Platonists, new, an account of, i. 402. Unite with the heathen priests to oppose the Christians, 578.

Plautianus, prætorian præfect under the

emperor Severus, his history, i. 132. Causes of his assassination, ibid. notes W. and M.

Plebeians of Rome, state and character of, iii. 113.

Pliny the Younger, examination of his conduct toward the Christians, i. 549. note M. Trajan approves his measures, 554. note M. His testimony of their number, 565. note G.

Poet laureate, a ridiculous appointment, vi.

368. note.

Poggius, his reflections on the ruin of ancient Rome, vi. 411. In the time of Martin V., not of Eugenius IV., ibid. note M. Poitiers, battle of, between Clovis king of the Franks, and Alaric king of the Goths, iii. 396.

Pollentia, battle of, between Stilicho the Roman general and Alaric the Goth, iii.

66.

Polytheism of the Romans, its origin and effects, i. 31. Its spirit of toleration considered and denied, ibid. note M. How accounted for by the primitive Christians, 467. Scepticism of the people at the time of the publication of Christianity, 510. The Christians why more odious to the Pagans than the Jews, 531. ruin of, suspended by the divisions among Christians, ii. 248. Theological system of the emperor Julian, 289. Review of the Pagan ecclesiastical establishment, iii. 3. Revival of, by the Christian monks, 26, 27.

The

Pompeianus, præfect of Rome, proposes to drive Alaric from the walls by spells which should draw down lightning, iii. 122. vide note M. Pompeianus, Ruricius, general under Maxentius, defeated and killed by Constantine the Great, i. 428, 429.

Pompey, his discretional exercise of power in the East, i. 69. Increase of the tributes of Asia by his conquests, 168. vide note M.

Pomptine Marshes drained and cultivated, iii. 469. note M.

Pontiffs, Pagan, their jurisdiction, iii. 2. Pontifex Maximus, in Pagan Rome, by whom that office was exercised, ii. 168. Popes of Rome, the growth of their power, iv. 479. Revolt of, from the Greek emperors, 477. Origin of their temporal dominion, 488. Publication of the Decretals, and of the fictitious donation of Constantine the Great, 490. Authority of the German emperors in their election, 511. Violent distractions in their election, 512. Foundation of their authority at Rome, vi. 329. Their mode of election settled, 352. Schism in the papacy, 394, 396. They acquire the absolute dominion of Rome, 405. The ecclesiastical government, 407.

Population of Rome, a computation of, iii.

117.

Porcaro, Stephen, his conspiracy at Rome,

vi. 403.

Posthumus, the Roman general under the emperor Gallienus, defends Gaul against the incursions of the Franks, i. 269. Is killed by his mutinous troops, 312. Posts and post-houses established by Augustus, i. 57. note M.

Power, absolute, the exercise of, how checked, v. 252, 253.

Præfect of the sacred bed-chamber under Constantine the Great, his office, ii.

40.

Præfects of Rome and Constantinople, under the emperors, nature of their office, ii. 27. Revived at Rome, vi. 342. Prætextatus, præfect of Rome under Valentinian, his character, ii. 409. Prætorian bands in the Roman ariny, an account of, i. 111. Their camp on the Viminal hill, 112. note M. They sell the empire of Rome by public auction, 113. Are disgraced by the emperor Severus, A new establishment of them, 181. Authority of the prætorian præfect, 132. Are reduced, their privileges abolished, and their place supplied by the Jovians and Herculeans, 389. Their desperate courage under Maxentius, 431. totally suppressed by Constantine the Great, 434.

122.

Are

Prætorian Præfect, revolutions of this office under the emperors, ii. 25. Their functions when it became a civil office, 26. Prætors of Rome, the nature and tendency of their edicts, iv. 174. notes M. and W., 175. note M.

Preaching, a form of devotion unknown in the temples of Paganism, ii. 180. Use and abuse of, 181. Predestination, influence of the doctrine of, on the Saracens and Turks, v. 49.

bards and the exarchs of Ravenna, 259. Growth of the papal power in, 473. Revolt of, against the Greek emperors, 477. The exarchate of Ravenna granted to the pope, 488. Extent of the dominions of Charlemagne there, 503. The power of the German Cæsars destroyed by the rise of the commercial cities there, 516. 518. Factions of the Guelphs and Ghibelines, 519. Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks, in, v. 320. Revival of Greek learning in, vi. 245. Aathors consulted for the history of, 409.

note.

