bards and the exarchs of Ravenna, 259. Growth of the papal power in, 473. Revolt of, against the Greek emperors, 477. The exarchate of Ravenna granted to the pope, 488. Extent of the dominions of Charlemagne there, 503. The power of the German Cæsars destroyed by the rise of the commercial cities there, 516. 518. Factions of the Guelphs and Ghibelines, 519. Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks, in, v. 320. Revival of Greek learning in, vi. 245. A athors consulted for the history of, 409.

note.

J

Jaafar, a kinsman of Mahomet slain in the battle of Muta, v. 59. vide note M.

Jacobites of the East, history of the sect of, iv. 381. 390.

James, St., his legendary exploits in Spain, i. 518.

Janizaries, first institution of these troops, vi. 165. note M.

Jerom, St., abilities of, ii. 408. His extravagant representation of the devastation of Pannonia by the Goths, 492, 493. His influence over the widow Paula, iii. 347.

Jerusalem, its situation, destruction, and profanation, ii. 304, 305. Pilgrimages to, and curious relics preserved there, 305, 306. Abortive attempt of the emperor Julian to rebuild the temple of, 307. Subterranean chambers beneath the temple of, serving as a refuge during the siege, 310, 311. notes G. and M. Α magnificent church erected there to the Virgin Mary by Justinian, iii. 523. The vessels of the temple of, brought from Africa to Constantinople by Belisarius, iv. 24. Is conquered by Chosroes II., king of Persia, 304. Insurrection of the monks there, 356. Is conquered by the Saracens, v. 119. Great resort of pilgrims to, 402. 404. Conquest of, by the Turks, 403. Is taken from the Turks by the Egyptians, 450. Is taken by the crusaders, 452. Is erected into a kingdom under Godfrey of Bouillon, 455. Assise of, 460. Succession of its Christian princes, 484, 485. Is conquered by Saladin, 486, 487. Is pillaged by the Carizmians, 499.

Jerusalem, New, described according to the ideas of the primitive Christians, i. 477. Jesuits, Portuguese, persecute the eastern Christians, iv. 380. Their labours in, and expulsion from, Abyssinia, 394. 395. Jews, an obscure, unsocial, obstinate race of men, i. 453, 454, et seq. history, 455. et seq. basis of Christianity, 458.

Review of their Their religion the The promises

of Divine favour extended by Christianity to all mankind, 458. The immortality of the soul not inculcated in the law of Moses, 474. Reasons assigned for this omission, ibid. note M. Why there are no Hebrew gospels extant, 512. vide notes G. and M. Provoked the persecutions of the Roman emperors, 529, 530. notes G. and M. Toleration of their religion, 530. Those of a more liberal spirit adopted the theological system of Plato, ii. 190, 191. notes G. and M. Their condition under the emperors Constantine and Constantius, 304. Miraculous conversion of a number of, at Minorca, iii. 27. note. Persecution of, in Spain, 378. Are persecuted by the Catholics in Italy, 472. iv. 327. note M. Their notions of a Messiah explained, 329. note M. Are persecuted by Cyril, at Alexandria, 340. How plagued by the emperor Justinian, 364. Those in Arabia subdued by Mahomet, v. 52. Assist the Saracens in the reduction of Spain, 158. Massacres of, by the first crusaders, 420. 455. Census of Israel and Judah by king David, 457. note. Explanation of this calculation, ibid. note M.

Jezdegerd, king of Persia, is said to be left guardian to Theodosius the Younger, by the emperor Arcadius, iii. 191. His war with Theodosius, 199. See Yezdegerd. Joan, pope, the story of, fictitious, iv. 512. note. 513. note M.

Job, age of the book of, v. 32. note M.
John, principal secretary to the emperor

Honorius, usurps the empire, iii. 204. John the Almsgiver, archbishop of Alexandria, relieves the Jewish refugees on Jerusalem being taken by the Persians, iv. 305. His extraordinary liberality of the church treasure, 388.

John, bishop of Antioch, arrives at Ephesus after the meeting of the council, and, with his bishops, decides against Cyril, iv. 346, 347. Coalition between him and Cyril,

348.

John of Apri, Patriarch of Constantinople, his pride, and confederacy against John Cantacuzene, vi. 122.

