of the emperor Valens to restrain the number of recluse monks there, ii. 405. The worship of Serapis, how introduced there, iii. 12. His temple, and the Alexandrian library destroyed by the bishop Theophilus, 13, 14. Origin of monkish institutions in, 342. Great supplies of wheat furnished by, for the city of Constantinople in the time of Justinian, iii. 502. Early civilisation of, and antiquities, ibid. note M. Ecclesiastical history of, iv. 387. Reduced by the Saracens, v. 129, 130. Capture of Alexandria, 133. Administration of, 138. Description of, by Amrou, 140. The Egyptians take Jerusalem from the Turks, 450. Egypt conquered by the Turks, 478. 483. Government of the Mamalukes there, 503.

Elagabalus is declared emperor by the troops at Emesa, i. 150, 151. Was the first Roman who wore garments of pure silk, iii. 504.

Elephants, inquiry into the number of, brought into the field by the ancient princes of the East, i. 220. note. With what view introduced in the Circus at Rome in the first Punic war, 355. Eleusinian mysteries, why tolerated by the emperor Valentinian, ii. 402. Elizabeth, queen of England, the political use she made of the national pulpits, ii. 181. note.

Emigration of the ancient northern nations, the nature and motives of, examined, i. 236.

Emperors of Rome, a review of their constitutions, iv. 177. Their legislative power, 179. Their rescripts, 180. Of Germany, their limited powers, iv. 519. Of Constantinople, their pomp and luxury, v. 241. Officers of the palace, state, and army, 245. Adoration of the emperor, mode of, 247. Their public appearance, 248. Their despotic power, 252. Their navy, 254. They retain the name of Romans to the last, 265. Empire, Roman, division of, into the East

and West empires by Valentinian, ii. 389. Extinction of the Western empire, iii. 332.

Encampment, Roman, described, i. 16. Ennodius, the servile flatterer of Theodoric

the Ostrogoth king of Italy, is made bishop of Pavia, iii. 456. note. Epagathus, leader of the mutinous prætorians who murdered their præfect Ulpian, punished by the emperor Alexander Severus, i. 163.

Ephesus, the famous temple of Diana at, destroyed by the Goths, i. 281. Council of, iv. 345. Episcopal riots there,

347.

Epicurus, his legacy to his philosophical disciples at Athens, iii. 538.

Epirus, despots of, on the dismemberment of the Greek empire, vi. 52. Equitius, master-general of the Illyrian frontier, is defeated by the Sarmatians, ii. 442.

Erasmus, his merit as a reformer, v. 287. Errors, some which occur in "the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," detected by the Rev. H. H. Milman, M. Guizot, and M. Wenck: vide Editor's Preface, vol. i. p. vii.

Antoninus Pius, adoption of Marcus Aurelius by, explained, i. 84. W. Arabs, argument against the realisation of their promised independence considered, iv. 276. M. Armenia, oversight respecting the christianising of, ii. 167. M.

Baltic

The

sea, its gradual sinking refuted, i. 227. notes. Artaxerxes unjustly described as a persecutor, i. 214. M. Bernard, St., anachronism respecting, v. 474. M. Caligula and Domitian, error as to their assassination, i. 80. W. Cassius, Avidius, not a Roman suicide, i. 85. W. and M. Latin language was not established in Britain, i. 40. M. Charlemagne, charge respecting his daughters, a misinterpretation of Eginhard, iv. 499. M. Cherson, the inhabitants of, not the Tauric Chersonites, send aid to Constantine, ii. 74. M. Christians, early, did not generally prac tise a community of goods, i. 502. M.; and were not strictly Cænobitic, iii. 342. M.; whether equal justice was granted or denied them in civil causes at Rome? Gibbon's presumptions require proof, i. 582. G.; refutation of some uncandid remarks as to their morality and repentance, i. 486. M. Church, remark relative to the banner of the, refuted, i. 66. W. and M. Comitia, The, did not in the reign of Tiberius cease to enact laws, iv. 173, 174. W. and M. Constantine not defeated in a first battle by the Goths, ii. 74. M. Crusades, instance of imperfect chronological arrangement of the, v. 474. M. Curtius Quintus, error as to the age in which he lived, i. 198. G. and M. David, census of, recorded in Scripture, mistakes concerning, v. 457. M. Deification of the emperors, inaccuracy as to the, i. 76. G. and W. an inaccuracy of M. Guizot also on this point, ibid. M. Domitian assassinated by Stephen, the latter not connected with the religion

:

the Imperial dignity with her sons, 401. Her fate, 402.