J

Jaafar, a kinsman of Mahomet slain in the battle of Muta, v. 59. vide note M.

Jacobites of the East, history of the sect of, iv. 381. 390.

James, St., his legendary exploits in Spain, i. 518.

Janizaries, first institution of these troops,

vi. 165. note M.

A

Jerom, St., abilities of, ii. 408. His extravagant representation of the devastation of Pannonia by the Goths, 492, 493. His influence over the widow Paula, iii. 347. Jerusalem, its situation, destruction, and profanation, ii. 304, 305. Pilgrimages to, and curious relics preserved there, 305, 306. Abortive attempt of the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of, 307. Subterranean chambers beneath the temple of, serving as a refuge during the siege, 310, 311. notes G. and M. magnificent church erected there to the Virgin Mary by Justinian, iii. 523. The vessels of the temple of, brought from Africa to Constantinople by Belisarius, iv. 24. Is conquered by Chosroes II., king of Persia, 304. Insurrection of the monks there, 356. Is conquered by the Saracens, v. 119. Great resort of pilgrims to, 402. 404. Conquest of, by the Turks, 403. Is taken from the Turks by the Egyptians, 450. Is taken by the crusaders, 452. Is erected into a kingdom under Godfrey of Bouillon, 455. Assise of, 460. Succession of its Christian princes, 484, 485. Is conquered by Saladin, 486, 487. Is pillaged by the Carizmians, 499.

Jerusalem, New, described according to the ideas of the primitive Christians, i. 477. Jesuits, Portuguese, persecute the eastern Christians, iv. 380. Their labours in, and expulsion from, Abyssinia, 394. 395. Jews, an obscure, unsocial, obstinate race of men, i. 453, 454, et seq. Review of their history, 455. et seq. Their religion the basis of Christianity, 458. The promises

of Divine favour extended by Christianity to all mankind, 458. The immortality of the soul not inculcated in the law of Moses, 474. Reasons assigned for this omission, ibid. note M. Why there are no Hebrew gospels extant, 512. vide notes G. and M. Provoked the persecutions of the Roman emperors, 529, 530. notes G. and M. Toleration of their religion, 530. Those of a more liberal spirit adopted the theological system of Plato, ii. 190, 191. notes G. and M. Their condition under the emperors Constantine and Constantius, 304. Miraculous conversion of a number of, at Minorca, iii. 27. note. Persecution of, in Spain, 378. Are persecuted by the Catholics in Italy, 472. iv. 327. note M. Their notions of a Messiah explained, 329. note M. Are persecuted by Cyril, at Alexandria, 340. How plagued by the emperor Justinian, 364. Those in Arabia subdued by Mahomet, v. 52. Assist the Saracens in the reduction of Spain, 158. Massacres of, by the first crusaders, 420. 455. Census of Israel and Judah by king David, 457. note. Explanation of this calculation, ibid. note M.

Jezdegerd, king of Persia, is said to be left guardian to Theodosius the Younger, by the emperor Arcadius, iii. 191. His war with Theodosius, 199. See Yezdegerd.

Joan, pope, the story of, fictitious, iv. 512. note. 513. note M.

Job, age of the book of, v. 32. note M. John, principal secretary to the emperor Honorius, usurps the empire, iii. 204. John the Almsgiver, archbishop of Alexandria, relieves the Jewish refugees on Jerusalem being taken by the Persians, iv. 305. His extraordinary liberality of the church treasure, 388.

John, bishop of Antioch, arrives at Ephesus after the meeting of the council, and, with his bishops, decides against Cyril, iv. 346, 347. Coalition between him and Cyril, 348.

John of Apri, Patriarch of Constantinople, his pride, and confederacy against John Cantacuzene, vi. 122.

John de Brienne, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 63. note M.

John of Cappadocia, prætorian præfect of the East under the emperor Justinian, his character, iii. 515. note M. Is disgraced by the empress Theodora, and becomes a bishop, 516. note M. 517. Opposes the African war, iv. 4. His fraud in supplying the army with bread,

10.

John Comnenus, or Calo-Johannes, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 446.

John Damascenus, St., his history, iv. 472. note.

Quintilian brothers, Maximus and Condianus, their history, i. 95.

