you*.—Eph. i. 8. According to the riches of his grace, which (EπEGIOσEVσEV) he hath made to overflow in us.-1 Theff. iii. 12. And the Lord μας πλεονασαι και περισσευσαι) caufe you to abound and overflow in love.

Voices, Modes, Tenfes, and Numbers of the Verb.

8. VOICES.-Beza tells us, that the active is put for the paffive, 1 Pet. ii. 6. Wherefore alfo (Teglexer for regiEXETa) it is contained in the fcripture*. Accordingly, the first Syriac translation hath, Dicitur in fcriptura. But this change of the voice is fingular. Eftius obferves, that fome verbs in the middle voice have only a passive fignification, and others an active, and others both fignifications. When verbs in the middle voice are used actively, they commonly exprefs. the agent's performing the action on himself. Heb. x. 38. The just by faith, shall live, (nas ɛav ÚOSEIλNTa) but if he withdraw himself.-Examples of verbs in the middle voice, which have a paffive fignification, are, Luke ii. 5. aoyeapɛodal, to be taxed with Mary.-1 Cor. x. 2. And all (εCaπTIσavτo) were baptized into Mofes.

9. MODES. As the Hebrew language hath no fubjunctive mode, the indicative is often put for the fubjunctive. 1 Cor. iv. 6. That none of you (Quoizode for Quoiwode) may be puffed up.I Cor. xv. 12. If it be preached that Chrift was raised, &c. (πws 2ɛy801) how can some among you fay?-Ver. 35. Some will fay (πως εγείρονται for εγείρωνται) how can the dead be raifed ? and with what body do they come ?Ver. 59. Neither (κληρονομεί for xλngovou) can corruption inherit incorruption.-Gal. iv. 17. (ίνα αυτες ζηλέτε for ζηλωτε That ye may ardently love them. On the other hand, the fubjunctive mode hath often the sense of the indicative. Matt. xi. 6. Blessed is he (is un oxavdanody) who is not made to ftumble.-John xv. 8. By this is my Father glorified (iva naρдov поλvy peente) when ye bear much fruit.-1 Cor. vi. 4. (ένα καρπον πολυν φερητε) (EXV EXNTE) When ye have fecular feats of judgment.-1 Cor. xv. 25. Until (9) he hath put all enemies under his feet*.-James iv. 13. To-day or to-morrow (πορευσώμεθα for πορευσόμεθα) we will go *. -Ver. 15. If the Lord will (nowuer for (nrous) we shall live*. The imperative is sometimes used for the indicative. Thus, Pf. xxii. 8. what is in the Hebrew Roll, or trust thou, &c. is tranflated

H 2

tranflated, by the LXX. He trufted in the Lord; and it is fo quoted, Matt. xxvii. 43.-The imperative is used for the future, 1 Cor. xvi. 22. Let him be, for He Jhall be Anathema.

x. 9.

The infinitive mode was used by the Hebrews for the verb, in any of its modes and tenfes. Luke ix. 3. Neither (exew) have two coats.—Rom. xii. 15. xaçɛw, Rejoice with them that rejoice.Philip. iii. 16. σTox, Let us walk by the fame rule.-2 Cor. Seem (as av engoben) as if I would terrify you*.÷The infinitive, with the article prefixed, is used for the substantive noun.-Heb. ii. 15. And who (dia πavтos T8 (nv) through all their life.-Heb. iii. 15. (v w xɛjenbai for ev tw λorw) By the faying, To-day, &c.-In this form, the article is sometimes omitted. Heb. iv. 1. A promife being left (toendew for to eσeλDew) of· entering-The Latins likewife faid feire tuum, for fcientia tua.

10. TENSES.-As the Hebrew verb hath only two tenses, the preterite and the future, thefe two, with the participles, fupply the place of all the reft. Hence the Jews, in writing Greek, give to the preterite and future tenfes of Greek verbs, all the va riety of fignification which these tenses have in the Hebrew.

