A. D.

1312. Loss of the Asiatic Provinces

1310-1523. The Knights of Rhodes

1341-1347. First Passage of the Turks into Europe
1346. Marriage of Orchan with a Greek Princess

1353. Establishment of the Ottomans in Europe
Death of Orchan and his Son Soliman

1360-1389. The Reign and European Conquests of Amurath I.

1389-1403. The Reign of Bajazet I. Ilderim

His Conquests from the Euphrates to the Danube

1396. Battle of Nicopolis

1396-1398. Crusade and Captivity of the French Princes

1355-1391. The Emperor John Palæologus

Discord of the Greeks

1391-1425. The Emperor Manuel

1395—1402. Distress of Constantinople

CHAP. LXV.

ELEVATION OF TIMOUR OR TAMERLANE TO THE THRONE OF SAMARCAND.

HIS CONQUESTS IN PERSIA, GEORGIA, TARTARY, RUSSIA, INDIA, SYRIA, AND

ANATOLIA. HIS TURKISH WAR. DEFEAT AND CAPTIVITY OF BAJAZET.

DEATH OF TIMOUR.—CIVIL WAR OF THE SONS OF BAJAZET.-RESTORATION

OF THE TURKISH MONARCHY BY MAHOMET THE FIRST. SIEGE OF CON-

STANTINOPLE BY AMURATH THE SECOND.

192

193

ib.

194

The Story of his Iron Cage disproved by the Persian Historian

ib.

195

ib.

196

ib.

A.D.

1404, 1405. Triumph of Timour at Samarcand

1405. His Death on the Road to China

Character and Merits of Timour

1403-1421. Civil Wars of the Sons of Bajazet

1. Mustapha

2. Isa

1403-1410. 3. Soliman

1410. 4. Mousa

1413-1421. 5. Mahomet I.

1421-1451. Reign of Amurath II.

1421. Re-union of the Ottoman Empire

1402-1425. State of the Greek Empire

1422. Siege of Constantinople by Amurath II.

1425-1448. The Emperor John Palæologus II.

Hereditary Succession and Merit of the Ottomans

Education and Discipline of the Turks

Invention and Use of Gunpowder

Page

198

199

ib.

202

ib.

203

ib.

ib.

204

ib.

205

206

207

208

ib.

209

211

CHAP. LXVI.

APPLICATIONS OF THE EASTERN EMPERORS TO THE POPES. VISITS TO THE

WEST, OF JOHN THE FIRST, MANUEL, AND JOHN THE SECOND, PALÆOLOGUS.

UNION OF THE GREEK AND LATIN CHURCHES, PROMOTED BY THE

COUNCIL OF BASIL, AND CONCLUDED AT FERRARA AND FLORENCE.

STATE OF LITERATURE AT CONSTANTINOPLE.ITS REVIVAL IN ITALY BY

THE GREEK FUGITIVES. CURIOSITY AND EMULATION OF THE LATINS.

1339. Embassy of the Younger Andronicus to Pope Benedict XII.
The Arguments for a Crusade and Union

-

1348. Negotiation of Cantacuzene with Clement VI.

1355. Treaty of John Palæologus I. with Innocent VI.

1369. Visit of John Palæologus to Urban V. at Rome

1370. His Return to Constantinople

Visit of the Emperor Manuel

1400. To the Court of France

Of England

1402. His Return to Greece

Greek Knowledge and Descriptions

Of Germany

Of France -

1414-1418. Of Constance

ib.

1431-1443. Of Basil

ib.

Their Opposition to Eugenius IV.

230

Of England

1402-1417. Indifference of Manuel towards the Latins

1417-1425. His Negotiations

His private Motives

His Death

A. D.

1434-1437. Negotiations with the Greeks

1437. John Palæologus embarks in the Pope's Galleys

1428. His triumphal Entry at Venice

into Ferrara

1438, 1439. Council of the Greeks and Latins at Ferrara and Florence

Negotiations with the Greeks

1438. Eugenius deposed at Basil

Re-union of the Greeks at Florence

1444. Their Return to Constantinople

1449. Final Peace of the Church

1300-1453. State of the Greek Language at Constantinople

Comparison of the Greeks and Latins

Revival of the Greek Learning in Italy

1339. Lessons of Barlaam

1339-1374. Studies of Petrarch

1360. Of Boccace -

Page

230

231

234

ib.

