gent; but it is not without its charms, and stamps on the substance the seal of authenticity. The historical view of Russia is not uninteresting. Inquiries into its external and internal commerce; its relations; interests; manners; customs; the taste of the inhabitants; their character; some philosophical views on the state of the people, their religion and government; observations on what is and what may be,' are collected in a small compass-light and imperfect indeed, but attractive, and apparently authentic. ART. 23.-Bibliothèque Italienne. The Italian Library; or A View of the Progress of Science and the Arts in Italy. By MM. Julio, Grobert, Vassalli Eundi, and Rossi, Professors of Chemistry, Physiology, and Surgery, in the Schools of Turin. Numbers I. 11. III. 8vo. Turin. The language and the political connexion induce us to place this journal among French productions. Its object is to introduce the productions of Italian philosophers into France, where they have been in general little known, and to publish in Italy the productions of other nations. A number, containing six sheets, is published twice in every month. GERMANY. ART. 24.-Tabula Affinitatum Regni Vegetabilis, quam delinearit et nunc ulterius adumbratam tradidit C. S. Butch. 2 Vols. 8vo. Weimar. Table of Affinities in the Vegetable Kingdom, sketched and presented by C. S. Batch. We disapprove of the language of one science being thus rashly transferred to another; and, in every view, chemistry claims the term affinity as her own. This table, however, shows the connexion of different families of plants, accompanied with accurate and complete descriptions, the climates they inhabit, and the species comprehended under each. Ninety-three families are distinguished, divided into forty-two orders and eight classes, chiefly from the structure of the flower. The classes are accurately defined and discriminated, but do not differ from those already established in natural systems. Their titles are rosacea, cruciatæ, ringentes, liliacea, incompleta, monopetale, composite, and cryptogamia. As an example of the subdivision, we shall add that of the incomplete. The orders are culmales, agrostales, spadicales, juliferæ, cocciferæ, seminifera, and nuciferæ. ART. 25.-Observationum Botanicarum Fasciculus primus. Scripsit A. R. 4to. Lipsia. These are the observations of a successor, perhaps the son, of the Hedwig, whose labours, in elucidating the structure and physiology of mosses, we have so often followed in this journal. He describes fourteen plants, of which twelve are mushrooms. He disapproves of the classification of Persoon and Schraeder, as the characters are not accurate, and professes to follow his name-sake. The descriptions are short, because the author was unwilling to follow the synonymous language of other botanists. The first plant that occurs is the tetraphis rigida, discovered by Funk, and described in the portfolio of Happe, with the trivial name of ovata; the tremella nivea, orbicularis, alba, &c.; agaricus niveus; A. sagittula; A. violaceus solitarius, carnosus, &c.; perfectly resembling the A. cyanchus of Persoon; polinaria fusca; sphæria lycoperdoides Weig.; S. pulvinata of Hoffman; octospora tremelloides, probably the O. elastica of Hedwig; O. nivea, exigua, alba, &c.; O. paradoxa lateritia, &c.; lycoperdon ferrugineum; L. luridium, the trichia nitens and rubiformis of Persoon, the first of which has been already described by Haller; lycoperdon entomoides, gregarium album, &c. This species has not been properly distinguished, but seems to be a trichia, like the former. The work is illustrated by eleven coloured plates, which are well executed. ART. 26.-Pomologisches Handbuch. The Pomologic Manual, extracted from the Pomologic Gardener of Let no one attempt, at least no German, to write a duodecimo, since the great work of M. Sikler already extends to twenty volumes. M. Wrede has been well employed; for the prototype was beyond the reach of gardeners in general. As we have not seen M. Sikler's twenty volumes, we cannot judge of the comparative merit of this abstract: yet it is singular that the greater number of the tables should have been omitted; for M. Wrede informs us that they are now first added. The first table, which is the only one copied, is indeed contained in M. Sikler's work, and points out the species, and the times of their ripening, referring always to the larger system; the second contains the French nomenclature; the third, the trivial names in French, English, and Dutch; and the fourth, the same names in the German language. We may expect a continuation of this abstract, since we find it extends only to the twelfth volume of the Pomologic Gardener. ART. 27.