John de Brienne, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 63. note M.

John of Cappadocia, prætorian præfect of the East under the emperor Justinian, his character, iii. 515. note M. Is disgraced by the empress Theodora, and becomes a bishop, 516. note M. 517. Opposes the African war, iv. 4. His fraud in supplying the army with bread,

10.

John Comnenus, or Calo-Johannes, emperor of Constantinople, iv. 446.

John Damascenus, St., his history, iv. 472. note.

John of Lycopolis, the hermit, his character, and oracular promise to the emperor Theodosius the Great, ii. 553. John, the Monophysite bishop of Asia, is employed by the emperor Justinian to root out pagans and heretics, iv. 364, note. John XII., pope, his flagitious character, iv.

513.

Judæa, i. 547. They are set free, 548. Judgments of God, in the Salic laws, how determined, iii. 406.

Judgments, popular, of the Romans, displayed, iv. 235.

Julia Domna, wife of the emperor Severus, her character, i. 135. Her death, 150. note G.

John, St., the Evangelist, reveals the true sense of Plato's doctrine of the Logos, ii. 192. Disquisition on his use of the word, ibid. note G., 193, 194. note M. John Prester, or Presbyter, romantic stories concerning, iv. 377.

John the Sanguinary seizes the Gothic treasures in Picenum, and obliges Vitiges to raise the siege of Rome, iv. 54. John Zimisces murders the Greek emperor Nicephorus, and succeeds him, iv. 433. His eastern victories, v. 225. Defeats Swatoslaus, czar of Russia, 315. Jona, one of the Hebrides, its ancient monastic eminence, iii. 346.

Jonas, renegado of Damascus, story of, v.

Jorian is elected emperor by the troops of

Julian, on their retreat from Assyria, ii. 367. His treaty with Sapor king of Persia, 370. His death, 384. Jovians and Herculians, new bodies of guards instituted to supersede the prætorian bands, i. 389.

Jovinian of Verona, his punishment by a Roman synod, for heresy, iii. 62. Jovinus reduces the Alemanni, who had invaded Gaul, ii. 411, 412. Account of his revolt against the emperor Honorius in in Germany, iii. 153.

Jovius, prætorian præfect under the emperor Honorius, succeeds Olympius as his confidential minister, iii. 126. His negotiations with Alaric obstructed, 127. Deserts Honorius, and goes over Alarie, and the new emperor Attalus, 130, 131.

Jubilee, popish, a revival of the games, i. 202. note; vi. 358. turn of, accelerated, 360.

to

secular

The re

Jude, St., examination of his grandsons before the tribunal of the procurator of

257.

His

his education, ii. 103. note G. His dangerous situation on the death of his brother Gallus, 109. Is sent to Athens, where he cultivates philosophy, 110. Is recalled by Constantius, 111. Is invested with the title of Cæsar, 112. Is appointed to the government of Gaul, 129. first campaign, 130. Battle of Strasburg, 133. Reduces the Franks at Toxandria, 136. note M. His three expeditions beyond the Rhine, ibid. Restores the cities of Gaul, 138. His civil administration, 139. His account of the theological calamities of the empire under Constantius, 241. Constantius grows jealous of him, 250. note M. The Gaulish legions are ordered into the East, 251. Is saluted emperor by the troops, 254. His embassy and epistle to Constantius, His fourth and fifth expeditions beyond the Rhine, 258, 259. Declares war against Constantius, and abjures the Christian religion, 262. His march from the Rhine into Illyricum, 263. Enters Sirmium, 265. Publishes apologies for his conduct, 266. His triumphant entry into Constantinople on the death of Constantius, 269. His private life and civil government, 270. His reformations in the Imperial palace, 272. Becomes a sloven, to avoid foppery, 274. Erects a tribunal for the trial of the evil ministers of Constantius, 275. Dismisses the spies and informers employed by his predecessor, 277. His love of freedom and the republic, 278. His kindnesses to the Grecian cities, 280. His abilities as an orator, and as a judge, 281. His character, 282. His apostasy accounted for, 284, 285. Adopts the Pagan mythology, 287. His theological system, 289. His initiation into the Eleusinian mysteries, and his fanaticism, 291. His hypocritical duplicity, 293. Writes a vindication of his apostasy, 294. His edict for a general toleration, 295, 296. His Pagan superstitious zeal, 297. His circular -letters for the reformation of the Pagan religion, 298. His industry in gaining proselytes, 302. His address to the Jews, 304, 305. History of his attempt to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem, 307. Explanations as to the fire from the subterranean vaults häving injured the work

Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, is declared Cæsar, i. 441. Distinguishes his valour against the Franks and Alemanni, 444. Forces the passage of the Hellespont, and defeats the fleet of Licinius, 448. His character, ii. 64. His mysterious death, 66.