Martinianus receives the title of Cæsar from the emperor Licinius, i. 449. Martyrs, primitive, an inquiry into the true history of, i. 527. note. The several inducements to martyrdom, 559. note G, 560, 561, 562. note M. Three methods of escaping it, 564, 565. note G. Marks by which learned Catholics distinguish the relics of the martyrs, 555. note. Number of martyrs, 598. note M. Eusebius and Lucianus quoted on this point, 598. notes G. and M. The worship of, and their relics, introduced, iii. 22. Mary, Virgin, her immaculate conception, borrowed by the Latin church from the Koran, v. 30.

De

Mascezel, the persecuted brother of Gildo the Moor, takes refuge in the Imperial court of Honorius, iii. 47. Is intrusted with troops to reduce Gildo, ibid. feats him, 48. His suspicious death, 50. Master of the offices, under Constantine the Great, his functions, ii. 41. Maternus, his revolt and conspiracy against the emperor Commodus, i. 97. Matthew, St., his gospel originally composed in Hebrew, i. 512. note. iv. 330. note. His Greek gospel not unauthorised, ib. note M. Maurice, his birth, character, and promotion to the Eastern empire, iv. 256, 257. Restores Chosroes II. king of Persia, 286. His war against the Avars, 292. State of his armies, 294. His abdication and cruel death, 297, 298.

Mauritania, ancient, its situation and extent, i. 28. Character of the native Moors of, iii. 211.

Maxentius, the son of Maximian, declared emperor at Rome, i. 412. His tyranny

His

in Italy and Africa, 422. The military force he had to oppose Constantine, 425. His defeat and death, 431. His politic humanity to the Christians, 589. real character, ibid. note M. Maximian, associate in the empire with Diocletian, his character, i. 362. Triumphs with Diocletian, 386. Holds his court at Milan, 387. Abdicates the empire along with Diocletian, 397. He resumes the purple, 413. Reduces Severus, and puts him to death, 414. His second resignation, and unfortunate end, 419. His aversion to the Christians accounted for, 578. Maximilianus, the African, a Christian martyr, i. 579. Cause of his condemnation,

ibid. note M. Maximin, his birth, fortune, and elevation to the empire of Rome, i. 178.

Why

deemed a persecutor of the Christians, 570. Account of his persecutions, ibid. note G.

Maximin, nephew of Galerius, is declared Cæsar by Diocletian, i. 406. Obtains the rank of Augustus from Galerius, 418. His defeat and death, 435. Renewed the persecution of the Christians after the toleration granted by Galerius, 598. Maximin, the cruel minister of the emperor Valentinian, promoted to the præfecture of Gaul, ii. 399.

Maximin, his embassy from Theodosius the Younger to Attila, king of the Huns, iii. 241, 242. note M.

Maximus and Balbinus elected joint emperors by the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, i. 189. Maximus, his character, and revolt in Britain, ii. 511. His treaty with the emperor Theodosius, 513. Persecutes the Priscillianists, 526. His invasion of Italy, 534. His defeat and death, 537. Maximus, the Pagan preceptor of the emperor Julian, initiates him into the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 291. Is bonourably invited to Constantinople by his Imperial pupil, 301. Is corrupted by his residence at court, ibid. Maximus Petronius, his wife ravished by Valentinian III., emperor of the West, iii. 284. His character and elevation to the empire, 288. His marriage with Eudoxia, ibid. Is assassinated, 289. 290. Mazdak, the archimagus, account of his tenets, iv. 88. vide note M.

Mebodes, the Persian general, ungratefully treated by Chosroes, iv. 90.

Mecca, its situation and description, v. 7. vide note M. The Caaba or temple, 17. Its deliverance from Abrahah, 23. The doctrine of Mahomet opposed there, 42. His escape, 44. The city of, surrendered to Mahomet, 54. Is pillaged by Abu Taher, 218. Medina, city of, v. 7. homet there, on his

46.

Reception of Maflight from Mecca,

Megalesia, the festival of, at Rome, described, i. 97. note.

Meletians, an Egyptian sect, persecuted by Athanasius, ii. 219. note.

Melitene, battle of, between the Eastern em

peror Tiberius and Chosroes, king of Persia, iv. 278.

Mellobaudes, king of the Franks, ii. 428. Put to death, 513.