-Gemeineziger unterricht über die Gifte." Scholze is the author of a work on the poisonous plants of Ger- ART. 28.-Archiv für die Thierische Chemie, &c. Archives of Animal Chemistry. Published by Dr. J. Horkel. Numbers I. and II. Halle. We introduce, as usual, the new journals. Animal chemistry is now fashionable; and, in the country of journals, this subject requires a distinct dépôt. Crell's and Scherer's journals extend to the whole science, and include both pharmacy and mineralogy. The present work will be exclusively appropriated to animal chemistry. We have looked over the first two numbers, and find many of the articles taken from English authors, and of no late date. The French chemists have also contributed to fill the pages. The first article is from Foureroy, on the further Progress to be made in Animal Chemistry; 2. on the Urine, chiefly in a State of Disease, by Mr. Cruickshank; 3. Extract of a Memoir, by MM. Bunive and Vauquelin, on the Fluid of the Amnios; 4. on the Benzoic Acid in the Urine of Animals, by Paysse; 5. Experiments and Observations on Shells and Bones, by Hatchet; 6. Extract of the first Memoir, by MM. Fourcroy and Vauquelin, on the Urine, relative to its Analysis and Putrefaction; 7. Memoir on the Uree, by the same; 8. Experiments on the Urine, by Proust; 9. Memoir on the Urine, by Fourcroy and Vauquelin; 10. Experiments on the Hydropic Fluid, by Fourcroy; 11. Experiments to show how the Chyme is changed into Chyle. Besides these memoirs, we find an abstract of Dr. Rollo's work, and of some Experiments on the Cerumen of the Ears, by Marquart Deyeux, &c. ART. 29.-Archiv für die Pharmacie und Aerztliche Naturkunde, &c. Archives of Pharmacy and Medical Philosophy. Published by J. Schaub and J. Piepenbring. Vol. 1. Numbers I. II. and III. 8vo. Cassel. Another new journal! The first article is a Discourse, pronounced by Schaub in the Assembly of the Corresponding Society of Pharmacy, in the district of Cassel. This is followed by a Discourse from his coadjutor, on the question- Whether the Milk of Sulphur should be continued in the List of Remedies, and what are the best Methods of preparing it? 3. The Antimonial Wine of Huxham, considered as a very active but uncertain Remedy, and superseded by a more useful Preparation-(two grains of Émetic Tartar in an Ounce of Wine,)-by Schaub; 4. The Privileges of Pharmaceutic Establishments, their Advantages and increasing Numbers, by Schmidt; 5. Miscellaneous Information. The subjects of the second and third numbers are, Reflections on the Effects of Saturnine Remedies applied externally, by Hu nold; on Soap of Mercury, by Piepenbring; an Examination of the Methods of Piepenbring and Krüger, in preparing the concen. trated Acetic Acid; on the Male Fern, by Krüger; Fragments on Galvanism; a Memoir to assist our Knowledge of the true Gum Guaiacum, by Schaub; on the Effect of the Rhus Radicans, employed externally, by Krüger; a chemical Decomposition of the Rhus Radicans, by Van Mons; on the Preparation of Sulphur of Antimony, proposed by Tromsdorf; on the Use of the Metallic Electricity of Galvani and Volta in Deafness, by Sprenger; Memoirs to assist the first History of Galvanism, by Schaub; with Extracts of Letters. ART. 30.-Grundriss der Entbindungskunst, &c. Principles of the Art of Midwifery. By F. B. Osiander. 2 Vols. 8vo. Göttingen. We introduce this work only to add our reprobation of the author's practice, already condemned by the best practitioners, viz. the frequent and unnecessary use of instruments. M. Osiander continues to employ and to recommend them. ART. 31.-Der Schlaf und das Schlafzimmer. Sleep and Bed-rooms considered with respect to Health. 8vo. Goedike. This little work contains some good rules, relative to the subjects in the title; but, as usual with authors on the management of health, this writer is not a little whimsical. He treats of sleep, of the best times for sleeping, the composition of the bed, the nightdress, and the bed-chamber. He reprobates the use of feather beds, and the custom of sleeping after meals. Feather beds render people, in his opinion, liable to inflammations of the breast, and sleeping after meals, to apoplexy. Each subject, however, should be considered more fully than in the present volume, and in relation to the persons, the constitutions, the habit, the food, &c. ART. 32.