Crispus, the patrician, marries the daughter of Phocas, and contributes to depose him, iv. 301. Is obliged to turn monk. 302. Croatia, account of the kingdom of, v. 291. Cross, the different sentiments entertained of this instrument of punishment, by the Pagan and Christian Romans, ii. 153. The famous standard of, in the army of Constantine the Great, described, 154. His visions of, 156. note M. 158. The holy sepulchre and cross of Christ discovered, 305. note M. The cross of Christ undiminished by distribution to pilgrims, 305. Calvary, question as to its having been a hill, ibid. note M.

Crown of thorns, ii. 306. Its transfer from Constantinople to Paris, vi. 66.

Curopalata, the, his office under the Greek emperors, v. 245.

Customs, duties of, imposed by Augustus, i. 171. note W. The origin

Cycle of Indictions, i. 429. note. of, traced, and how now employed, ii. 48, 49. note G.

Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, his history and martyrdom, i. 556. 560.

Cyprus, the kingdom of, bestowed on the house of Lusignan, by Richard I. of England, vi. 9.

Cyrene, the coast of, i. 27. note M. The Greek colonies there finally exterminated by Chosroes II. king of Persia, iv. 305. Frequently confounded with Cairoon, an Arabian city, v. 149. Cyriades, an obscure fugitive, is set up, by

Sapor the Persian monarch, as emperor of Rome, i. 283.

Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem, his pompous relation of a miraculous appearance of a celestial cross, ii. 214. His ambiguous character, 307.

tion between, ii. 351. note.

Crusade, the first resolved on at the council of Clermont, v. 410. Histories and documents relating to, 411. note, and note M. Inquiry into the justice of the holy war, ibid. Examination into the private motives of the crusaders, 416. Departure of the crusaders, 418. Account of the chiefs, 421. Their march to Constantinople, 429. Review of their numbers, 436. They take Nice, 438. Battle of Dorylæum, 440. They take Antioch, 445. Their distresses, 446. Are revived by the discovery of the Holy Lance, 448. Siege and conquest of Jerusalem, 452. Godfrey of Bouillon chosen king of Jerusalem, but prefers the title of Defender of the Holy Sepulchre, 456. The second crusade, 467. The crusaders ill treated by the Greek emperors, 470. The third crusade, 489. Siege of Acre, 490. Fourth and fifth crusades, 496. Sixth crusade,

Dacia, conquest of, by the emperor Trajan, i. 6. Its situation, 23. Is over-run by the Goths, 257. Is resigned to them by Aurelian, i. 306.

Dæmons, supposed by the primitive Christians to be the authors, patrons, and objects of idolatry, i. 467. Dagisteus, general of the emperor Justinian, besieges Petra, iv. 108. Commands the Huns in Italy under Narses, 139. Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, installed patriarch of Jerusalem, v. 457. note M. Dalmatia described, i. 23. Produce of a silver mine there, 169. note.

Dalmatius, nephew of Constantine the Great, is created Cæsar, ii. 69. Is sent to govern the Gothic frontier, 70. Is cruelly destroyed by Constantius, 79.

Dalmatius and Eutyches, the monks, iv.

349.

Damascus, siege of, by the Saracens, v. 104. The city reduced both by storm and by treaty, 108, 109. Remarks on Hughes's tragedy of this siege, 111. note. Taken and destroyed by Tamerlane, vi. 188. Damasus, bishop of Rome, edict of Valen

tinian addressed to him, to restrain the

crafty avarice of the Roman clergy, ii. 406. His sanguinary contest with Ursinus for the episcopal dignity, 408. Dames, the Arab, his gallant enterprise against the castle of Aleppo, v. 122. Damietta, siege of, v. 496. Taken by Louis IX. of France, 501. Damophilus, archbishop of Constantinople, resigns his see, rather than subscribe the Nicene creed, ii. 520.

