisarius, iv. 7.
Pursues Gelimer, 22. His letter to Ge-
limer, 22, 23.
Pharisees, account of that sect among the
Jews, i. 474.

Phasis, river, its course described, iv. 100,

101.

Pheasant, derivation of the name of that bird,
iv. 102.

Phila, isle of, or Elephantine, i. 374. nole
M.

Philelphus, Francis, his character of the Greek
language of Constantinople, vi. 242. Ad-
ventures of, ibid. notes.

Philip I., of France, his limited dominion
and power, v. 409.

Philip Augustus of France engages in the
third crusade, v. 490, 491.

Philip, prætorian præfect under the third
Gordian, raised to the empire on his death,
VOL. VI.

i. 200. Was a favourer of the Christians,
571.

Philip, prætorian præfect of Constantinople,
conveys the bishop Paul into banishment
clandestinely, ii. 239.

Philippicus, emperor of Constantinople, iv.
409.

Philippopolis taken and sacked by the Goths,
i. 260. note G.

Philo, a character of his works, ii. 191. note.
Philopatris, dialogue of the, i. 351. notes M.
Philosophy, Grecian, review of the various
sects of, i. 32.

Phineus, the situation of his palace, ii. 3.
Phocæa is settled by Genoese, who trade in
alum, vi. 205.

Phocas, a centurion, is chosen emperor by
the disaffected troops of the Eastern em-
pire, iv. 296. Murders the emperor
Maurice, and his children, 298. His
character, 299. His fall, and death, 301,
S02.

Phoenicia described, i. 25.

Photius, the son of Antonina, distinguishes
himself at the siege of Naples, iv. 64.
Is exiled, 65. Betrays his mother's
vices to Belisarius, 66. Turns monk,

68.

Photius, the patrician, kills himself to es-

cape the persecution of Justinian, iv. 364.
Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, cha-
racter of his Library, v. 267. His quarrel
with the pope of Rome, vi. 4.
Phranza, George, the Greek historian, some
account of, vi. 226. note. His embassies,

278, 279. His fate on the taking of Con-
stantinople by the Turks, 314.

Picardy, derivation of the name of that pro-
vince, v. 405. note.

Pilate, Pontius, his testimony in favour of
Jesus Christ much improved by the pri-
mitive fathers, i. 567.

Pilpay's Fables, history and character of, iv.
93.
Translations of, 93. note M.
Pinna marina, a kind of silk manufactured
from the threads spun by this fish, by the
Romans, iii. 504. note.

Pipa, a princess of the Marcomanni, espoused
by Gallienus, i. 273.

Piso, Calphurnius, one of the competitors
against Gallienus, his illustrious family
and character, i. 289.

Pityus, the city of, destroyed by the Goths,
i. 275. note G.

Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great,
her history and marriage with Adolphus
king of the Goths, iii. 145, 146. Is in-
juriously treated by the usurper Singeric,
after the death of her husband, 157. Her
marriage with Constantius, and retreat to
Constantinople, 203, 204. Her adminis-
tration in the West, as guardian of her
son the emperor Valentinian III., 206.

ΙΙ

510.

The Christians why more odious
to the Pagans than the Jews, 531. The
ruin of, suspended by the divisions among
Christians, ii. 248. Theological system
of the emperor Julian, 289. Review of
the Pagan ecclesiastical establishment,
iii. 3. Revival of, by the Christian monks,
26, 27.
Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to
drive Alaric from the walls by spells
which should draw down lightning, iii.
122. vide note M.
Pompeianus, Ruricius, general under Max-

entius, defeated and killed by Constantine
the Great, i. 428, 429.

Pompey, his discretional exercise of power
in the East, i. 69. Increase of the tributes
of Asia by his conquests, 168. vide note M.

Pomptine Marshes drained and cultivated,
iii. 469. note M.

Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurisdiction, iii. 2.
Pontifex Maximus, in Pagan Rome, by whom
that office was exercised, ii. 168.
Popes of Rome, the growth of their power,
iv. 479. Revolt of, from the Greek em-
perors, 477. Origin of their temporal
dominion, 488. Publication of the De-
cretals, and of the fictitious donation of
Constantine the Great, 490. Authority
of the German emperors in their election,
511. Violent distractions in their election,
512. Foundation of their authority at
Rome, vi. $29. Their mode of election
settled, 352. Schism in the papacy, 394,
396. They acquire the absolute dominion
of Rome, 405. The ecclesiastical govern-
ment, 407.

Population of Rome, a computation of, iii.

117.

Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome,

vi. 403.

