THE

AMERICAN NATURALIST.

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE

OF

NATURAL HISTORY.

EDITED BY

ALPHEUS S. PACKARD AND EDWARD D. COPE.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS:

W. N. LOCKINGTON, DEP. OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVELS.
W. S. BAYLEY, Dep. Mineralogy and Petrography.
PROF. C. E. BESSEY, Department of BOTANY.

J. S. KINGSLEY, INVERTEBRATA.

JOHN A. RYDER, DEPARTMENT OF EMBRYOLOGY.
PROF. HENRY SEWALL, Department of PHYSIOLOGY.
PROF. OTIS T. MASON, DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY.
DR. C. O. WHITMAN, Department of MICROSCOPY.

VOLUME XX.

PHILADELPHIA:

1886.

Description of a new Subspecies of the common Eastern Chip-

munk ..

Fish Remains and Tracks in the Triassic Rocks at Weehawken,

N. J. [Illustrated.]. . . .

Resemblances in Arts widely separated .

The Ancestry of Nasua..

The Mechanics of Soaring. [Illustrated.].

The Stone Ax in Vermont. [Illustrated.].

Grosse's Classification and Structure of the Bird-lice or Mallo-

phaga. [Illustrated.]

Track of a Cyclone which passed over Western Indiana more

than three hundred years ago...

On the Mounting of Fossils. [Illustrated.]

The Limits of Organic Evolution. .

Ancient Rock Inscriptions in Eastern Dakota. [Illustrated.].

Variation of Water in Trees and Shrubs. [Illustrated.].

Domestication of the Grizzly Bear. . . . .

Simon H. and Susanna Phelps

Gage.

L. P. Gratacap.

Otis T. Mason

Samuel Lockwood.

1. Lancaster..

Geo. H. Perkins.

G. Macloskie

233

243

246

321

326

333

Jno. T. Campbell.

348

. H. W. Conn

413

425

A few Legendary Fragments from the Point Barrow Eskimos. John Murdoch

History of Celery. [1llustrated.].

The Yellow-billed Magpie..

The Phylogeny of the Camelidæ. [Illustrated.].

Ants' Nests and their Inhabitants.

583

Geographical and Geological Explorations in Brazil

On the Nature and Origin of the so-called "Spiral Thread" of
Trachea. [Illustrated.].

The Making of Man..

Review of the Progress of North American Invertebrate Palæ-
ontology for 1885..

Gravitation and the Soaring Birds. [Illustrated.].

Causes of Forest Rotation

925

927

931

• 941

Some Peculiarities of the Local Drift of the Rocky Mountains.. Theo. B. Comstock.

The Mammary Gland of the Elephant.

Is Littorina litorea introduced or indigenous ?

On Lemurine Reversion in Human Dentition

The Scallop and its Fishery....

Super-metamorphism and Vulcanism.

. Spencer Trotter.

W. F. Ganong.

E. D. Cope..

Ernest Ingersoll.

Theo. B. Comstock

.F. W. Putnam

Zoic Maxima, or Periods of Numerical Variation in Animals . . . L. P. Gratacap..

The Peabody Museum's Explorations in Ohio.

An Interesting Connecting Genus of Chordata.

EDITORS' TABLE.

E. D. Cope..

. 1001

1006

. 1009

1017

. 1027

The Naturalist, 40; State Academies of Science, 41; The Academy of Original Research, 140;

Evolution of the Alphabet, 252; The bestiarians, 254; The relations of the National Academy

of Sciences to the Government, 443; The Missing Link, 534; The U. S. Geological Survey, 536;

A Government Department of Science and Public Instruction, 624; Theology on Evolution, 703;

Illustration in U. S. Geological Survey Work, 709; The Method of Teaching Natural History,

868; The Recent Earthquake, 869; The U. S. Geological Survey, 870; Instruction and Investiga-

tion, 948; The Function of the American Naturalist, 1032.

RECENT LITERATURE.

