Avienus, his character and embassy from Valentinian III. to Attila, king of the Huns, iii. 278. Avignon, the holy see how transferred from Rome to that city, vi. 357. Return of pope Urban V. to Rome, 392. Avitus, his embassy from Aetius to Theodoric, king of the Visigoths, iii. 266, 267. Assumes the empire, 293. His depo. sition and death, 298, 299. Aurelian, emperor, his birth and services, i. 304. His expedition against Palmyra, His triumph, 322. His cruelty 317. and death, 326, 327. Aurengzebe, account of his immense camp, i. 217. note. Aureolus is invested with the purple on the Upper Danube, i. 296. Ausonius, tutor of the emperor Gratian, his promotions, ii. 509. note. Autharis, king of the Lombards in Italy, his wars with the Franks, iv. 258, 259. His adventurous gallantry, 263. Autun, the city of, stormed and plundered by the legions in Gaul, i. 313. Auvergne, province and city of, in Gaul, revolutions of, iii. 412. Auxiliaries, Barbarian, fatal consequences of their admission into the Roman armies, ii. 39. Aruch, a Turkish slave, his generous friendship to the princess Anna Comnena, iv. 446., and to Manuel Comnenus, 447, 448. Azimuntium, the citizens of, defend their privileges against Peter, brother of the Eastern emperor Maurice, iv. 293. Azimus, remarkable spirit shown by the citizens of, against Attila and his Huns, iii. 238. B Baalbec, description of the ruins of, v. 115, 116. Babylas, St., bishop of Antioch, his posthumous history, ii, 318. Bagaude, the, peasants of Gaul, revolt of, its occasion, and suppression by Maximian, i. 365. Derivation of this name, ibid. note M. Bagdad becomes the royal residence of the Abassides, v. 194. Derivation of the name, 195. note. The fallen state of the caliphs of, 222. 227. The city of, stormed and sacked by the Moguls, vi. 148. Bahram, the Persian general, his character and exploits, iv. 281 note M. Is provoked to rebellion, 283. Dethrones Chosroes, 284. His death, 287. Embassy sent by him to meet the emperor Carus, i. 350. Saying of, ibid. note M. Anecdote of, ibid. note M. His Baian, chagan of the Avars, his pride, policy, and power, iv. 289. His perfidious seizure of Sirmium and Singidunum, 291. His conquests, 292. treacherous attempt to seize the emperor Heraclius, 309. Invests Constantinople in conjunction with the Persians, 318. Retires, 319. Bajazet I., sultan of the Turks, his reign, vi. 166. His correspondence with Tamerlane, 184. Is defeated and captured by Tamerlane, 190, 191. Inquiry into the story of the iron cage, 192. His sons, 191.202. Bulbinus elected joint emperor with Maximus, by the senate, on the deaths of the two Gordians, i. 189. Baldwin, count of Flanders, engages in the fourth crusade, vi. 13. Is chosen emperor of Constantinople, 45. Is taken prisoner by Calo-John, king of the Bulgarians, 54. His death, 56. note M. Baldwin II., emperor of Constantinople, vi. 62. His distresses and expedients, 64. His expulsion from that city, 68. 70. Baldwin, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, accompanies him on the first crusade, vi. 424. Founds the principality of Edessa, 442. Baltic Sea, progressive subsidence of the water of, i. 226. notes. The Romans acquired their knowledge of the naval powers of, during their land journies in search of amber, ii. 416. note. Baptism, theory and practice of, among the primitive Christians, ii. 163, 164. note M. Barbary, the name of that country whence derived, v. 151. note. The Moors of, converted to the Mahometan faith, 152. Barbatio, general of infantry in Gaul under Julian, his misconduct, ii. 132. Barcochebas, his rebellion against the emperor Hadrian, i. 530. Bards, Celtic, their power of exciting a martial enthusiasm in the people, i. 244, 245. notes G. and M. British, iii. 429. note M. Their peculiar office and duties, painted in a diary of the times.58 A convenient order of benches was restored; and a general proclamation, as far as Rimini and Ravenna, invited the nobles to exercise their skill and courage in this perilous adventure. The Roman ladies were marshalled in three squadrons, and seated in three balconies, which on this day, the third of September, were lined with scarlet cloth. The fair Jacova di Rovere led the matrons from beyond the Tyber, a pure and native race, who still represent the features and character of antiquity. The remainder of the city was divided as usual between the Colonna and Ursini: the two factions were proud of the number and beauty of their female bands: the charms of Savella Ursini