takes Bajazet prisoner, 190, 191. How kept out of Europe, 196. His triumph at Samarcand, 198. Dies on a march to China, 199. His character, ibid. Tancred the crusader, his character, v. 426. His gallant behaviour at Constantinople, 435. His conduct at Jerusalem, 454, 455. Tarachus, the sufferings of, and other Christians, i. 596. notes M. Tarasius, secretary to the empress Irene, made patriarch of Constantinople, iv. 492. Presides at, and frames the decrees of, the second council of Nice, 493. Tarik, the Arab, his descent on Spain, v. 156. Defeats and kills Roderic, king of the Goths, 157. His disgrace, 161. 164. Tarragona, the city of, almost destroyed by the Franks, i. 270. Tartars. See Scythians. Tartary, Eastern, conquest of, by Tamerlane, vi. 180. Tatian, and his son Proculus, destroyed by the base arts of Rufinus the confidential minister of the emperor Theodosius, iii. 32. Taurus the consul, ii. 266. Banished by the tribunal of Chalcedon, 276. Taxes, how the Roman citizens were exonerated from the burden of, i. 168. Account of those instituted by Augustus, 170. Freedom of Rome given to all provincials by Caracalla for the purpose of taxation, 174. or by M. Aurelius, ibid. note W. Consequences of this measure, 175. How raised under Constantine the Great, and his successors, ii. 48, 49. note M., 53. note M. Capitation tax, 52, 53. note M. iii. 513. Tayef, siege of, by Mahomet, v. 56, 57. Teias, the last king of the Goths, defeated and killed by the eunuch Narses, iv. 143, 144. Telemachus, an Asiatic monk, loses his life at Rome, in an attempt to prevent the combat of the gladiators, iii. 70, 71. vide note M. Temple of Jerusalem, burned, i. 546. History of the emperor Julian's attempt to restore it, ii. 307. Temugin. See Zingis. Testaments, the Roman laws for regul iv. 219. Codicils, 221. Tetricus assumes the empire in Gaul instigation of Victoria, i. 313. B his legions into the hands of Au 313. Is led in triumph by Au 322, 323. Teutonic languages, the cycle of relating to Attila the Hun in th 247. note M. Thabor, Mount, dispute concerning the of, vi. 129. Thanet, the island of, granted by Vort as a settlement for his Saxon auxil iii. 423, 424. Theatrical entertainments of the Ra described, iii. 117. Thebaan legion, the martyrdom of, ap phal, i. 578. note. Theft, the Roman laws relating to, iv. 231. Themes, or military governments of Greek empire, account of, v. 233. Themistius, the orator, his encomiur religious toleration, ii. 382. Theodatus, his birth and elevation to throne of Italy, iv. 34. His disgra treaties with the emperor Justinian, revolt against them, 36, 37. His sition and death, 41. Theodebert, king of the Franks in Austi joins the Goths in the siege and destru of Milan, iv. 57. Invades Italy, 58. death, 59. Termini, the ancient, the savages of Scy compared to, ii. 468. Theodemir, a Gothic prince of Spain, of his treaty of submission to the Sarac v. 161. Theodora, empress, her birth, and e history, iii. 488. Her marriage Justinian, 491. Her tyranny, 492. virtues, 493. Her death, 494. Her titude during the Nika sedition, Account of her palace and garden Heræum, 524. Her pious concern the conversion of Nubia, iv. 391, 392. Theodora, wife of the Greek emperor Th philus, her history, iv. 421. Resta the worship of images, 494. Provo the Paulicians to rebellion, v. 279. Tephrice is occupied and fortified by the Theodora, daughter of the Greek empe Paulicians, v. 279. Tertullian, his pious exultation in the expected damnation of all the pagan world, i. 480. Criticisms on the Latin passage, and Gibbon's translation, ibid. notes G. and M. Suggests desertion to Christian soldiers, 493. note. Critical inquiry as to his real meaning, ibid. notes G. and M. His suspicious account of two edicts of Tiberius and Marcus Antoninus, in favour of the Christians, 566. Constantine IX., her history, iv. 4 437. Theodora, widow of Baldwin III. king Jerusalem, her adventures as the c cubine of