V.

Where the action is reciprocal betwixt two persons or parties, and A does to B what B does to A.

As in verbs of contract, quarrel, war, reconciliation, and the like:

"Ews av diaλvowμeða тòv Tóλeμov. Demosth. Philip. A. §. 6.— Till we shall have put an end to the war in which we are engaged with Philip, by treaty mutually agreed upon.

In a very different sense, as follows, is daλvoaι used: Παρήνει δὲ (Αλκιβιάδης) καὶ τῷ Τισσαφέρνῃ μὴ ἄγαν ἐπείγεσα Dai Tov Tóλeμov diaλvoai. Thucyd. vIII. §. 46.-To be in no θαι πόλεμον διαλῦσαι. hurry to put an end to the war between the two conflicting parties in Greece.

Remark. Though on some occasions the active voice is used where the middle would be proper, that is, where the act is denoted without relation to the agent, though there does exist a middle verb so to denote it, yet where the two voices exist in actual use, the middle denoting the action relatively to the agent, as in No. II., is very seldom, if ever, in pure Attic used to denote the action when it regards another person. E. g. Ἱστάναι τρόπαιον may be said of an army who erect their own trophy; for it is true, as far as it goes-they do erect a trophy. But έστήσατο τρόπαιον cannot be said of him who erected a trophy for others, but forŋoev only.

Mus. Crit. No. I. pp. 102-104.

ADDENDA. 1836.

THE following remarks are offered as a contribution towards rendering the sketch here given somewhat more complete.

VI. Verbum TUTTоua videtur ex tribus elementis conflatum eam primitus habuisse naturam, quam lingua Anglicana sic effert simpliciter, I STRIKE ME; deinde in eum usum abiisse, ut significaret, I GET A BLOW, i. e. not GIVE ONE; denique sumsisse vim pure passivam.

Hanc conjecturam confirmat Latinæ linguæ ratio; quæ apud poetas certe verba passiva cum vocibus vi mediâ præditis passim permutat.

Glasgow Greek Grammar, p. 59, 4th Ed. 1834. J. T.

Burnouf in his excellent French Grammar of the Greek tongue, at p. 268, has this very appropriate observation:

Bos

En Français meme, nous voyons le verbe réfléchi employé dans le sens passif: "Les histoires ne se liront plus." SUET. that is, will not be read.

VII. While the middle verbs, of ποιῶ and τίθημι, for instance, are requisite, to indicate the taking or considering of any object in such or such a light, &c.; some other verbs, such as ayw, λaußávw, in the active form so called, are found with a similar acceptation.

Iph. Aul. 607.

Ορνιθα μὲν τόδ' αἴσιον ποιούμεθα, κ.τ.λ.

We take this as an auspicious omen, &c.

Phœn. 872. Οιωνὸν ἐθέμην καλλίνικα σὰ στέφη.

I consider as a good augury the victorious garland you wear. Antigone, 34. τὸ πρᾶγμ' ἄγειν | οὐχ ὡς παρ' οὐδέν.

Thucyd. B. §. 42.

τὴν τῶν ἐναντίων τιμωρίαν ποθεινοτέραν αὐτῶν λαβόντες.—Having regarded the humbling of their adversaries as a far more desirable object, &c.

VIII. It is a distinction well deserving of remark, that while several verbs in w are used of matter and actions connected with it, those in oua have the province of mind and its concerns instead.

Thus Il. Α. 607, 8.
A.

But Thucyd. B. §§. 42, 4.

δώμα-Ήφαιστος ποίησεν.

ἀναβολὴν τοῦ δεινοῦ ἐποιήσατο.

he thought of delaying or eluding the danger. So too, Il. A. 433.

ἱστία μὲν στείλαντο, θέσαν δ ̓ ἐν νηῒ μελαίνῃ. Prom. V. 247. θνητοὺς δ ̓ ἐν οἴκτῳ προθέμενος.

IX. 1. The tenses (apparently, originis vi, whatever that be) most decidedly passive in use, are the two Aorists and two Futures passive so called.

2. While the first future middle frequently occurs (it is well known) with a passive use, the first Aorist middle on the other hand hardly ever seems to lose its proper acceptation.

Thus, Xéče, thou shalt be reckoned; but never přáμnv, I was ruled, nor éypávaro, it was written.

3. The idea of a preterite middle with a reflexive signification is now rejected (Glasgow Greek Grammar, p. 65.); and the separate form when it does exist, is more aptly designated second preterite or falso-medium.

When the tense of any verb is wanted to express that notion, the preterperfect passive is adopted, de personâ; while its common use prevails more, de re.

II. A. 238, 9.

δικασπόλοι, οἵ τε θέμιστας

πρὸς Διὸς εἰρύαται.

ἔνθα τε νῆες

A. 248.

ἐιρύατ ̓ εὔπρυμνοι. i. e. εἰρύαται = εἴρυνται.

X. Verbs in the passive voice when indicating the affections of mind or the facts of motion are frequently so used without any reference to external cause or agent whatsoever; that is, are not meant to signify any thing about action or the modus operandi, but the effect or state only, as it regards the subject of the verb.