Melo, citizen of Bari, invites the Normans into Italy, v. 326. note M. 327. Memnon, secret of the sounds from the celebrated head of, discovered, iii. 14. note M. Memphis, its situation and reduction by the Saracens, v. 130.

F

Fables of Pilpay, various translations of, their character, iv. 93. note M. ibid. Faith and its operations defined, i. 485. Falcandus, Hugo, character of his Historia Sicula, v. 367. note. His lamentation on the transfer of the sovereignty of the island to the emperor Henry VI., 368. Fathers of the Christian church, cause of their austere morality, i. 488.

Fausta, empress, wife of Constantine the Great, causes of her being put to death, ii. 67.

Fleece, golden, probable origin of the fable of, iv. 102.

Flor, Roger de, a successful Arragonese admiral, vi. 105. note G. 107. note M. Florence, the foundation of that city, iii. 77. note. Is besieged by Radagaisus, and relieved by Stilicho, 77, 78.

Florentius, prætorian præfect of Gaul under Constantius, his character, ii. 140. 253. Is condemned by the tribunal of Chalcedon, but suffered to escape by Julian, 276. Florianus, brother of the emperor Tacitus, his eager usurpation of the Imperial dignity, i. 335.

pel authorities to be a sufficient plea for divorce, iv. 209. note M. 210. France, modern, computation of the number of its inhabitants, and the average of their taxation, ii. 54, 55. note M.

Felix, an African bishop, his martyrdom, i. 585.

Ferdusi, the Persian, his poem and translations, ii. 456. note M.

Ferishta, the, translations of, by Colonels Dow and Briggs, v. 372. notes M. Festivals, Pagan, great offence taken at, by the primitive Christians, i. 468, 469. iii. 317. See Games.

Feudal government, the rudiments of, to be found among the Scythians, ii. 455. 466. note M.

Figures, numeral, their first public and familiar use, v. 177, 178. notes M. Finances of the Roman empire, when the seat of it was removed to Constantinople, reviewed, ii. 48.

Fingal, his questionable history, whether to be connected with the invasion of Caledonia by the emperor Severus, i. 138. Fire, Greek, the Saracen fleet destroyed by, in the harbour of Constantinople, v. 180. Is long preserved as a secret, 182. 184. Its effects not to be compared with gunpowder, 256.

Firmus, an Egyptian merchant, his revolt against the emperor Aurelian, i. 321. Firmus the Moor, his revolt against Valentinian, ii. 426. Suppressed by Theodosius, 427. Duration of this war, 428. note M.

Flagellation, its efficacy in penance, and how proportioned, v. 414. Flamens, Roman, their number, and peculiar office, iii. 1.

Flaminian way, its course described, iv. 140.

note.

Flavian, archbishop of Constantinople, is killed at the second council of Ephesus, iv. 353.

France, the name of, whence derived, iii. 412. Derivation of the French language, 418. note. Childeric deposed, and Pepin appointed king, by papal sanction, iv. 485. Reign and character of Charlemagne, 498, 499. Invasion of, by the

Saracens, v. 184.

Frangipani, Cencio, his ferocious treatment of the persons of pope Gelasius II. and his college of cardinals, vi. 334. Derivation of his family name, 362.

Franks, their origin and confederacy, i. 268. The nations composing it, ibid. note M. They invade Gaul, and ravage Spain, 269, 270. They pass over into Africa, 270. Bold and successful return of a colony of, from the sea of Pontus, by sea, 344. They over-run and establish themselves at Toxandria in Germany, ii. 128. Their fidelity to the Roman government, iii. 81. Origin of the Merovingian race of their kings, 260. How converted to Christianity, 360. Reign of their king Clovis, 382. Final establishment of the French monarchy in Gaul, 399. Their laws, 401. note M. Their object rapine, not the occupation and division of conquered lands, 408. M. Sismondi's account of them, 408. note M. Give the name of France to their conquests in Gaul, 412. They degenerate into a state of anarchy, 418. They invade Italy, iv. 57. 145. Their military character, v. 262. Fravitta, the Goth, his character, and deadly

quarrel with his countryman Priulf, ii. 507. His operations against Gainas, iii.

181.

Frederic I, emperor of Germany, his tyranny in Italy, iv. 518. Von Raumner's history of the House of Swabia, ibid. note M. Engages in the third crusade, v. 467. His disastrous expedition, 470. 473. Sacrifices Arnold of Brescia to the pope,

vi. 358. His reply to the Roman ambassadors, 348.