Hornaday's Two Years in the Jungle [Illustrated], 42; Goodale's Vegetable Physiology, 45;

Wood's Nature's Teachings, 47; Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for 1884, 48;

Fourteenth Annual Report of the Geology and Natural History Survey of Indiana, 48; Recent

Books and Pamphlets, 48; The unpaired Fins of Selachians, 142; Bower and Vines' Practical

Botany, 143; Torrey's Birds in the Bush, 145; Louis Agassiz, His Life and Correspondence,

145; Our Living World [Illustrated], 146; Recent Books and Pamphlets, 147; Coulter's Rocky

Mountain Botany, 254: The Catalogue of Lizards in the British Museum, 256; Hartman's An-

thropoid Apes [Illustrated], 258; Kane's Hand-book of European Butterflies, 258; Langille's

Our Birds and their Haunts, 259; Our Living World, 259; Thompson's Bibliography of Protozoa,

etc., 259; Recent Books and Pamphlets, 260; Croll's Climate and Cosmology, 359; Leunis'

Synopsis der Thierkunde, 361; Beddoe's Races of Britain, 362; Zittel's Handbuch der Palæ-

ontologie, 362; Faxon's Revision of the Crawfish, 363; Graber's Animal Mechanics, 363;

French's Butterflies of the Eastern United States, 364; Government Publications, 364; The

Annals of the Cakchiquels, 444; Report of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station,

448; Schmidt's Mammalia in their Relation to Primeval Times, 450; Geikie's Class-book of

Geology, 450; A Hand-book of Plant Dissection, 536; The Fourth Annual Report of the U.

S. Geological Survey [Illustrated], 538; The Zoological Record for 1884, 538; The American

Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds, 539; Recent Books and Pamphlets,

539; Gilbert's Topographic Features of Lake Shores [Illustrated], 626; Recent Books and

Pamphlets, 628; The Olden Time Series, 710; Conn's Evolution of To-day, 711; Recent Books

and Pamphlets, 712; Japanese Homes and their Surroundings [Illustrated], 778; Recent Books

and Pamphlets, 794: Theodore H. Hittell's History of California, 871; Packard's First Lessons

in Zoology, 873; Studies from the Biological Laboratories of the Owens College, 874; Recent

Books and Pamphlets, 874; Milne's Earthquakes [Illustrated], 949: Wheeler's Report upon the

Third International Geographical Congress, 955: The Morphogeny of the Vertebral Column in

the Amniota, 956; Die Classen u. Ordnungen des Thierreichs in Wort u. Bild, 956; Recent

Books and Pamphlets, 957; Smith's "Albatross," Crustacea, 1032; Sedgwick and Wilson's

Biology, 1033; Whitfield's Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of New Jersey, 1034; Recent

Books and Pamphlets, 1034.

GENERAL NOTES.

Geography and Travels.-Asia: The Trigonometrical Survey of India, Mr. Hosie's Travels

in China, Asiatic News, 50; Africa: Somaliland, The Lake Maris, The Kassai Tributary of the
Congo, African News, 52; Asia: The Rivers of the Punjab, Some Himalayan Peaks, M.
Potaneri's Journey, Asiatic News, 148; America: The Claims of France in Brazil, American
News, 151; Africa: Capello and Ivens' Journey, 153; General, 261; Arctic Regions, 261; Africa :

The Resources of Africa, Lieut. Wissman's Expedition, African News, 262; Asia: Southern

India, Asiatic News, 264; America: The Goajira Peninsula, American News, 365; Asia: Col.

Prejevalsky's Journey, Asiatic News, 365: Africa: British and German Protectorates, African

News, 366: Europe: European News, 367; Asia: Railway projects in the Shan country, The

Heri-rud valley, Asiatic Notes, 541; Africa: Mr. Kerr's Journey to Lake Nyassa, The Berbers,

The Congo, 542; America: American News, 544; Europe: European News, 544; Asia: Tong-

king, The Survey of Japan, Asiatic News, 629; Asiatic Islands and Australia, etc., 630; Europe:

European News, 631; America: American News, 631; Africa: African News, 632; Asia and

the Islands: The Hill country of Assam, Mr. Carles upon Corea, New Guinea, Asiatic News,

714; Africa: Madagascar, Algeria, African News, 717; America: The Gran Chaco, 718; Ocean,

719; America: American News, 797; Asia: Persia, Exploration on the Lena, The Turki

Tongues, Asiatic News, 797; Africa: The Congo, The Island of Diego Garcia, African News,

798; Asia: The Aralo-Caspian basin, Asiatic News, 876; America: American News, 878;

Africa: Mr. Farini's Journey in the Kalahari, The Congo, African News, 878; Europe: European

News, 881; General, 960; America: The Zingu, American News, 960; Africa: Mozambique,

961; Europe: Surveys in the Pyrenees, 962; Asia: Burmah, The Drying up of Siberian Lakes,

962; America: The Ruins of Copan, etc, American News, 1037; Europe and Asia: Lake Le-