are mentioned with praise; and the Colonna regretted the absence of the youngest of their house, who had sprained her ankle in the garden of Nero's tower. The lots of the champions were drawn by an old and respectable citizen; and they descended into the arena, or pit, to encounter the wild bulls, on foot as it should seem, with a single spear. Amidst the crowd, our annalist has selected the names, colours, and devices, of twenty of the most conspicuous knights. Several of the names are the most illustrious of Rome and the ecclesiastical state: Malatesta, Polenta, della Valle, Cafarello, Savelli, Capoccio, Conti, Annibaldi, Altieri, Corsi: the colours were adapted to their taste and situation; the devices are expressive of hope or despair, and breathe the spirit of gallantry and arms. "I am alone, like the "youngest of the Horatii," the confidence of an intrepid stranger: "I live disconsolate," a weeping widower: "I burn under the ashes," a discreet lover: "I adore Lavinia, or Lucretia," the ambiguous declaration of a modern passion: "My faith is as pure," the motto of a white livery: "Who is stronger than myself?" of a lion's hide: "If I am drowned in blood, what a pleasant death," the wish of ferocious courage. The pride or prudence of the Ursini restrained them from the field, which was occupied by three of their hereditary rivals, whose inscriptions denoted the lofty greatness of the Colonna name: "Though sad, I am strong: ""strong as I am great:" "If I fall," addressing himself to the spectators, "you fall with me: "- intimating (says the contemporary writer) that while the other families were the subjects of the Vatican, they alone were the supporters of the Capitol. The combats of the 5 This extraordinary bull-feast in the Coliseum is described, from tradition rather than memory, by Ludovico Buonconte Monaldesco, in the most ancient fragments of Roman annals (Muratori, Script. Rerum Italicarum, tom. xii. p. 535, 536.); and however fanciful they may seem, they are deeply marked with the colours of truth and nature. amphitheatre were dangerous and bloody. Every champion successively encountered a wild bull; and the victory may be ascribed to the quadrupeds, since no more than eleven were left on the field, with the loss of nine wounded and eighteen killed on the side of their adversaries. Some of the noblest families might mourn, but the pomp of the funerals, in the churches of St. John Lateran and St. Maria Maggiore, afforded a second holiday to the people. Doubtless it was not in such conflicts that the blood of the Romans should have been shed; yet, in blaming their rashness, we are compelled to applaud their gallantry; and the noble volunteers, who display their magnificence, and risk their lives, under the balconies of the fair, excite a more generous sympathy than the thousands of captives and malefactors who were reluctantly dragged to the scene of slaughter.59 Injuries, 60 This use of the amphitheatre was a rare, perhaps a singular, festival: the demand for the materials was a daily and continual want, which the citizens could gratify without restraint or remorse. In the fourteenth century, a scandalous act of concord secured to both factions the privilege of extracting stones from the free and common quarry of the Coliseum 6o; and Poggius laments, that the greater part of these stones had been burnt to lime by the folly of the Romans.61 To check this abuse, and to prevent the nocturnal crimes that might be perpetrated in the vast and gloomy recess, Eugenius the Fourth surrounded it with a wall; and, by a charter long extant, granted both the ground and edifice to the monks of an adjacent convent.62 After his death, the wall was overthrown in a tumult of the people; and had they themselves respected the noblest monument of their fathers, they might have justified the resolve that it should never be degraded to private property. The inside was damaged: but in the middle of the sixteenth century, an æra of taste and learning, the exterior circumference of one thousand six hundred and twelve feet was still entire and inviolate; a triple elevation of fourscore arches, which rose to the height of one hundred and 59 Muratori has given a separate dissertation (the xxixth) to the games of the Italians in the middle ages. 60 In a concise but instructive memoir, the abbé Barthelemy (Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions, tom. xxviii. p. 585.) has mentioned this agreement of the factions of the xivth century de Tiburtino faciendo in the Coliseum, from an original act in the archives of Rome. 61 Coliseum ... ob stultitiam Romanorum majori ex parte ad calcem deletum, says the indignant Poggius (p. 17.): but his expression, too strong for the present age, must be very tenderly applied to the xvth century. 