To begin with the preterite tenfes, they denote, in the Greek, the continuation of the action, or flate, expreffed by the verb. Rom. V. 2. This grace wherein (esmuera, ye have ftood) ye continue to fland.-1 Cor. i. 10. In whom (nınaμev) we have trusted, and continue to truft.-Heb. x. 11. And every high priest, (857xe) ftandeth daily; that is, continueth daily to stand.—James i. 20. He beholdeth himself, and (añeλude) goeth his The preterite tenfes, therefore, muft, in fome inftances, be translated in the fignification of the prefent. In this obfervation I am fupported by Beza, who thus writes on Rom. ix. 19. "Multa "enim verba funt apud Græcos quæ in preteritis habent pre

way.

fentis fignificationem." We may therefore tranflate John xx. 17. thus: Hold me not, (πo yag avabınna) for I do not yet afcend: I am to remain a while on earth.

The preterite tenfes, efpecially in the prophetic writings, are ufed for the future, to fhew the abfolute certainty of the things fpoken of. Thus, Rom. viii. 30. the called are reprefented as already justified, and even glorified.-Eph. ii. 6. Believers are faid to be already raised from the dead.-Heb. ii. 7. (nλartwoαs,

Thou

Thou haft made) Thou wilt make him for a little while less than angels: For this was fpoken long before the Son of God was made man.-Heb. iii. 14. yeyovaμev (we have been made) we hall be made partakers of Chrift, if we hold, &c. Wherefore, Heb. xii. 22. aa goσeλnλudare, may be tranflated, But ye shall come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerufalem.

"

11. The agrift tenfes fometimes denote the past action, or ftate, continued to the present time; and therefore they are rightly tranflated in the prefent tenfe, Mark i. 11. Thou art my beloved Son (Ev & Evdonnga) in whom I am well pleafed; that is, have always been well pleased, am at present well pleased, and will continue to be well pleased.—Mark xvi. 13.—Was taken up into heaven (xai xadioev ex değiwv) and fat down, and continues to fit, at the right hand of God.-Matt. xxiii. 2. The Scribes and Pharifees (exabioav) continue to fit in Mofes's chair.

The aorist is used sometimes for the preterperfect tense; that is, it denotes an action completed fome time ago. Matt. xiv. 3. Now Herod (xgaτnsas) having laid hold on John (ednoev) had bound him.

John xviii. 24. Now Annas (aπerleine) had fent him bound to Caiaphas. John xi. 2. ahara, who anointed, i. e., who had formerly anointed.-Blackwall Sac. Cl. vol, ii. page 228. obferves, that the first and second aorifts, in the potential and fubjunctive modes (which are futures too) are often, in facred and common writers, equivalent to the future of the indicative. Thus azaçon is used in the sense of anagenoeт21. Mark ii. 20. The days will come, (orav anager) when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them. See alfo Luke v. 35.-John xvi. 8. (sav de Togeufw) But if I fball go, I will fend him to you.

α

12. The prefent tenfe is fometimes put for the preterite. Acts ix. 36. They were all afraid of him, not believing (öτI 851, that he is) that he was a difciple.-Philip. i. 30.' Having the fame conflict (OLOV DETE, which ye fee) which ye faw in me, and now hear to be in me*.-Heb. viii. 3. (μeve, he remaineth) He remained a prieft all his life.- Ver. 8. One teftified of (or Zn, that he liveth) that he lived, namely, a priest all his life.

The prefent tenfe is often put for the future, to fhew that the thing spoken of shall as certainly happen, as if it were already prefent, Matt. iii. 10. Every tree which bringeth not forth good

fruit, (ExxoTTEra, is cut down) fhall be cut down.-Mark ix. 31. The Son of Man (magadidora, is delivered) shall be delivered into the hands of men.-1 Cor. xv. 2. By which alfo (owlede, ye are faved) ye shall be faved. ver. 12. How fay fome among you, (¿ti ex 15, that there is) that there fhall be no refurrection of the dead? — James v. 3. and (payerai, eateth) fhall eat your flesh*. 2 Pet. iii. 1 1. Seeing all these things (vop.evov, are diffolved) fhall be diffolved*. ver. 12. and the elements (τnxɛrai, are melted) shall be melted*.