Posthumus, the Roman general under the
emperor Gallienus, defends Gaul against
the incursions of the Franks, i. 269. Is
killed by his mutinous troops, 312.
Posts and post-houses established by Au-
gustus, i. 57. note M.

Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked,
v. 252, 253.

Præfect of the sacred bed-chamber under
Constantine the Great, his office, ii.

40.

Præfects of Rome and Constantinople, under
the emperors, nature of their office, ii. 27.
Revived at Rome, vi. 342.
Prætextatus, præfect of Rome under Valen-
tinian, his character, ii. 409.
Prætorian bands in the Roman ariny, an
account of, i. 111. Their camp on the
Viminal hill, 112. note M. They sell the
empire of Rome by public auction, 113.
Are disgraced by the emperor Severus,
A new establishment of them, 131.
Authority of the prætorian præfect, 132.
Are reduced, their privileges abolished,
and their place supplied by the Jovians
and Herculeans, 389. Their desperate
courage under Maxentius, 431.
totally suppressed by Constantine the
Great, 434.

122.

Are

Prætorian Præfect, revolutions of this office
under the emperors, ii. 25. Their func-
tions when it became a civil office, 26.
Prætors of Rome, the nature and tendency
of their edicts, iv. 174. notes M. and W.,
175. note M.

Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in
the temples of Paganism, ii. 180. Use
and abuse of, 181.
Predestination, influence of the doctrine of,
on the Saracens and Turks, v. 49.

Presbyters, among the primitive Christians,
their office explained, i. 495. note M.
Prester John, origin of the romantic stories
concerning, iv. 377.

Priests, no distinct order of men among the
Pagans, i. 510. ii. 168.

Priestley, Dr., the ultimate tendency of his
opinions, v. 288. note, vide note M.
Primogeniture, prerogative of, unknown to
the Roman law, iv. 217.

Prince of the waters, in Persia, his office, iv.
91. note.

Priscillian, bishop of Avila in Spain, is, with
his followers, put to death for heresy, ii.
526.

Priscus, the historian, his conversation with
a captive Greek, in the camp of Attila,
iii. 236. Quotations from, 235, 236. note,
238. note.

Priscus, the Greek general, his successes

against the Avars, iv. 294.

Proba, widow of the præfect Petronius, her
flight from the sack of Rome by Alaric,

iii. 138.

Probus assumes the Imperial dignity in op-
position to Florianus, i. 335. His cha-
racter and history, 336. 346.
Probus, prætorian præfect of Illyricum, pre-
serves Sirmium from the Quadi, ii. 441.
His auspicious government, 442.
Probus, Sicorius, his embassy from the em-
peror Diocletian to Narses, king of
Persia, i. 383.

Procida, John of, instigates the revolt of

Sicily from John of Anjou, vi. 102, 103.
Proclus, story of his extraordinary brazen
mirror, iii. 518.

Proclus, the Platonic philosopher of Athens,
his superstition, iii. 540.

Proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, their
office, ii. 29, 30. notes.

Procopia, empress of Michael I., her martial
inclinations, iv. 416, 417.
Procopius, his history, and revolt against
Valens, emperor of the East, ii. 390. 392.
note M., 393. note M. Is reduced, and
put to death, 394. vide note M. His ac-
count of the testament of the emperor
Arcadius, iii. 191. notes. His account of
Britain, 435. note. Character of his his-
tories, 485. note M. Accepts the office
of secretary under Belisarius, iv. 5.
His
defence of the Roman archers, 7.
account of the desolation of the African
province by war, 60, 61. note.

His

Roman law enforced the fulfilment of,
iv. 222, 223. note W.

Promotus, master-general of the infantry
under Theodosius, is ruined by the enmity
of Rufinus, iii. 32.

Property, personal, the origin of, iv. 213.
How ascertained by the Roman laws,
214, 215. note W. Testamentary dis-
positions of, how introduced, 219.
Prophets, their office among the primitive
Christians, i. 495. note M.

Propontis described, ii. 5.
Proterius, patriarch of Alexandria, his mar-
tial episcopacy, and violent death, iv. 357,
358.

Protestants, their resistance of oppression not
consistent with the practice of the pri-
mitive Christians, ii. 150. Proportion of
their number to that of the Catholics, in
France, at the beginning of the last cen-
tury, 152. note. Estimate of their re-
formation of popery, v. 285, 286.
Protosebastos, import of that title in the
Greek empire, v. 244.

note.

Proverbs, the book of, doubts as to its being
the production of king Solomon, iv. 25.
Rosenmüller's opinion as to the
period of its composition, note M. ibid.
Provinces of the Roman empire described,
i. 19. Distinction between Latin and
Greek provinces, 40. Account of the
tributes received from, 168. note M. 175.
Their number and government after the
seat of empire was removed to Constan
tinople, ii. 30.