Andronicus Comnenús, 453. Theodore Angelus, despot of Epirus, sei the emperor Peter of Courtenay vi. ( Possesses himself of Thessalonica, 61. Theodoric, the son of Alaric, his prospere reign over the Visigoths in Gaul, iii, 25 opposition to the troops of Julian, ii. 262, 263. Negra, city in Yemen, massacre of Christians at, iv. 114. note M. Negroes of Africa, evidences of their intellectual inferiority to the rest of mankind, ii. 430. note M. Nectarius is chosen archbishop of Constantinople, ii. 524. Nennius, his account of the arrival of the Saxons in Britain different from that of Gildas, Bede, and Witikind, iii, 423, 424. note. Nepos, Julius, is made emperor of the West by Leo the Great, iii. 329. Nepotian, account of his revolt in Italy, ii. 98. Nero persecutes the Christians as the incendiaries of Rome, i. 541. Nerva, emperor, his character, and prudent adoption of Trajan, i. 82. Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, his character, iv. 342. His heresy concerning the incarnation, 343. His dispute with Cyril of Alexandria, 344. Is condemned, and degraded from his episcopal dignity, by the council of Ephesus, 346. Is exiled, 350. His death, 351. His opinions still retained in Persia, 374, 375. Missions of his disciples in the East Indies, 376. 379, 380. Nevers, John, count of, disastrous fate of him and his party at the battle of Nicopolis, vi. 168. Nice becomes the capital residence of sultan Soliman, v. 396. Siege of, by the first crusaders, 439. Nicephorus I., emperor of Constantinople, iv. 416. His wars with the Saracens, v. 205. His death, 292. Nicephorus II., Phocas, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 432. His military enterprises, v. 224. Nicephorus III., Botoniates, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 443. Was raised to the throne by sultan Soliman, v. 395. Nicetas, senator of Constantinople, his flight, on the capture of the city by the Latins, vi. 39. His brief history, 41. note. His account of the statues destroyed at Constantinople, ibid. Nicholas, patriarch of Constantinople, opposes the fourth marriage of the emperor Leo the philosopher, iv. 429. Nicholas V., pope, his character, vi. 253. 400. How interested in the fall of Constantinople, 293. His peaceful reign, 400, 401. Nicomedia, the court of Diocletian held there, and the city embellished by him, i. 388. The church of, demolished by Diocletian, 581. The palace of, fired, 583. note, 584. note M. Nicopolis, battle of, between sultan Bajazet and Sigismond king of Hungary, vi. 167. Number of the French engaged in, 168. note M. Nika, the sedition of, at Constantinople, iii. 499. Nile, navigable communication from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, by a canal and the river, v. 139. note M. Nineveh, battle on the site of, between the emperor Heraclius and the Persians, iv. 321. Nisibis, the city of, i. 282. note M. Described, and its obstinate defence against the Persians, ii. 82. 86. Is yielded to Sapor by treaty, 371. Nizam, the Persian vizir, his illustrious character, v. 392. His assassination by Hassan Sabek, 393. note M. Noah, his ark very convenient for resolving the difficulties of Mosaic antiquarians, i. 229. Nobilissimus, a title invented by Constantine the Great to distinguish his nephew Hannibalianus, ii. 69. Nogaret, Guillaume de, seizes Boniface VIII. at Anagni, vi. 356. Noricum described, i. 23. Normans, their settlement in the province of Normandy in France, v. 326. Their introduction to Italy, ibid. note M. They serve in Sicily, 328. They are confirmed in the possession of Aversa, ibid. note G. They conquer Apulia, 329. Their character, 331. Their treaty with the pope, 334. Notitia Dignitatum Imperii, ii. 19. note G. Novatians are exempted by Constantine the Great, in a particular edict, from the general penalties of heresy, ii. 185. cruelly persecuted by Macedonius bishop of Constantinople, 240. Are Obedience, passive, theory and practice of