Quintilius, brother of the emperor Claudius, his ineffectual effort to succeed him, i. 304. vide note G.

Quintus Curtius, an attempt to decide the age in which he wrote, i. 199. note. Arguments respecting it, ibid. note G., note M.

Quirites, the effect of that word when opposed to soldiers, i. 165.

R.

Radagaisus, king of the Goths, his formidable invasion of Italy, iii. 75. His savage character, 77. Is reduced by Stilicho, and put to death, 79. Radiger, king of the Varni, compelled to fulfil his matrimonial obligations by a British heroine, iii. 436.

Rainulf, count, leader of the Normans in Italy, v. 328. note G.

Ramadan, the month of, how observed by the Turks, v. 36, 37.

Ramon de Montaner, autobiography of, notes G. and M. vi. 108.

Rando, a chieftain of the Alemanni, his unprovoked attack of Moguntiacum, ii. 412. Ravenna, the ancient city of, described, iii. 71. The emperor Honorius fixes his residence there, 72. Invasion of, by a Greek fleet, iv. 478. Taken by the Lombards, and recovered by the Venetians, 481, 482. Final conquest of, by the Lombards, ibid. Exarchate of, bestowed by Pepin on the pope, 488. Raymond of Thoulouse, the crusader, his character, v. 425. His route to Constantinople, 430. His bold behaviour at Dorylæum, 440., and at the siege of Jerusalem, 453.

Raymond, count of Tripoli, betrays Jeru

salem into the hands of Saladin, v. 485. Doubt as to the extent of his guilt, 486. note M.

Raynal, abbé, mistaken in asserting that Constantine the Great suppressed Pagan worship, i. 244.

Rebels, who the most inveterate of, v. 279. Recared, the first Catholic king of Spain, converts his Gothic subjects, iii. 376. Red Sea, communication by a canal and the Nile with the Mediterranean, v. 139. note M.

Reformation from popery, the amount of, estimated, v. 285. A secret reformation still working in the reformed churches, 287, 288. note M.

Rein-deer, this animal driven northward by the improvement of climate from cultivation, i. 227, 228. note M.

monks, iii, 23. A valuable cargo of, imported from Constantinople by Louis IX. of France, vi. 66.

Remigius, bishop of Rheims, converts Clovis, king of the Franks, iii. 387. Repentance, its high esteem, and extensive operation, among the primitive Christians, i. 486.

Resurrection, general, the Mahometan doctrine of, v. 37.

Retiarius the, mode of his combat with the Secutor in the Roman amphitheatre, i.

102.

Revenues of the primitive church, how distributed, i. 502. 505. ii. 187. Of the Roman empire, in the reign of Augustus, i. 170. notes G. and W. When removed to Constantinople, a review of, ii. 48. note G.

Rhæteum, city of, its situation, ii. 7.
Rhætia described, i. 22.
Rhazates, the Persian, defeated and killed
by Heraclius, iv. 321.

Rhetoric, the study of, congenial to a popular state, iii. 536.

Rhine, banks of the, fortified by the emperor Valentinian, ii. 414.

Rhodes, the colossus of, v. 128. The knights of, vi. 160.

Richard I. of England, engages in the third crusade, v. 490, 491. His military renown, 492. Is accused of the death of Conrad of Montferrat, ibid. note. Opinions on this charge, ibid. M. Bestows the island of Cyprus on the house of Lusignan, vi. 9. His reply to the exhortations of Fulk of Neuilly, 12. Richard, monk of Cirencester, his literary character, iii. 164. note. Ricimer, count, his history, iii. 298. mits Marjorian to assume the Imperial dignity in the Western empire, 300, 301. Enjoys supreme power under cover of the name of the emperor Libius Severus, 309. Marries the daughter of the emperor Anthemius, 315. Sacks Rome, and kills Anthemius, 328. His death, 329. Rienzi, Nicholas di, his birth, character, and history, vi. 371.

Per

Roads, Roman, the construction and great extent of, i. 56.

Robert of Courtenay, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 60, 61.

Robert of Paris, his adventures in the cru. sades, v. 435.

Robert, count of Flanders, his character and engagement in the first crusade, v. 424. 455.

Robert, duke of Normandy, his character and engagement in the first crusade, v. 424. 444. Recalled by the censures of the church, 447, 455.

defeat by Tarik the Arab, v. 156. His death, 157.