235

238

240

ib.

241

ib.

242

243

244

245

1360–1363. Leo Pilatus, first Greek Professor at Florence, and in

1390-1415. Foundation of the Greek Language in Italy by Manuel

Chrysoloras

-

1400-1500. The Greeks in Italy

Cardinal Bessarion, &c.

Their Faults and Merits

The Platonic Philosophy

Emulation and Progress of the Latins

1447-1455. Nicholas V. -

1428-1492. Cosmo and Lorenzo of Medicis

Use and Abuse of ancient Learning

CHAP. LXVII.

SCHISM OF THE GREEKS AND LATINS. REIGN AND CHARACTER OF AMURATH

THE SECOND.—CRUSADE OF LADISLAUS KING OF HUNGARY. — HIS DEFEAT

AND DEATH.

JOHN HUNIADES. -

SCANDERBEG. -CONSTANTINE

LOGUS, LAST EMPEROR OF THE East.

PALEO-

Comparison of Rome and Constantinople

1440-1448. The Greek Schism after the Council of Florence

Zeal of the Orientals and Russians

1421-1451. Reign and Character of Amurath II.

Ladislaus, King of Poland and Hungary, marches against them 267

The Turkish Peace

268

1444. Violation of the Peace

ib.

Battle of Warna

Death of Ladislaus

The Cardinal Julian

John Corvinus Huniades

1456. His Defence of Belgrade, and Death

1404-1413. Birth and Education of Scanderbeg, Prince of Albania

1443. His Revolt from the Turks

A. D.

Valour of Scanderbeg

1467. And Death

1448-1453. Constantine, the last of the Roman or Greek Emperors

1450-1452. Embassies of Phranza

State of the Byzantine Court

CHAP. LXVIII.

Page

276

277

278

279

280

REIGN AND CHARACTER OF MAHOMET THE SECOND.

FINAL CONQUEST OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE TURKS.

STANTINE PALEOLOGUS. SERVITUDE OF THE GREEKS.

-

SIEGE, ASSAULT,

AND

DEATH OF CON-

EXTINCTION OF

1452. He builds a Fortress on the Bosphorus

The Turkish War

288

289

1452, 1453. Preparations for the Siege of Constantinople

The Great Cannon of Mahomet

1453. Mahomet II. forms the Siege of Constantinople

Forces of the Turks

Mahomet II. visits the City, St. Sophia, the Palace, &c.

CHAP. LXIX.

POPES.

OF

BRESCIA. — RESTORATION OF THE REPUBLIC.

PRIDE OF THE ROMANS. - THEIR WARS.

STATE OF ROME FROM THE TWELFTH CENTURY. TEMPORAL DOMINION OF

SEDITIONS OF THE CITY. — POLITICAL HERESY OF ARNOLD

THE

THEY ARE DEPRIVED OF THE

WHO RETIRE TO AVIGNON.

FEUD OF THE COLONNA AND

--

A. D.

1100-1500. State and Revolutions of Rome

800-1100. The French and German Emperors of Rome

Authority of the Popes in Rome

From Affection

Page

327

328

329

ib.

Right

330

-

Virtue

Benefits

Inconstancy of Superstition

Seditions of Rome against the Popes

1006-1305. Successors of Gregory VII.

1099-1118. Paschal II.

1118, 1119. Gelasius II.

1144, 1145. Lucius II.

1181-1185. Lucius III.

1119-1124. Calistus II. -

1130-1143. Innocent II.

Character of the Romans by St. Bernard

1140. Political Heresy of Arnold of Brescia

1144—1154. He exhorts the Romans to restore the Republic

1155. His Execution

1144. Restoration of the Senate

The Capitol

341

1179. Right of the Cardinals established by Alexander III.

1274. Institution of the Conclave by Gregory X.

Absence of the Popes from Rome

1294-1303. Boniface VIII.

ib.