KING RICHARD III. (WRITTEN IN 1593.) INTRODUCTION. This play, because among other alleged reasons it exhibits so much smaller a proportion of rhyme than Richard II., is held by some critics to be the later of the two in chronological order; but here Shakespeare was working, though not in the presence, yet under the influence and in the manner of the great master of dramatic blank verse, Marlowe. Richard III. carries on with the highest energy, and we may suppose, after brief delay on Shakespeare's part, the subject of the fortunes of the house of York from the point when it was dropped in 3 Henry VI. It would hardly be possible that Shakespeare should subsequently continue to write in a manner so Marlowesque as that of Richard III.; he was not yet in comedy or tragedy delivered from rhyme. What more natural than that he should pass in Richard II. to a manner perhaps inferior but more his own, more varied, more subtle, and marked by finer if less forcible characterization? Richard III. can hardly be later in date than 1593. Shakespeare was indebted little, if at all, to the old play The True Tragedie of Richard III., and certainly not at all to Dr. Legge's Latin play upon the same subject. A highly popular subject with Elizabethan audiences this was-the fall of the Yorkist usurper, and the accession of the first Tudor king as champion of justice. Shakespeare's play was printed in quarto in seven editions between 1597 and 1630. His materials the dramatist found in the chronicles of Holinshed and Hall. The entire play may be said to be the exhibition of the one central character of Richard; all subordinate persons are created that he may wreak his will upon them. This is quite in the manner of Marlowe. Like Marlowe also is the fierce energy of the central character, untempered by moral restraints, the heaping up of violent deeds, the absence of all reserve or mystery in the characterization, the broad and bold touches, the demoniac force and intensity of the whole. There is something sublime and terrible in so great and fierce a human energy as that of Richard, concentrated within one withered and distorted body. This is the evil offspring and flower of the long and cruel civil wars-this distorted creature, a hater and scorner of man, an absolute cynic, loveless and alone, disregarding all human bonds and human affections, yet full of intellect, of fire, of power. The accumulated crimes of civil war are at last atoned for, and the evil which culminates in Richard falls with Richard from its bad eminence. Enter RICHARD, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, solus. Our bruised arms hung up for monuments; 11 And now, instead of mounting barded steeds To strut before a wanton ambling nymph; 30 And that so lamely and unfashionable ence comes. 40 But what's the matter, Clarence? may I know? Clar. Yea, Richard, when I know; for I protest As yet I do not: but, as I can learn, by women: 'Tis not the king that sends you to the Tower: My Lady Grey his wife, Clarence, 'tis she That tempers him to this extremity. Was it not she and that good man of worship, Anthony Woodville, her brother there, That made him send Lord Hastings to the Tower, From whence this present day he is deliver'd? We are not safe, Clarence; we are not safe. 70 Clar. By heaven, I think there's no man is secure But the queen's kindred and night-walking heralds That trudge betwixt the king and Mistress Heard ye not what an humble suppliant Glou. Humbly complaining to her deity Are mighty gossips in this monarchy. 80 Brak. I beseech your graces both to pardon me; His majesty hath straitly given in charge Glou. Even so; an't please your worship, You may partake of any thing we say : And that the queen's kindred are made gentlefolks : How say you, sir? can you deny all this? Brak. With this, my lord, myself have nought to do. Glou. Naught to do with Mistress Shore! I tell thee, fellow, He that doth naught with her, excepting one, Were best he do it secretly, alone. Brak. What one, my lord? 100 Glou. Her husband, kuave wouldst thou betray me? Forbear your conference with the noble duke. Clar. We know thy charge, Brakenbury, and will obey. Glou. We are the queen's abjects, and must obey. 110 Brother, farewell : will unto the king; I will deliver you, or else lie for you : Clar. ne'er return, Simple, plain Clarence! I do love thee so, Enter LORD HASTINGS. Hast. Good time of day unto my gracious lord ! Glou. As much unto my good lord chamberlain ! Well are you welcome to the open air. How hath your lordship brook'd imprisonment? Hast. With patience, noble lord, as prisoners must: But I shall live, my lord, to give them thanks That were the cause of my imprisonment. Glou. No doubt, no doubt; and so shall Clarence too; And leave the world for me to bustle in ! For then I'll marry Warwick's youngest daughter. What though I kill'd her husband and her father? The readiest way to make the wench amends Is to become her husband and her father: The which will I ; not all so much for love As for another secret close intent, By marrying her which I must reach untc. But yet I run before my horse to market: 160 Clarence still breathes; Edward still lives and reigns: When they are gone, then must I count my gains. [Exit. SCENE II. The same. Another street. Enter the corpse of KING HENRY the Sixth, Gentlemen with halberds to guard it; LADY ANNE being the mourner. Anne. Set down, set down your honorable load, If honor may be shrouded in a hearse, wounds! Lo, in these windows that let forth thy life, Glou. Stay, you that bear the corse, and set it down. Anne. What black magician conjures up this fiend, To stop devoted charitable deeds? Glou. Villains, set down the corse; or, by Saint Paul, I'll make a corse of him that disobeys. Gent. My lord, stand back, and let the coffin pass. Glou. Unmanner'd dog! stand thou, when I command: Advance thy halbert higher than my breast, 40 Alas, I blame you not; for you are mortal, Glou. Sweet saint, for charity, be not so curst. Anne. Foul devil, for God's sake, hence, and trouble us not; 50 For thou hast made the happy earth thy hell, Thy deed, inhuman and unnatural, 60 O God, which this blood madest, revenge his death! O earth, which this blood drink'st revenge his death! Either heaven with lightning strike the mur derer dead, Anne. Fouler than heart can think thee, thou canst make No excuse current, but to hang thyself. Glou. By such despair, I should accuse myself. Anne. And, by despairing, shouldst thou stand excused; For doing worthy vengeance on thyself, Which didst unworthy slaughter upon others. Glou. Say that I slew them not? Anne. Why, then they are not dead : But dead they are, and, devilish slave, by thee. Glou. I did not kill your husband. 91 Anne. Why, then he is alive. Glou. Nay, he is dead; and slain by Edward's hand. Anne, In thy foul throat thou liest : Queen Margaret saw Thy murderous falchion smoking in his blood: The which thou once didst bend against her ⚫ breast, But that thy brothers beat aside the point. Glou. I was provoked by her slanderous My tongue could never learn sweet smoothing words; But, now thy beauty is proposed my fee, 170 My proud heart sues and prompts my tongue to speak. [She looks scornfully at him. Teach not thy lips such scorn, for they were made For kissing, lady, not for such contempt. But 'twas thy heavenly face that set me on. I will not be the executioner. Glou. Then bid me kill myself, and I will do it. Shall, for thy love, kill a far truer love; 190 To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary. Anne. I would I knew thy heart. Glou. 'Tis figured in my tongue. 200 Glou. Look, how this ring encompasseth thy finger. Even so thy breast encloseth my poor heart; 210 Glou. That it would please thee leave these sad designs To him that hath more cause to be a mourner, Anne. With all my heart; and much it joys me too, 220 |