the Christian doctrine of, ii. 149. Obelisks, Egyptian, the purpose of their erection, ii. 116. Oblations to the church, origin of, i. 502. Obligations, human, the sources of, iv. 222. note M. Laws of the Romans respecting, 223. note W. Octavian family not obscure, as asserted by Gibbon, i. 77. note M. Odenathus, the Palmyrene, his successful opposition to Sapor king of Persia, i. 285. Is associated in the empire by Gallienus, 290. Character and fate of his queen Zenobia, 314. Odin, the long reign of his family in Sweden, i. 237. note. His history, 254. Uncertain hypothesis respecting, 254. His migration from Asiatic Sarmatia into Sweden, 255. vide note. Gibbon's retractation of this theory, ibid. note M. Odoacer, the first Barbarian king of Italy, iii. 932. note M. His character and reign, 333. Resigns all the Roman conquests beyond the Alps to Euric king of the Visigoths, 381. Is reduced and killed by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 454. 456. Ogors, or Varchonites, the, subdued by the Turks, iv. 82. note M. Ohud, battle of, between Mahomet and Abu Sophian, prince of Mecca, v. 51. Olga, princess of Russia, her baptism, v. 316. Olive, its introduction into the Western World, i. 59. Olybrius, is raised to the Western empire by count Ricimer, iii. 327. Olympic games compared with the tournaments of the Goths, xi, 37. Olympiodorus, his account of the magnificence of the city of Rome, iii. 104. His account of the marriage of Adolphus king of the Visigoths with the princess Placidia, 146. note. Error in the translation of a passage of, 79. Olympius, favourite of the emperor Honorius, alarms him with unfavourable suspicions of the designs of Stilicho, iii. 90. Causes Stilicho to be put to death, 91. His disgrace, and ignominious death, 126. Omar, caliph of the Saracens, v. 70. His character, 88. His journey to Jerusalem, 120. His reign, 122. 128. 130. 136. 149. Ommiyah, elevation of the house of, to the office of caliph of the Saracens, v. 76. Why not the objects of public favour, 190. Destruction of, 192. White the emblem of the Ommiade dynasty, 191. Oracles, Heathen, are silenced by Constantine the Great, ii. 245. Orchan, emir of the Ottomans, his reign, vi. 158. Marries the daughter of the Greek emperor Cantacuzene, 161. Ordination of the clergy in the early ages of the church, an account of, i 172 Their celibacy, when it was imposed, itid. note M. Orestes, is sent ambassador from Attila king of the Huns to the emperor Theodosius the Younger, iii. 240, 241. His history, and promotion under the Western emperors, 331. His son Augustulus the last emperor of the West, 331, 335. Orestes, prætor of Egypt, is insulted by a monkish mob in Alexandria, iv. 340. Origen declares the number of primitive martyrs to be very inconsiderable, i. 555. The context to be considered, ibid. note G. His conference with the empress Mammæa, 570. His memory persecuted by the emperor Justinian and his clergy, iv. 366. Orleans besieged by Attila king of the Huns, and relieved by Aetius and Theodoric, iii. 265, 266. Osius, bishop of Cordova, his great influence with Constantine the Great, ii. 161. note. Prevails on Constantine to ratify the Nicene creed, 211. Is with difficulty prevailed on to concur in deposing Athanasius, 227, 228. Osrhoene, the small kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, i. 218. Ossian, his poems, whether to be connected with the invasion of Caledonia by the emperor Severus, i. 138. notes. Is said to have disputed with a Christian missionary, 519. note. Ostia, the port of, described, iii. 128. Othman, caliph of the Saracens, v. 71—87. Othman, the father of the Ottomans, his reign, vi. 157. Otho I., king of Germany, restores and appropriates the Western empire, iv. 508. Claims by treaty the nomination of the pope of Rome, 512. Defeats the Turks, v. 302. Otho II. deposes pope John XII. and chastises his party at Rome, iv. 515. Otho, bishop of Frisingen, his character