Thus, Il. A. 531.

Hecuba, 1090.

τώγ ̓ ὡς βουλεύσαντε διέτμαγεν. ποῖ τράπωμαι; πορευθῶ;

Medea, 1241. μηδ' ἀναμνησθῆς τέκνων.

In other words, then, the passive form on occasions like these is employed, when the middle voice might naturally else be expected. Such, at any rate, is the best account we can give of this matter in particular.

But upon the whole, may we not generally remark, that the ways in which things take place and the relations to one another in which they require to be spoken of, seem to defy

definition or number; while the voices of the verb (essential as that is to discourse) even in Greek amount to three at the most? No wonder it should happen, that words, only in a loose manner, often very rudely, hint, that some connection exists betwixt certain ideas, without any pretence to mark the precise mode of it. The occasion is individual: the forms of language are universal. And yet to the context with its circumstances rightly apprehended and to the vis-directrix of common sense, the rest of the operation may very safely be left.

CANONES DAWESIANI XI.

I.

"Voculam av cum verbo Tepioide conjungi vetat Græcorum Scriptorum consuetudo." [Miscell. Crit. p. ii. Ed. B. p. ii.]

The particle av, giving the idea of a contingent or conditional event, goes with the past tenses only of the indicative mood; out of which number Teploîde is excluded, as being strictly what Clarke calls the present perfect tense. [Vid. ad Iliad. A. v. 37.]

1.

ÉTUTTOV av-I should have been striking.
(Sometimes translate, I should have stricken.)

2. ÉTETÚÓN ȧv—I should have done striking.

3. ἔτυψα av-I should have stricken.

ἔτυπον

The same, mutatis mutandis, for the past tenses of Avnokw.

II.

"Vocula oo et similes, comite av, non nisi cum altera forma έλθῃ On construuntur." [M. C. p. 79. Ed. B. p. 82.]

The passage itself from which this remark arises, may easily be found in the Anabasis of Xenophon. (Lib. 1. 5. 9.) Δήλος ἦν ὁ Κύρος σπεύδων πᾶσαν τὴν ὁδὸν—νομίζων, ὅσῳ μὲν ἂν θᾶττον ἔλθοι, τοσούτῳ ἀπαρασκευαστοτέρῳ βασιλεῖ μαχεῖσθαι.

κ. τ. λ.

By transposing ἂν, and by altering the future μαχεῖσθαι, which does not keep that particle's company, into μάχεσθαι, Dawes (with the approbation of Porson) has corrected the passage thus : νομίζων ἂν, ὅσῳ μὲν θαττον ἔλθοι, τ. α. β. μάχεσθαι

—κ. τ. λ.

1.

The position of àv, as above, with verbs of thinking followed by an infinitive mood to which it refers, is very common in Attic Greek; and Dawes abundantly shows it from Xenophon.

2. Όσῳ and similar words are much used with av and the subjunctive mood, it is true; but according to circumstances which will explain themselves, they are used with the optative, and with the indicative also sometimes.

a. Whatever part you shall have acted towards your parents, your children also will act towards you; and with good reason.

Οἷός περ ἂν περὶ τοὺς γονεῖς γένῃ, τοιοῦτοι καὶ οἱ σαυτοῦ παῖδες περὶ σὲ γενήσονται· εἰκότως.

B. Act such a part towards your parents, as you could wish your own children to act towards yourself.

Τοιοῦτος γίγνου περὶ τοὺς γονεῖς, οἵους ἂν εὔξαιο περὶ σεαυτὸν γίγνεσθαι τοὺς σαυτοῦ παῖδας.

There is not a man living whom he would have less thought of attacking than him.

Οὐκ ἔστιν, ἐφ' ὅντινα ἂν ἧττον, ἢ ἐπὶ τοῦτον, ἦλθεν.

Of the two passages which shall be given from Demosthenes, the first shews a syntax very common and legitimate in Attic prose; while the second exhibits two instances, the one correct, the other suspicious, at least to my apprehension of it.

Καὶ γὰρ οὗτος ἅπασι τούτοις, οἷς ἂν τις μέγαν αὐτὸν ἡγήσαιτο,—ἔτ ̓ ἐπισφαλεστέραν αὐτὴν [τὴν Μακεδονικὴν δύναμιν] κατεσκεύακεν ἑαυτῷ. Olynthiac. A. §. 5.

In the same section, The subjects of Philip, says the orator, λυποῦνται καὶ συνεχῶς ταλαιπωροῦσιν, οὔτ ̓ ἐπὶ τοῖς ἔργοις, οὔτ ̓ ἐπὶ τοῖς αὐτῶν ἰδίοις ἐώμενοι διατρίβειν, οὔθ' ὅσ ̓ ἂν πορίσωσιν, οὕτως ὅπως ἂν δύνωνται, ταῦτ ̓ ἔχοντες διαθέσθαι, κεκλεισμένων τῶν ἐμπορίων τῶν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ διὰ τὸν πόλεμον.

οσ