-Allgemeine Encyclopædie der Handlungs Wissenschaft. A general Encyclopædia of Commerce, and the Knowledge connected with it. Published by A. Schumun. Section I. Part I. Containing Information respecting the Merchandise of Hair and Feathers. 8vo. Konneburg. This is the first part of a very voluminous work, in which the editor has himself engaged to treat of the mercantile productions from animal substances, while those from the vegetable and mineral kingdoms will be intrusted to two philosophers of distinguished celebrity. Many works of this kind already exist in the German language, of unequal merit, particularly those of Bohn, Schedel, &c. ; but the plan of the present Encyclopædia includes not only a knowledge of merchandise, but many circumstances hitherto unknown, and professes to correct many commercial errors. The work will be very voluminous; for the mercantile productions taken from the animal kingdom will fill three volumes. The contents of the first section we have mentioned in the title. The second and third will treat of the merchandise of wool and silk; the fourth and fifth, of peltry skins and leather; the sixth, those of horn and bone; the seventh and eighth, of fat and animal drugs. The ninth will contain the commerce in fishes; the tenth, that in cattle and men. The style is clear, and often animated. It is printed in Roman letters, and the impression is equally neat and correct. ART. 33.-Entdekle Geheimnisse und Vortheile für Fabriken Manufacturen, &c. Secrets and Processes published for the Use of Manufacturers, and the Purposes of Economy. 8vo. Frankfort. The secret processes explained in this volume relate to the bleaching of linen and cotton; the art of printing cottons and linens; of fulling woollen cloths, and preparing silk stuffs. We find also processes for preparing Prussian blue, Morveau's Spanish white, cobalt blue, instructions for managing the beans of Libidibi, madder, and various other vegetable dyes. In short, a great variety of useful processes are here collected from works either little known, or not within the reach of manufacturers in general. ART. 34. Unumstoesslicher Bewis dass die Erd drei-und Mehral Evident Proofs that the Earth is three Times more ancient than it is usually supposed. Accompanied with a Description and Figures of the two ancient Zodiacs discovered by the French in the Temple of Isis, at Tentyra in Upper Egypt. 8vo. Leipsic. Infidelity seised on these zodiacs; and, with the same spirit which caught at successive strata of lava, and at Chinese and Indian chronologies, endeavoured to prove the Mosaic narrative fabulous, or at least the æra deduced from it. Fools!-are they not, can they not be made sensible, that the ways of Omnipotence are impressed with stronger marks even than these?-that even their own weapons are more fatal to their cause, than those of their antagonists? We are confident in saying, that, while all Nature cries aloud' there is a God-all her works, impartially examined, prove that God is all-powerful, all-wise; nor has any fact of the slightest importance hitherto impugned the revelations vouchsafed to man. ART. 35.-Ueber die alten Thierkreise in Egypten. On the ancient Zodiacs found in Egypt. By F. Gussman. Svo. Vienna. Our author combats with zeal and success the ideas drawn from the late discoveries in Egypt, when employed in opposition to revealed religion. After a short explanation of the zodiac, the equinoxes, and the solstices, the author contends, that the hands found in the constellation of the Lion, in the zodiac of Tentyra, are not the symbol of the summer solstice, but a hieroglyphic, indicating the inundation of Egypt, by the swell of the Nile, at the period when the sun was in the sign Leo. This idea is supported by a passage in Horapollo, and many monuments in which the Lion appears. The author then endeavours to show, that this zodiac cannot be 3000 years old, and that it may be less than 1700 years, since, in all the Egyptian antiquities, no summer solstice appears, but in the sign Cancer. The zodiac of Esne can only show the height of the inundation in the sign Virgo. The assertion of Dupin, that the Egyptian zodiac was invented 15,200 years before the Christian era, is wholly destitute of proof. We are acquainted with the cycle of the Dog-star, of 1461 years, among |