68 Of the Olivetan monks. Montfaucon (p. 142.) affirms this fact from the memorials of Flaminius Vacca (No. 72.). They still hoped, on some future occasion, to revive and vindicate their grant. Caliphs of the Saracens, character of, v. 87. Their rapid conquests, 89. Extent and power of, 172. Triple division of the 17, 18. The idols in, destroyed by Ma- | homet, 56. Cabades, king of Persia, besieges and takes Seizes the straits of Vicissitudes of his Amida, iii. 533. Caucasus, 534, 535. reign, iv. 88. office, 194. Their patronage of learning, 198. Decline and fall of their empire, 216. 219., vi. 147. Cadesia, battle of, between the Saracens and Callinicum, the punishment of a religious Calestian, senator of Carthage, his distress on the taking of that city by Genseric, iii. 219. Cæsar, Julius, his inducement to the conquest of Britain, i. 4. Degrades the senatorial dignity, 67. note. Assumes a place among the tutelar deities of Rome, in his lifetime, 76. His address in appeasing a military sedition, 165. note. His prudent application of the coronary gold presented to him, ii. 58. note G. Cæsar and Augustus, those titles explained and discriminated, i. 77. note W. "Caesars," the emperor Julian's philosophical fable of the, delineated, ii. 329. Cæsarea, capital of Cappadocia, taken by Sapor king of Persia, i. 284. Is reduced by the Saracens, v. 125. Caf, great range of mountains in Asia, iv. 79. Cahina, queen of the Moors of Africa, her policy to drive the Arabs out of the country, v. 151. Cairoan, the city of, in the kingdom of Tunis, founded, v. 148. Frequently confounded with the Greek city Cyrene, 149. Caled deserts from the idolatrous Arabs to the party of Mahomet, v. 55. His gallant conduct at the battle of Muta, 59. His victories under the caliph Abubeker, 91. Attends the Saracen army on the Syrian expedition, 102. His valour at the siege of Damascus, 105. Distinguishes himself at the battle of Aiznadin, 106. 109. His cruel treatment of the refugees from Damascus, 110. Joins in plundering the fair of Abyla, 114. Commands the Saracens at the battle of Yermuk, 117. His death, 126. vide note M. Caledonia, and its ancient inhabitants, described, ii. 419. sedition in that city opposed by St. Am. brose, ii, 546. Callinicus of Heliopolis assists in defending Constantinople against the Saracens, by his chemical inflammable compositions, v. 181, 182. note M. Calmucks, black, recent emigration of, from the confines of Russia to those of China, ii. 465. Country of the, iv. SO. Calo-John, the Bulgarian chief, his war with Baldwin, the Latin emperor of the Greeks, vi. 53. Defeats, and takes him prisoner, 54. His savage character and death, 57, 58. note M. 321. Calocerus, a camel-driver, excites an insurrection in the island of Cyprus, ii. 71. Calphurnius, the machinery of his eclogue on the accession of the emperor Carus, i. $49. Calvin, the reformer, v. 285. His doctrine of the eucharist, ibid. Examination of his conduct to Servetus, 287. vide note G. Camel, of Arabia, described, v. 5. Camisards of Languedoc, their enthusiasm compared with that of the Circumcellions of Numidia, ii. 243. Campania, the province of, desolated by the ill policy of the Roman emperors, ii. 51. Description of the Lucullan villa in, iii. 336. Canada, the present climate and circumstances of, compared with those of ancient Germany, i. 228. Cannon, enormous one of the sultan Mahomet II. described, vi. 291. note M. Bursts, 299. Is Canoes, Russian, a description of, v. 310. Cantacuzene, John, character of his Greek History, vi. 114. His good fortune under the younger Andronicus, 120, 121. driven to assume the purple, 123. His lively distinction between foreign and civil war, 124. His entry into Constantinople, and reign, 126. Abdicates, and turns monk, 128. His war with the Genoese factory at Pera, 133. Marries his daughter to a Turk, 215. His negotiation with Pope Clement VI., ibid. Cantemir's History of the Ottoman Empire, character of, vi. 157. note., vide note M. 166. Capelianus, governor of Mauritania, defeats the younger Gordian, and takes Carthage, i. 188. Caledonian war, under the emperor Severus, Capitation-tax, under the Roman emperors, an account of, i. 137. an account of, ii. 52. Capito Ateius, the civilian, his character, iv. 188. Capitol of Rome, burning and restoration of, i. 540, 541. Cappadocia, famous for its fine breed of horses, ii. 45. Capraria, isle of, character of the monks there, iii. 48. Captives, how treated by the Barbarians, iii. 233. 