as an historian, vi. 347. note. Ottomans, origin and history of the, vi. 156. note M. They obtain an establishment in Europe, 163. Ovid is banished to the banks of the Danube, ii. 72. His description of the Getæ and Sarmatians, ibid. Character of his Epistles,' ibid. Oxyrinchus, in Egypt, monkish piety of that city, iii. 344. P Paccatus, his encomium on the emperor Theodosius the Great, ii, 540, 541. Pæderasty, how punished by the Scatinian law, iv. 232. By Justinian, 234. Pagan, derivation and revolutions of the 27. Palæologus Constantine, the last Greek emperor, his reign, vi. 278. Is killed in the storm of Constantinople, by the Turks, 311. Palæologus, John, emperor of Constantinople, 128. Palmyra, description of, and its destruction Panatius, teacher of the Stoic philosophy at Pandects of Justinian, how formed, iv. 193. Pantomines, Roman, described, iii. 17. His Parabolani of Alexandria, account of, iv. 339. His restoration, 129. Discord between him and his sons, 171. His treaty with pope Innocent VI., 217. Visits Urban V. at Rome, 218. Palæologus, John II., his zeal, vi. 228. voyage to Italy, 231. Palæologus, Manuel, associated with his father John in the Greek empire, vi. 171. Tribute exacted from him by sultan Bajazet, 172. His treaties with Soliman and Mahomet, the sons of Bajazet VI. 206. Visits the courts of Europe, 218. Private motives of his European negotiations explained, 226. His death, 227. Palæologus, Michael, emperor of Nice, his brief replies to the negotiations of Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople, vi. 68. His family and character, 87. His elevation to the throne, 89. 91. His return to Constantinople, 92. Blinds and banishes his young associate, John Lascaris, 93. He is excommunicated by the patriarch Arsenius, 94. Associates his son Andronicus in the empire, 96. union with the Latin church, 97. gates the revolt of Sicily, 102. Palatines and Borderers, origin and nature of these distinctions in the Roman troops, ii. 36. His Insti Palermo taken by Belisarius by stratagem, Palestine, character of, i. 25. Fertility of, Palladius, the notary, sent by Valentinian note. Paradise, Mahomet's, described, v. 39, 40. Paris, description of that city under the government of Julian, ii. 141. Situation of his palace, 255. note. Parthia, its people described, i. 205. note M. Subdued by Artaxerxes king of Persia, 215. Its constitution of government similar to the feudal system of Europe, ibid. Recapitulation of the war with Rome, 216. 218. Paschal II., his troublesome pontificate, vi. 333. Passion, the, observations on the darkness during the crucifixion, i. 525, 526. note, vide note G. Pastoral manners better adapted to the fierceness of war than to peace, ii. 448. The nomade tribes of central Asia, 449. note M. Paternal authority, extent of, by the Roman laws, iv. 202. note M. Successive limitations of, 203. Patras, extraordinary deliverance of, from the Sclavonians and Saracens, v. 236. Patricians, the order of, under the Roman republic, and under the emperors, compared, ii. 25. Under the Greek empire, their rank explained, iv. 486. Patrick, tutelar saint of Ireland, derivation of his name, iii. 335. note. Pavia, massacre of the friends of Stilicho there, by the instigations of Olympius, iii. 91. Is taken by Alboin king of the Lombards, who fixes his residence there, iv. 249, 250. Paul, St., martyrdom of, i. 500. His Epistle to the Romans, ibid. note M. Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, his character and history, i. 573, 574. note G. 574. note M. Paul, archbishop of Constantinople, his fatal contest with his competitor Macedonius, ii. 238. Paula, a Roman widow, her illustrious descent, iii. 101. Was owner of the city of Nicopolis, 105. Her monastic zeal, 347. | Paulicians, origin and character of, v. 273. note M. Are persecuted by the Greek emperors, 276, 277. They revolt, 279. They are reduced, and transplanted to Thrace, 281. Their present state, 283. Imbued with Gnosticism, 285. note M. Paulina, wife of the tyrant Maximin, softens his ferocity by gentle counsels, i. 182. note, vide note G. Paulinus, master of the offices to Theodosius the Younger, his crime, and execution, iii. 198. Paulinus, bishop of Nola, his history, iii. 141. Paulinus, patriarch of Aquileia, flies from the Lombards with his treasure, into the island of Grado, iv. 249. Peace, temple of, at Rome, i. 53. note W. Peers, house of, its increase since the time of Gibbon, and policy thereof, iv. 199. Pegasians, the party of, among the Roman civilians, iv. 189. Pekin, the city of, taken by Zingis the Mogul emperor, vi. 142, 143. notes. Pelagian controversy agitated by the Latin clergy, iii. 82, 83. And in Britain, 166. Pella, the church of the Nazarenes settled there, on the destruction of Jerusalem, i. 460, 461. note M. Peloponnesus, state of, under the Greek empire, v. 235. Manufactures, 237. 238. Penal laws of Rome, the abolition and revival of, iv. 229, 230. Pendragon, his office and power in Britain, iii. 166. Penitentials of the Greek and Latin churches, history of, v. 413. Pepin, king of France, assists the pope of Rome against the Lombards, iv. 482, 483. note M. Receives the title of king by papal sanction, 485. Grants the exarchate to the pope, 488. Pepin, John, count of Minorbino, reduces the tribune Rienzi, and restores aristocracy and church government at Rome, vi. 386. Pepper, its high estimation and price at Rome, iii. 123. note. Perennis, minister of Commodus, his exaltation and downfall, i. 96. Periplus, or circumnavigation of the Euxine by Arrian, iv. 100. Perisabor, or Fyrouz Schapour, a city of Assyria, reduced and burned by the emperor Julian, ii. 347. vide note M. Perozes, king of Persia, his fatal expedition against the Nepthalites, iii. 532. note M. Persarmenia, churches of, persecuted by the Magi, iv. 276. note M. Persecutions, ten, of the primitive Christians, a review of, i. 566, 567. note M. 570. notes G. and M. 572. note G. 578. 594. note M. 596. note M. Perseus, amount of the treasures taken from that prince, i. 168. Persia, the monarchy of, restored by Artaxerxes, i. 205, 206. note M. The religion of the Magi reformed, 206. note M. Abridgment of the Persian theology, 209. Simplicity of their worship, 210. Ceremonies and moral precepts, 211. Every other mode of worship prohibited but that of Zoroaster, 214. Extent and population of the country, 216. Its military power, 222. Account of the audience given by the emperor Carus to the ambassadors of Varanes, 350. The throne of, disputed by the brothers Narses and Hormuz, 378. Persians, 379. turn by Galerius, ibid. agreed on between the Persians and the Romans, 381. War between Sapor, king of, and the emperor Constantius, ii. 84. note M. Battle of Singara, 85. Sapor invades Mesopotamia, 122. The Persian territories invaded by the emperor Julian, 342. Passage of the Tigris, 353, 354. Julian harassed in his retreat, 361. Treaty of peace between Sapor and the emperor Jovian, 370. note M. Reduction of Armenia, and death of Sapor, 431. 433. The silk trade, how carried on from China through Persia, for the supply of the Roman empire, iii. 504, 505. Death of Perozes, in an expedition against the white Huns, 531, 532. Review of the reigns of Cabades, and his son Chos. roes, iv. §8. note M. 89. Anarchy of, after the death of Chosroes II., 325. Ecclesiastical history of, 374. Invasion of, by the caliph Abubeker, v. 91. Battle of Cadesia, 91, 92. Sack of Ctesiphon, 94. Conquest of, by the Saracens, 96. Magian religion supplanted by Mahometism, 167. The power of the Arabs crushed by the dynasty of the Bowides, Persia subdued by the Turks, 379. Conquest of, by the Moguls, vi. 147. note M. By Tamerlane, 178. note M. Pertinax, his character, and exaltation to the Imperial throne, i. 104. 107. His funeral and apotheosis, 123. Galerius defeated by the Narses overthrown in his Articles of peace 222. The |