Prusa, conquest of, by the Ottomans, vi. 157.
Prussia, emigration of the Goths to, i. 255.
vide notes.

Pulcheria, sister of the emperor Theodosius
the Younger, her character and adminis-
tration, iii. 193. Her lessons to her
brother, 195. Her contests with the
empress Eudocia, 198. Is proclaimed
empress of the East, on the death of
Theodosius, 251. Her death and canon-
ization, 313. note.

Purple, the imperial robe of, i. 392.
Purple, the royal colour of, among the an-
cients, far surpassed by the modern dis-
covery of cochineal, iii. 502. note.
Pygmies of Africa, ancient fabulous account
of, ii. 429.

Q

Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condianus,
their history, i. 95.

Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius,
his ineffectual effort to succeed him, i. 304.
vide note G.

Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the
age in which he wrote, i. 199. note.
Ar.
guments respecting it, ibid. note G., note
M.
Quirites, the effect of that word when op-
posed to soldiers, i. 165.

R.

Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his formi.
dable invasion of Italy, iii. 75. His
savage character, 77. Is reduced by Sti-
licho, and put to death, 79.
Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to
fulfil his matrimonial obligations by a
British heroine, iii. 436.

Rainulf, count, leader of the Normans in
Italy, v. 328. note G.
Ramadan, the month of, how observed by
the Turks, v. 36, 37.

Ramon de Montaner, autobiography of, notes
G. and M. vi. 108.

Rando, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his un-
provoked attack of Moguntiacum, ii. 412.
Ravenna, the ancient city of, described, iii.
71. The emperor Honorius fixes his
residence there, 72. Invasion of, by a
Greek fleet, iv. 478. Taken by the
Lombards, and recovered by the Vene-
tians, 481, 482. Final conquest of, by
the Lombards, ibid. Exarchate of, be-
stowed by Pepin on the pope, 488.

monks, iii, 23. A valuable cargo of, im-
ported from Constantinople by Louis IX.
of France, vi. 66.

Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts
Clovis, king of the Franks, iii. 387.
Repentance, its high esteem, and extensive
operation, among the primitive Christians,
i. 486.

Resurrection, general, the Mahometan doc-
trine of, v. 37.

Retiarius the, mode of his combat with the
Secutor in the Roman amphitheatre, i.

102.

Revenues of the primitive church, how dis-
tributed, i. 502. 505. ii. 187. Of the
Roman empire, in the reign of Augustus,
i. 170. notes G. and W. When removed
to Constantinople, a review of, ii. 48.
note G.

Rhateum, city of, its situation, ii. 7.
Rhatia described, i. 22.
Rhazates, the Persian, defeated and killed
by Heraclius, iv. 321.

Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popular
state, iii. 536.

Rhine, banks of the, fortified by the em
peror Valentinian, ii. 414.

Rhodes, the colossus of, v. 128. The
knights of, vi. 160.

Richard I. of England, engages in the
third crusade, v. 490, 491. His military
renown, 492. Is accused of the death of
Conrad of Montferrat, ibid. note. Opinions
on this charge, ibid. M. Bestows the
island of Cyprus on the house of Lusig-
nan, vi. 9. His reply to the exhortations
of Fulk of Neuilly, 12.

character, iii. 164. note.

Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Jeru-

salem into the hands of Saladin, v. 485.
Doubt as to the extent of his guilt, 486.
note M.

Raynal, abbé, mistaken in asserting that
Constantine the Great suppressed Pagan
worship, i. 244.

Rebels, who the most inveterate of, v. 279.
Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain,
converts his Gothic subjects, iii. 376.
Red Sea, communication by a canal and
the Nile with the Mediterranean, v. 139.
note M.

Reformation from popery, the amount of,
estimated, v. 285. A secret reformation
still working in the reformed churches,
287, 288. note M.

Rein-deer, this animal driven northward by
the improvement of climate from cul-
tivation, i. 227, 228. note M.

Ricimer, count, his history, iii. 298. Per-
mits Marjorian to assume the Imperial
dignity in the Western empire, 300, 301.
Enjoys supreme power under cover of the
name of the emperor Libius Severus, 809.
Marries the daughter of the emperor
Anthemius, 315. Sacks Rome, and kills
Anthemius, 328. His death, 329.
Rienzi, Nicholas di, his birth, character, and
history, vi. 371.

Roads, Roman, the construction and great
extent of, i. 56.

Robert of Courtenay, emperor of Constan-
tinople, vi. 60, 61.