Dandolo, Henry, doge of Venice, his character, vi. 16. Is made despot of Romania, 46. Misapprehension respecting, 54. note M.

Daniel, first bishop of Winchester, his in

structions to St. Boniface, for the conversion of infidels, iii. 361. Danielis, a Grecian matron, her presents to the emperor Basil, v. 237. Her visit to him at Constantinople, 243. Her testament, ibid.

Danube, course of the river, and the provinces of, described, i. 22.

Daphne, the sacred grove and temple of, near Antioch, described, ii. 317. Is converted to Christian purposes by Gallus, and restored to the Pagans by Julian, 318, 319. The temple burned, 319. Dara, the fortification of, by Justinian, described, iii. 533, 534. note M. The demolition of, by the Persians, prevented by peace, iv. 94. Is taken by Chosroes, king of Persia, iv. 277.

Darius, his scheme for connecting the continents of Europe and Asia, ii. 4. Darkness, preternatural, at the time of the passion, is unnoticed by the heathen philosophers and historians, i. 525. Dastagerd, the Persian, royal seat of, plundered by the emperor Heraclius, iv. 322. note M.

Datianus, governor of Spain, yields ready obedience to the Imperial edicts against the Christians, i. 588.

Datius, bishop of Milan, instigates the revolt of the Ligurians to Justinian, iv. 53. Escapes to Constantinople on the taking of Milan by the Burgundians, 57, 58. Debtors, insolvent, cruel punishment of, by the law of the Twelve Tables, iv. 228. Decemvirs, review of their Twelve Tables

of the Roman Laws, iv. 169. notes M. and W. These laws superseded by the Perpetual Edict, 177. note W. Severity of these laws, 226.

Decius, his exaltation to the empire, i. 251. His defeat by the Goths, and death in battle, 263.

Decurions, in the Roman empire, are severely treated by the Imperial laws, ii. 49. Their office compulsory and ruinous, 50. notes G. and M.

Delphi, the sacred ornaments of the temple of, removed to Constantinople by Constantine the Great, ii. 13. note. Democracy, a form of government unfavourable to freedom in a large state, i. 36. Demosthenes, governor of Cæsarea, his gal. lant defence against, and heroic escape from, Sapor king of Persia, i. 248. Deogratias, bishop of Carthage, humanely succours the captives brought from Rome by Genseric king of the Vandals, iii. 292. Derar, the Saracen, his character, v. 106. The sister of, 118.

Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, conquered by Charlemagne, iv. 484. Despot, nature of that title in the Greek empire, v. 245.

Despotism originates in superstition, i. 237.

note.

Diadem assumed by Diocletian, described, i. 392.

Diamonds, the art of cutting them, unknown to the ancients, i. 171. note. Didius Julianus, purchases the Imperial dignity at a public auction, i. 114. Dioceses of the Roman empire, their num ber and government, ii. 29. Diocletian, the manner of his military election to the empire, i. 358. His birth and character, 360, 361. Takes Maximian for his colleague, 362. Associates as Cæsars, Galerius and Constantius Chlorus, 363. His triumph in conjunction with Maximian, 386. Fixes his court at the city of Nicomedia, 388. His diadem and robes described, 392. Edict of, from an inscription found at Stratoniceia by Col. Leake, 394. note M. Abdicates the empire, 395. Parallel between him and the emperor Charles V., $96. Passes his life in retirement at Salona, 398. His impartial behaviour toward the Christians, 575. Causes that produced the persecution of the Christians under his reign, 577. Cruel edicts of, 587. note G.

Dion Cassius, the historian, i. 96. notes M. and G. Screened from the fury of the soldiers, by the emperor Alexander Severus, 164. His retirement, ibid. note W.

Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, his outrageous behaviour at the second council of Ephesus, iv. 352. Is deposed by the council of Chalcedon, 354.

ception of the ambassadors of Justinian, iv. 85, 86.

Divorce, the liberty and abuse of, by the Roman laws, iv. 207. Limitations of, 208.