The Pamir, 1038; Pacific Islands Captain Bridges' Cruises, The New Zealand Earth-

quake, 1039; Africa: African News, 1041.

man,

Geology and Palæontology.—Internal Chemical and Mechanical Erosion a Factor in Continent

and Mountain Building, 53; Geological Survey of Belgium, 57; The Bed of the Ocean, 57;

Geological News, 59; The Sternum of the Dinosauria [Illustrated], 153; Corrections of Notes

on Dinocerata, 155: Discovery of lamellate thoracic Feet in the Phyllocarida, 155; Geological

Survey of Pennsylvania, 156; Geological Survey of Minnesota, 156; Geological News, 156;

The English Cretaceous, 266; On Proscorpius osbornei Whitfield, 269; An Extinct Dog, 274;

The Vertebrate Fauna of the Ticholeptus Beds, 367; Scudder's Fossil Insects, 369; Oscar

Schmidt on the Origin of the Domestic Dog, 370; Geological News, 372; The Plagiaulacidæ of

the Puerco epoch, 451; "List of the Geological Formations of Spitzbergen," 451; Nicholson on

Stromatoporidæ, 452; Fossil Hippopotami, 452; The long-spined Theromorpha of the Permian

epoch, 544: The Report of the Congress of Geologists, 546; First Appearance of the Grasses,

546; Geological News, 547; The Fossil Man of Peñon, Mexico, 633; On the Fossil Flora of the

Laramie Series of Western Canada, 635: Notes on the Variation of certain Tertiary Fossils in

overlying beds [Illustrated], 637; Geological News, 633; Schlosser on the Phylogeny of the Un-

gulate Mammalia, 719; Geological News, 721; Walcott on the Cambrian of North America, 800;

Geological News, 802; The Permian in Nebraska, 881; The Recent Earthquake in the United

States, 883; Geological News, 884; A remarkable extinct Geyser Basin in S. W. Colorado, 963;

Schlosser on Creodonta and Phenacodus, 965; Dollo on extinct Tortoises, 967; Geological News,

968; Notice of Geological Investigations along the eastern shore of Lake Champlain, made by

Professor H. M. Seely and Prest. Ezra Brainard, 1041; The Veins of Southwestern Colorado,

1043; A giant Armadillo from the Miocene of Kansas, 1044; Geological News, 1046.

Mineralogy and Fetrography.-American Minerals, 65; Microchemical Reactions, 62; Crys-

tallographic News, 62; Miscellaneous, 63; Etched Figures, 158; Andesite, 160; Wildschönau

Gabbro, 160; Petrographical News, 160; Miscellaneous, 161; Tin, 274; Petrographical News,

275; Mineralogical News, 277; New Books, 277; Hussak's "Determination of Rock-forming

Minerals," 374; Petrographical News, 375; Mineralogical News, 376; Miscellaneous, 378; Min-

eralogical News, 453; Petrographical News, 455; Miscellaneous, 456; Petrographical News,

548; Mineralogical News, 550; Petrographical News, 640; Mineralogical News, 642; Petro-

graphical News, 722; Mineralogical News, 725; Miscellaneous, 727; New Books, 1047; Minera-

logical News, 1048; Petrographical News, 1049.

Botany-The Asa Gray Vase, 63; Catalogue of the Plants of North America, 64; The De
Candolle Prize, 64; The Drying of Wheat, 64; The Study of Plants in Winter, 65; The Bo-
tanical value of Agricultural Experiments, 65; Fertilization of Teucrium canadense, 66; Speci-
mens of Cuscuta wanted, 67; Botanical News, 67; Can Varieties of Apples be distinguished by
their Flowers [Illustrated], 162; Formation of Starch in the Leaves of the Vine, 165; The Pro-
duction of Male and Female Plants, 166; Pear Blight Bacteria and the Horticulturists, 166;
Botanical News, 166; The adventitious Inflorescence of Cuscuta glomerata known to the Ger-
mans, 278; Symbiosis between a Fungus and the Roots of flowering Plants, 279; Internal Spore-
formation in Diatoms, 280; Botanical Laboratories in the United States, 281; Linhart's Un-
garns Pilze, Century 1v, 281; Botanical News, 282; Branching of Osmunda claytoniana [Illus
trated], 379; Movements of Desmids, 379; Pleomorphism of Alga, 380; Tree Growth on the
Plains, 380; Botanical News, 381; Carbonaceous Reserve Food-materials in Fungi, 456; Hens-