Frederic II. is driven out of Italy, iv. 519. His disputes with the pope, and reluctant crusade, v. 497, 498. Exhorts the European princes to unite in opposing the Tartars, vi. 151.

Galilæans, twofold application of that name in the infancy of Christianity, i. 545. Conjecture as to Tacitus having confounded the two sects, 546. Refutation of the same, ibid. notes G. and M. Why the emperor Julian applied this name to the Christians, ii. 312.

Rome, vi. 401.

Freemen of Laconia, account of, v. 236. Fritigern, the Gothic chief, extricates himself from the hands of Lupicinus, governor of Thrace, ii. 477. Defeats him, 478. Battle of Salices, 481. His strength recruited by the accession of new tribes, 482. Negotiates with Valens, 487. Battle of Hadrianople, 487. The union of the Gothic tribes broken by his death,

500.

Freedmen, among the Romans, their rank in society, iv. 200.

Frumentius was the first Christian missionary in Abyssinia, ii. 167.

Fulk of Neuilly, his ardour in preaching the fourth crusade, vi. 12.

G

Gabinius, king of the Quadi, is treacherously murdered by Marcellinus, governor of Valeria, ii. 441.

Gaian, his disciples at Alexandria, iv. 387. Gaillard, M., character of his Histoire de Charlemagne, iv. 499. note.

Gainas, the Goth, is commissioned by Stili

cho to execute his revenge on Rufinus, præfect of the East, iii. 41. His conduct in the war against the revolter Tribigild, 178. Joins him, 180. His flight and death, 183.

Gaius, Institutes of, newly recovered, iv. 201. note M.

Gala, probable derivation of the term, v. 248. note.

Galata, suburb of Constantinople, assigned to the Genoese, vi. 131.

Galerius is associated in the administration, as Cæsar, by the emperor Diocletian, i. 363. Is defeated by the Persians, 379. Surprises and overthrows Narses, 381. Assumes the title of Augustus, on the abdication of Diocletian, 404. His jealousy of Constantine, 408. Deems it prudent to acknowledge him Cæsar, 410. His unsuccessful invasion of Italy, 415. Invests Licinius with the purple on the death of Severus, 417. His death, 420. From what causes he entertained an aversion to the Christians, 578. Obtains the countenance of Diocletian for persecuting them, 580. Publishes an edict of toleration just before his death, 592. note M.

associated by him in the Imperial throne, i. 267. Prohibits the senators from exercising military employments, 272. Character of his administration after the captivity of his father, 286. Names Claudius for his successor, 297. Favoured the Christians, 572.

Gallies of the Greek empire described, v.

255.

Gallus elected emperor, on the minority of Hostilianus, the son of Decius, i. 264. Gallus, nephew of Constantine the Great, his education, ii. 103. note G. Is invested with the title of Cæsar, 103. His cruelty and imprudence, 104, 105. His disgrace and death, 107. Embraced the doctrine, but neglected the duties, of Christianity, 286. Converts the grove of Daphne, at Antioch, to a Christian burial-place, 318.

Games, public, of the Romans, described, i. 202. iii. 116. Account of the factions of the Circus, 494. Of the hippodrome at Constantinople, 495.

Ganges, source of that river, vi. 183, 184. note M.

Gaudentius, the notary, condemned to death under Julian, ii. 277.

Gaul, the province of, described, i. 20. The power of the Druids suppressed there by Tiberius and Claudius, 34. Cities in,

55.

Amount of the tribute paid by this province to Rome, 168. Is defended against the Franks by Posthumus, 269, 270. Succession of usurpers there, $12. Invasion of, by the Lygians, 340. Revolt of the Bagaudæ suppressed by Maximian, 365. Progress of Christianity there, 517, 518. Proportion of the capitation-tax levied there by the Roman emperors, ii. 52. Is invaded by the Germans, 128. The government of, assigned to Julian, 129. His civil administration, 139. Is invaded by the Alemanni, in the reign of Valentinian, 410. And of Gratian, 483. Destruction of idols and temples there, by Martin bishop of Tours, iii. 10. Is over-run by the barbarous troops of Radagaisus, after his defeat by Stilicho, 80. Is settled by the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks, 160. Assembly of the seven provinces in, 166. Reign of Theodoric king of the Visigoths in, 257. Origin of the Merovingian race of kings of the Franks in, 260. Invasion