Docetes, their peculiar tenets, ii. 194, 195. notes G. iv. 332, 333. Derivation of their name, ii. 195. note

Dodona, oracle of Jove at, iv. 136. note M. Dominic, St. Loricatus, his fortitude in flagellation, v. 415.

Dominus, when this epithet was applied to the Roman emperors, i. 390. Domitian, emperor, oppresses the Jews, i. 546. His treatment of his kinsman Flavius Sabinus, and Flavius Clemens, 548. Assassination of, 549. Domitian, the Oriental præfect, is sent by the emperor Constantius to reform the state of the East, then oppressed by Gallus, ii. 105. Is put to death there, 106. Donatus, his contest with Cæcilian for the see of Carthage, ii. 186. History of the schism of the Donatists, 187. 241. Persecution of the Donatists by the emperor Honorius, iii. 211. Genseric protects, and enlists, them, 212.

Dorylaum, battle of, between Kilidge Arslan, son of sultan Soliman, and the first crusaders, v. 440.

Doxology, how introduced into the church service, and how perverted, ii. 235. Dramatic representations at Rome, character of, iii. 117.

Dreams, the popular opinion of the preternatural origin of, favourable to that of Constantine previous to his battle with Maxentius, ii. 156, 157, 158. notes M. Dromedary, the, extraordinary speed of, i. 319. note.

Dromones of the Greek empire, described,

v. 255.

Druids, their power in Gaul suppressed by the emperors Tiberius and Claudius, i.

34.

Druses of Mount Libanus, a character of,

v. 400. note. Recent light thrown on their superstition, ibid. note M. Duke, derivation of that title, and great change in the modern, from the ancient, application of it, ii. 34, 35. Durazzo, siege of, by Robert Guiscard, v. 345. Battle of, between him and the Greek emperor Alexius, 349.

E

Earthquake, an extraordinary one over great part of the Roman empire, ii. 446. At Constantinople, iii. 232. Account of those that happened in the reign of Justinian, iv. 159.

East India, the Roman commercial inter

course with that region, i. 61. note M. Commodities of, taxed by Alexander Severus, 172.

Ebionites, account of that sect, i. 46. A confutation of their errors, supposed, by the primitive fathers, to be a particular object in the writings of St. John the Evangelist, ii. 194. Their ideas of the person of Jesus Christ, iv. 329. note M. Ecclesiastes, he book of, why not likely to be the production of king Solomon, iv. 24. note. Attempt to determine its date, 24. note M.

Ecclesiastical and civil powers distinguished by the fathers of the Christian church, ii. 168, 169.

Ecdicius, son of the emperor Avitus, his gallant conduct, iii. 322.

Ecthesis of the emperor Heraclius, iv. 370. Edda, the, at length accessible to scholars, i. 254. note M. Of Iceland, the system of mythology in the, i. 254. Edecon is sent from Attila, king of the Huns, as his ambassador to the emperor Theodosius the Younger, iii. 240. gages in a proposal to assassinate Attila, 249. His son Odoacer the first Barbarian king of Italy, 332.

En

The

Edessa, the purest dialect of the Syriac language spoken there, i. 218. note. property of the Christians there, confiscated by the emperor Julian, for the disorderly conduct of the Arians, ii. 323. Revolt of the Roman troops there, iv. 295. Account of the school of, 374. History of the famous image there, iv. 446. The city and principality of, seized by Baldwin the crusader, v. 442. Is retaken by Zenghi, 477. The counts of, vi. 75. Edict of Milan published by Constantine the Great, ii. 146.

Edicts of the prætors of Rome under the republic, their nature and tendency, iv. 174. vide notes M. and W. Perpetual edict of Hadrian, 176, 177. notes W. and M.

Edom, why that name was applied to the Roman empire by the Jews, i. 531. note, also note M.

The

Edrisites, the Saracen dynasty of, v. 220. Edward I. of England, his crusade to the Holy Land, v. 504. His successes, and the story of his wound, ibid, notes M. Egidius, his character, and revolt in Gaul, iii. 310. His son Syagrius, 383. Egypt, general description of, i. 27. superstitions of, with difficulty tolerated at Rome, 35. Amount of its revenues, 168. Tumults and civil war in Alexandria, 293. note M. Public executed there by Probus, 346. duct of Diocletian there, 373. gress of Christianity there, 515.

works

Con

ProEdict