Rodugune, probable origin of her character, in Rowe's" Royal Convert," iii. 436.

note.

Roger, count of Sicily, his conquest of that island, v. 341.

Roger, son of the former, the first king of Sicily, v. 357, 358. His military achievements in Africa and Greece, 359, 360. Roger de Flor engages as an auxiliary in the service of the Greek emperor Andronicus, vi. 105. His assassination, 106. notes M.

Romanus I., Lecapenus, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 430.

Romanus II., emperor of Constantinople, iv. 431.

Romanus III., Argyrus, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 436.

Romanus IV., Diogenes, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 441. Is defeated and taken prisoner by the Turkish sultan Alp Arslan, v. 384, 385. His treatment, deliverance, and death, 387. 389. Romanus, governor of Africa, his corrupt administration, ii. 424.

Romanus, governer of Bosra, betrays it to the Saracens, v. 104.

force of the empire, 18. View of the provinces of the empire, 19. Its general extent, 29. The union and internal prosperity of the empire, in the age of the Antonines, accounted for, 30. Treatment of the provinces, 38. Benefits inIcluded in the freedom of the city, 35. Distinction between the Latin and Greek provinces, 37. 40. Municipal privileges of certain cities, 37, 38. notes, 37. 39. M. Prevalence of the Greek, as a scientific language, 41, 42. Numbers and condition of the Roman slaves, 42. Unhappy influence of slavery and captivity in enhancing the bitterness of ancient warfare, ibid. note G., 43, 44, 45. notes M. and G. Hope of enfranchisement, 45. Populousness of the empire, 47. Unity and power of the government, 49. Monuments of Roman architecture, 49. 52. The Roman magnificence chiefly displayed in public buildings, 50. Principal cities in the empire, 54. Public roads, 56. Great improvements of agriculture in the western countries of the empire, 58. Arts of luxury, 60. Com

merce with the East, 61. Contemporary representation of the prosperity of the empire, 62. Decline of courage and genius, 63, 64. Review of public affairs after the battle of Actium, 66. The Imperial power and dignity confirmed to Augustus by the senate, 69. The various characters and powers vested in the emperor, 72. General idea of the Imperial system, 75, Abortive attempt of the senate to resume its rights after the murder of Caligula, 79. The emperors associate their intended successors to power, 81. The most happy period in the Roman history pointed out, 86. Their peculiar misery under their tyrants, 87. The empire publicly sold by auction by the prætorian guards, 114. Civil wars of the Romans, how generally decided, 126. When the army first received regular pay, 167. How the citizens were relieved from taxation, 168. General estimate of the Roman revenue from the provinces, 168. 170. Miseries flowing from the succession to the empire being elective, 177. A summary review of the Roman history, 178. 204. Recapitulation of the war with Parthia, 216. Invasion of the provinces by the Goths, 257. The office of censor revived by the emperor Decius, 261. Peace purchased of the Goths, 264. The em

peror Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, 284. The popular conceit of the thirty tyrants of Rome investigated, 288. Famine and pestilence throughout the empire, 294. Remarks on the alleged sedition of the officers of the mint under Aurelian, 325. Observations on the peaceful interregnum after the death of Aurelian, 329. Colonies of Barbarians introduced into the provinces by Probus, 343. Exhibition of the public games by Carinus, 354, Treaty of peace between the Persians and the Romans, 381. How the imperial courts came to be transferred to Milan and Nicomedia, 387, 388. The prætorian bands superseded by the Jovian and Herculean guards, 389. The power of the senate annihilated, 390. Four divisions of the empire under four conjunct princes, 393. Their expensive establishments call for more burdensome taxes, 394. Titles of Dominus, and of Basileus or king, 390, 391. Diocletian and Maximian affect the style and attributes of Divinity, 391. The former assumes a diadem, 392. His imperial robe and jewels, 392. The pomp and state of the republican consuls was magisterial, the ceremony and magnificence of these emperors personal, 391. notes G. and M.