The prefent tenfe is fometimes put for the imperfect.---- Gal. ii. 14. Seeing that (an ogforudes, they do not walk) they did not walk uprightly. On the other hand, the imperfect of the indicative is put for the prefent, John i. 15. (87 nv, this was) This is he of whom Ifpake.

13. The future of the indicative is often, in the writings of the Hebrews, used for the most forcible imperative. See the decalogue. -1 Cor. v. 13. Therefore (sapure, ye fhall put away) put away from among yourselves that wicked perfon*.-1 Tim. vi. 8. (agueoÛnowμedx, (αρκεσθησώμεθα, we will be content) Let us be content.

The future of the indicative is sometimes used for the present and imperfect of the fubjunctive, Matt. xii. 31. All manner of fin and blafphemy (anσera, fhall be forgiven) may be forgiven.-- Luke vi. 7. (& DegaTTEUSE, whether he will heal) whether he would heal on the Sabbath. The participles of the present, and of the imperfect tenfes, are fometimes used for the preterite: John iii. 13. No man hath afcended into heaven, but the Son of Man (wv, who is) who was in heaven.

14. NUMBER and PERSON of the verb.-The facred writers, to render their difcourfe more emphatical, or more general, fometimes change the number and person of the verb. Gal. vi. 1. Ye who are fpiritual ought to restore fuch an one in the spirit of meekness, (czoπwv GEAUTOV) confidering thyself. 1 Tim. ii. 15. She shall be saved through child-bearing, (ɛav μɛwwoi) if they live in faith, &c. By this change of the number and person, we are directed to confider Eve as the reprefentative of the whole fex: She and all her daughters fhall be faved, if they live in faith, &c.

Participles, Nouns, Pronouns, Articles.

15. PARTICIPLES.-The English participles generally have a caufal fignification, that is, they exprefs a reason for something which

goes

goes before, or which follows in the difcourfe. Thus Rom. vi 8. We believe that we shall alfo live with him. 9. Knowing that Chrift being raised (that is, because we know that Chrift being raised), dieth no more. But as the Greek participles are often used, when no reason is expreffed, in fuch cafes, if they are tranflated by the corresponding English participles, the idea of a connection, which does not exift in the text, will be conveyed. Of this fee examples in the common version, Rom. vi. 5, 6.; 2 Cor. x. 5, 6.; Eph. v. 10.; Col. i. 10. In fuch cafes, it is better to translate the participles by the parts of the verb for which they are used. For example, Rom. vi. 5, 6. is thus rendered by our translators: For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be alfo in the likeness of his refurrection. 6. Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of fin might be deftroyed, that henceforth we should not ferve fin. But thefe verses ought to be tranflated unconnectedly in the following manner: 5. For seeing we have been planted together in the likeness of bis death, (anna) certainly we fhall be alfo in the likeness of his refurrection. 6. Te know this also, that our old man is crucified together with him, &c.-In like manner, 2 Cor. x. 4. is thus rendered : For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God, to the pulling down of strong holds. 5. Cafting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ. 6. And having in readiness to revenge, &c. But the following is a more just tranflation: 5. We overthrow reasonings, and every high thing raised up against the knowledge of Christ, and lead captive every thought to the obedience of Christ. 6. And have in readiness to punish, &c. See alfo Ephef. 19, 20, 21.

16. The Greek participles have an adverfative fenfe, and therefore to tranflate them properly, the word though, or although, must be joined to them. Thus, 1 Cor. ix. 19. For (wv) though I be free from all men*.-2 Cor. viii. 9. Nv λus, Though he was rich*.-2 Cor. x. 3. For (TEQITαTEνres) though we walk in the flesh.-Gal. iv. 1. The beir, as long as he is a child, differeth nothing from a bond-man, (wv) though he be lord of all*.-1 Pet. i. 6. On which account ye rejoice, (oxyov agti huπnbevтes) although for a little while ftill ye are made forry*.-Ver. 8. Eisov agri μn ogWUTES, αρτι μη δρώντες,