410, 411. 136. Caracalla, son of the emperor Severus, his fixed antipathy to his brother Geta, i. Succeeds to the empire jointly with him, 139. Tendency of his edict to extend the privileges of Roman citizens to all the free inhabitants of his empire, 168. His view in this transaction, 174. Doubles the tax on legacies and inheritances, 175. Caracorum, the Tartar settlement of, described, vi. 152. Caravans, Sogdian, their route to and from China, for silk, to supply the Roman empire, iii. 504, 505. Carausius, his revolt in Britain, i. 366. Is acknowledged by Diocletian and his colleagues, 368. Carbeas, the Paulician, his revolt from the Greek emperor to the Saracens, v. 279. Cardinals, the election of a pope vested in them, vi. 353. Institution of the conclave, 354. Carduene, situation and history of that territory, i. 385. note M. Carinus, the son of Carus, succeeds his father in the empire jointly with his brother Numerian, i. 352. Carizmians, their invasion of Syria, v. 499. note M. Carlovingian race of kings, commencement of, in France, iv. 485. Carmath, the Arabian reformer, his character, v. 217. His military exploits, 218. Carmelites, from whom they derive their pedigree, iii. 342, note. Carpathian mountains, their situation, i. 226. Carthage taken by Capelianus, i. 188. The bishopric of, bought for Majorinus, 573. note. Religious discord generated there by the factions of Cæcilian and Donatus, ii. 186, 187. The temple of Venus there converted into a Christian church, iii. 11. Is surprised by Genseric, king of the Van. dals, 218. The gates of, open to Belisarius, iv. 14. Natural alterations produced by time in the situation of this city, 15. note. The walls of, repaired by Belisarius, 16. Insurrection of the Roman troops there, 118. Troubles and sedition, 120, 121. note M. Is reduced and pillaged by Hassan the Saracen, v. Subsequent history of, 150. Carthagena, an extraordinary rich silver 149. mine worked there, for the Romans, i. 169. Carus, emperor, his election and character, i. 348. Caspian and Iberian gates of Mount Caucasus distinguished, iii. 534. note M. Cassians, the party of, among the Roman civilians explained, iv. 189. Cassiodorus, his Gothic history, i. 252. His account of the infant state of the republic of Venice, iii. 276. His long and prosperous life, 464. note, 465. note M. Castriot, George, see Scanderbeg. Catalans, their service and war in the Greek empire, vi. 105. Catholic church, the doctrines of, how discriminated from the opinions of the Platonic school, ii. 197. The authority of, extended, to the minds of mankind, 199. Faith of the Western or Latin church, 208. Is distracted by factions in the cause of Athanasius, 218. The doxology, how introduced and how perverted, 235. The revenue of, transferred to the heathen priests, by Julian, 312. Edict of Theodosius, for the establishment of the Catholic faith, 515. The progressive steps of idolatry in the, iii. 22. Persecution of the Catholics in Africa, 365. Pious frauds of the Catholic clergy, 371. How bewildered by the doctrine of the Incarnation, iv. 335. 337. Union of the Greek and Latin churches, 371. Schism of the Greek church, vi. 1. Cava, story of the Spanish Lady, v. 153. vide note M. Cedars of Libanus, iv. 385. vide note M., from Burckhardt's Travels, ibid. Celestine, pope, espouses the party of Cyril against Nestorius, and pronounces the degradation of the latter from his episcopal dignity, iv. 344. Celtic language driven to the mountains by the Latin, i. 40. note, and note M. Censor, the office of, revived under the emperor Decius, i. 261. But without effect, 262. Ceos, the manufacture of silk first introduced to Europe from that island, iii. 503. Cerca, the principal queen of Attila, king of the Huns, her reception of Maximin, the Roman ambassador, iii. 244. note M. Cerinthus, his opinion of the twofold nature of Jesus Christ, iv. 334. St. John's aversion to, ibid. note, and note M. Ceylon, ancient names given to that island, and the imperfect knowledge of, by the Romans, ii. 330. note, 331. note M. Chaboras, river, a tributary of the Euphrates, ii. 342. Chalcedon, the injudicious situation of this city stigmatised by proverbial contempt, ii. 4. A tribunal erected there by the |