Diocletian and Maximian abdicate the empire, 395. Six emperors existing at one time, 418. The senate and people apply to Constantine to deliver them from the tyranny of Maxentius, 425. Laws of Constantine, 442. Constantine remains sole emperor, 459. History of the progress and establishment of Christianity, 451. Pretensions of the bishop of Rome, when deduced, 500. State of the church at Rome at the time of the persecution by Nero, 516. The memorable edicts of Diocletian and his asso. ciates against the Christians, 581. 584. His cruel persecution, 587. note G. Account of the building and establishment of the rival city of Constantinople, ii. 3. New forms of administration established there, 19. Division of the Roman Empire among the sons of Constantine, 80. Establishment of Christianity as the national religion, 168. Paganism restored by Julian, 296., and Christianity by Jovian, 380. The empire divided into the East and West by Valentinian, 389. Civil institutions by Valentinian, 389. The crafty avarice of the clergy restrained by Valentinian, 406. Great earthquake, 446. Laws passed for the relief of Rome and Italy, iii. 148. Triumph of Honorius for the reduction of Spain by Wallia, 158, 159. Indications of the ruin of the empire at the death of Valentinian, 285. General observations on the history of the Roman Empire, 438. Rome, city of, fortified against the inroads of the Alemanni, i. 311. The last triumph celebrated at Rome, 386. Constantine enters the city victorious, 430. Narrative of the fire of Rome in the reign of Nero, 540. The Christians persecuted as the incendiaries, 541. Tumults excited by the rival bishops Liberius and Felix, ii. 237. Bloody contest of Damasus and Ursinus for the bishopric of Rome, 408. The emperor Theodosius visits the city, 538. Inquiry into the cause of the corruption of morals in his reign, 557. Review of the Pagan establishment, iii. 2. The Pagan religion renounced by the senate, 7. Sacrifices prohibited, 9. The Pagan religion prohibited, 18. Triumph of Honorius and Stilicho over Alaric the Goth, 69. Alaric encamps under the walls of the city, 99. Retrospect of the state of the city when besieged by Hannibal, 100. Wealth of the nobles and magnificence of the city, 104. Character of the nobles of, by Ammianus Marcellinus, 107. State and character of the common people, 113. Public distributions of bread, &c. 114. Public baths, 115. Games and spectacles, 116.

At

tempts to ascertain the population of the city, 117. The citizens suffer by famine, 121. Plague, 122. Besieged by Alaric, 120. The retreat of Alaric purchased by a ransom, 123. Is again besieged by Alaric, 128. The senate unites with him in electing Attalus emperor, 129. The city seized a third time by Alaric, and plundered, 132. Comparison between this event and the sack of Rome by the emperor Charles V., 140. Alaric quits Rome and ravages Italy, 141. Is preserved from the hands of Attila by a ransom, 278, 279. Sack of the city by Genseric king of the Vandals, 290. The public buildings of, protected from depredation by the laws of Majorian, 303. Is sacked again by the patrician Ricimer, $28. Augustulus, the last emperor of the West, 331. The decay of the Roman spirit remarked, 336. History of monastic institutions in, 344. Prosperity of the city under the government of Theodoric, 463. 465. Account of the four factions in the circus, 494. First introduction of silk among the Romans, 503. The office of consul suppressed by Justinian, 541. The city receives Belisarius, iv. 42. Siege of, by the Goths, ibid. Distressful siege of, by Totila, the Goth, 127. Is taken, 129. Is recovered by Belisarius, 131. Is again taken by Totila, 135. Is taken by the eunuch Narses, 142. Extinction of the senate, 143. The city degraded to the second rank under the exarchs of Ravenna, 150. A review of the Roman laws, 165. et seq. notes W. and M. Extent of the duchy of, under the exarchs of Ravenna, 260. Miserable state of the city, 267. Pontificate of Gregory the Great, 271. The government of the city new modelled under the popes, after their revolt from the Greek emperors, 481. Is attacked by the Lombards, and delivered by king Pepin, 482, 483. The office and rank of exarchs and patricians explained, 486. Reception of Charlemagne by pope Adrian I., 487. Origin of the temporal power of the popes, 488. Mode of electing a pope, 511. Is menaced by the Saracens, v. 209. Prosperous pontificate of Leo IV., 210. 212. Is besieged and taken by the emperor Henry III., 353 Great part of the city burnt by Robert Guiscard, in the cause of pope Gregory VII., 354. The history of, resumed, after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, vi. 327. French and German emperors of, 328. Authority of the popes, 329. Restoration of the republican form of government, 339. Office of senator, 344. Wars against the