Robert of Paris, his adventures in the cru
sades, v. 435.

Robert, count of Flanders, his character and
engagement in the first crusade, v. 424.
455.

Robert, duke of Normandy, his character
and engagement in the first crusade, v.
424. 444. Recalled by the censures of
the church, 447, 455.

defeat by Tarik the Arab, v. 156. His
death, 157.

Rodugune, probable origin of her character,
in Rowe's "Royal Convert," iii. 436.

note.

Roger, count of Sicily, his conquest of that

island, v. 341.
Roger, son of the former, the first king of
Sicily, v. 357, 358. His military achieve-
ments in Africa and Greece, 359, 360.
Roger de Flor engages as an auxiliary in
the service of the Greek emperor An-
dronicus, vi. 105. His assassination, 106.
notes M.

Romanus I., Lecapenus, emperor of Con-
stantinople, iv. 430.

Romanus II., emperor of Constantinople,
iv. 431.

Romanus III., Argyrus, emperor of Con-
stantinople, iv. 436.
Romanus IV., Diogenes, emperor of Con-
stantinople, iv. 441. Is defeated and
taken prisoner by the Turkish sultan
Alp Arslan, v. 384, 385.
His treatment,
deliverance, and death, 387. 389.
Romanus, governor of Africa, his corrupt
administration, ii. 424.

Romanus, governer of Bosra, betrays it to
the Saracens, v. 104.

Naval

Rome Roman Empire, the three periods of
its decline pointed out, i. xvii. Author's
Preface. Its prosperous circumstances
in the second century, i. 1. The prin-
cipal conquests of, achieved under the re-
public, 2. Conquests under the em-
perors, 3, 4, 5, 6. Military establishment
of the emperors, 9. 14. note M.
force of the empire, 18. View of the
provinces of the empire, 19. Its general
extent, 29. The union and internal
prosperity of the empire, in the age of the
Antonines, accounted for, 30. Treat-
ment of the provinces, 38. Benefits in-
Icluded in the freedom of the city, 35.
Distinction between the Latin and Greek
provinces, 37. 40. Municipal privileges
of certain cities, 37, 38. notes, 37. 39. M.
Prevalence of the Greek, as a scientific
language, 41, 42. Numbers and con-
dition of the Roman slaves, 42. Un-
happy influence of slavery and captivity
in enhancing the bitterness of ancient
warfare, ibid. note G., 43, 44, 45. notes
M. and G. Hope of enfranchisement,
45. Populousness of the empire, 47.
Unity and power of the government, 49.
Monuments of Roman architecture, 49.
52. The Roman magnificence chiefly
displayed in public buildings, 50. Prin-
cipal cities in the empire, 54. Public
roads, 56. Great improvements of agri-
culture in the western countries of the
empire, 58. Arts of luxury, 60.

Com-

the Roman history pointed out, 86.
Their peculiar misery under their tyrants,
87. The empire publicly sold by
auction by the prætorian guards, 114.
Civil wars of the Romans, how generally
decided, 126. When the army first
received regular pay, 167. How the
citizens were relieved from taxation, 168.
General estimate of the Roman revenue
from the provinces, 168. 170. Miseries
flowing from the succession to the empire
being elective, 177. A summary review
of the Roman history, 178. 204. Re-
capitulation of the war with Parthia,
216. Invasion of the provinces by the
Goths, 257. The office of censor revived
by the emperor Decius, 261. Peace
purchased of the Goths, 264.
The em-

peror Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor,
king of Persia, 284. The popular conceit
of the thirty tyrants of Rome investigated,
288. Famine and pestilence throughout
the empire, 294. Remarks on the
alleged sedition of the officers of the
mint under Aurelian, 325. Observations
on the peaceful interregnum after the
death of Aurelian, 329. Colonies of
Barbarians introduced into the provinces
by Probus, 343. Exhibition of the pub-
lic games by Carinus, 354. Treaty of
peace between the Persians and the
Romans, 381. How the imperial courts
came to be transferred to Milan and
Nicomedia, 387, 388. The prætorian
bands superseded by the Jovian and
Herculean guards, 389. The power of
the senate annihilated, 390. Four di-
visions of the empire under four conjunct
princes, 393. Their expensive establish-
ments call for more burdensome taxes,
394. Titles of Dominus, and of Basileus
or king, 390, 391. Diocletian and Max-
imian affect the style and attributes of
Divinity, 391. The former assumes a
diadem, 392. His imperial robe and
jewels, 392. The pomp and state of the
republican consuls was magisterial, the
ceremony and magnificence of these em-
perors personal, 391. notes G. and M.