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We were fent to the Great King of Perfia, with an Allowance of two Drachms a Day, Euthymenes being Archon. Those who faithfully dif charged their Ambaffies were publickly entertained by the Senate in the Prytaneum (z); thofe, who had been wanting in Care and Diligence, were fin'd (a). But fuch, as undertook any Ambaffy without the Defignation of the Senate or People, were punished with Death (b).

The IgioCes were ufually attended by a Kigu, or Herald; and fometimes the Kúpuxes were fent upon Ambaffies by themselves, as Sigonius obferves, especially in the Primitive Times, when all Ambafies were performed by these Men, who were accounted facred and inviolable, not only as being defcended from Mercury, and employ'd in his Office, but because they were publick Mediators, without whom all Intercourfe and Hopes of Reconciliation between Enemies must be at an End. Therefore, as Euftathius obferves (c), whenever Ulyffes, in his Travels difpatched his Scouts to discover what Sort of Country and People the Winds and Seas had brought them to, he always fent a Kigu along with them, whereby they were fecured from receiving any Harm in all Parts of the World whither they were driven, except in the Countries of the Læftrygones, Cyclopes, and fuch Savages, as were altogether void of Honesty.

Igauμales, Notaries were of feveral Sorts, and employed by feveral Magiflrates; concerning whom this may be obferved in general, that, for the Prevention of Fraud and Deceit, a Law was enacted, μn tis dis ὑπογραμματεύῃ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀρχῆ, Thai no Man hould ferve the fame Magiftrate in the Quality of a Notary above once. Befides thefe, there were other papuales, Notaries, who, had the Cuftody of the Laws and the publick Records, which it was their Business to write, and to repeat to the People and Senate, when fo required. These were three in Numter; one chofen by the popular Affembly, whofe Bufinefs was to recite before the People or Senate; and two appointed by the Senate; one whereof was Keeper of the Laws, another of other publick Records (d). The Caftom was for a Notary to be appointed by every Prytanea, who laid down his Office at the End of thirty Days, and then underwent the accuftom'd (s0úvn) Examination (e) It may not be improper to add in this Place, that at Syracufe the Office of Nataries was very honourable, but at Athens reputed eureans wepeola, amean Employment (f), and executed by those who are call'd by the Greeks Anporiol, by the Roman Lawyers, Vulgares, or, as that Word is explain'd, Calones. Thefe were commonly Slaves, who had learned to read and write, that they might thereby become the more ferviceable to their Mafters (g). One of these was that Nicomachus, against whom Lyfias wrote his Öration.

Befide the forementioned Magiftrates and Officers, there were feveral others, as the Iguráveis, Пejedor, &c. But of thefe, and fuch as had military Commands, or were employed in the Divine Service, I fhall give an Account in their own Places.

(x) Demofthenis Orat. de falfa Legat. ibique Ulpianus. (a) Thucydidis Scholiaftes lib. VI. (b) Demofthenes loco citato. (c) Iliad. d. p. 183. Edit. Bafil. (d) Pollux lib. VIII. (e) Lyfias in Nicomachum. (f) Libanius argumento Orat, Demofthenis de falfa Legat. (g) Ulpianus in Olynthiaç. B. СНАР,

B

CHA P. XVI.

Of the Council of the Amphictyones.

EING in the next Place to speak of the Athenian Councils, and Courts of Juftice, I cannot omit the famous Council of the Amphictyones; which tho' it fat not at Athens, nor was peculiar to that City, yet the Athenians, and almost all the rest of the Grecians, were concerned in it.

It is commonly thought to have been first instituted, and received its Name from Amphictyon, the Son of Deucalion (g); but Strabo is of Opinion, that Acrifius, King of the Argives, was the first that founded and gave Laws for the Conduct and Management of it (b); and then it muft have its Name from Aupialioves, because the Inhabitants of the Countries round about met in that Council (i); and Androtion in Paufanias tells us, that the primitive Name of thofe Senators was Amphictiones, however of later Ages it hath been changed into Amphictyones. But the former Opinion receives Confirmation from what Herodotus reports of the Place where this Council was affembled, viz. that it was a Temple dedicated to Amphictyon and Ceres Amphictyoneis (k); and Strabo alfo reports, that this Goddess was worshipped by the Amphityones.

The Place in which they affembled was call'd Thermopyle, and fometimes Pyle, because it was a strait narrow Paffage, and, as it were, a Gate or Inlet into the Country. Hence thefe Counsellors are often called ПuAnyópu, and the Council IIuxaia (1): But the Scholiaft upon Sophocles tells us, that this Name was given them from Pylades, the Friend of Orefres, who was the first that was arraign'd in this Court, having affifted in the Murder of Clytemnestra. Sometimes they met at Delphi, where they were intrufted with the Care of Apollo's Temple, and the Pythian Games, which were celebrated in that Place (m), the Situation of which rendered it very commodious for them to affemble in, for it was seated in the Midst of Greece, as the Geographers tell us.

The Perfons that first compofed this Affembly, by the Appointment of Amphictyon, were, according to Paufanias, the Representatives of the Ionians, amongst whom the Athenians were included, Dolopians, Theffalians, Ænianians, Magnefians, Melians, Phthians, Dorians, Phocians, and the Locrians, that inhabited near Mount Gnemis, and were call'd upon that Account Epicnemidii. Strabo reports, that, at their first Inftitution, they were twelve in Number, and were delegated by fo many Cities. Harpocration alfo and Suidas reckon up twelve Nations of which this Council confifted, viz. lonians, Dorians,Perrhæbians, Bæotians, Magnefians, Achæans, Phthians, Melians, Dolopians, Ænianians, Delphians, Phocians. Æfchines reckons only 11, instead of the Achæans,

(g) Paufanias Phocicis, Suidas, &c. (b) Geogr. 1. IX. (i) Suidas. (k) Lib. VII. cap. 200. (1) Herodot. Hefychius, Suidas, Harpocration, Strabo, Paufanias Acbaicis. (m) Paufan, Phocicis, & Achaicis, aliique,

Enianians,

Enianians, Delphinians, and Dolopians, placing these three only, viz Theffalians, Oeteans, Locrians (n).

Afterwards in the Time of Philip, King of Macedon, and Father of Alexander the Great, the Phocians,having ranfack'd and spoil'd the Delphian Temple, were by a Decree of the Amphictyones invaded by the rest of the Grecians, as a facrilegious and impious Nation, and, after a ten Years War, depriv'd of the Privilege of fitting amongst them, together with their Allies the Lacedæmonians, who were one Part of the Dorians, and, under that Name, had formerly fat in this Affembly; and their vacant Places were fupplied by the Macedonians, who were admitted, in Return of their good Services they had done in the Phocian War. But about 68 Years after, when the Gauls, under the Command of Brennus, made a terrible Invasion upon Greece, ravaging and destroying all before them, fparing nothing facred or profane, and, with a barbarous and facrilegious Fury, robb'd and defpoil'd the Delphian Temple, the Phocians behav'd themselves with fo much Gallantry, fignalizing themfelves in the Battle above the rest of the Grecians, that they were thought to have made a fufficient Atonement for their former Offence, and reftored to their ancient Privilege and Dignity (0).

In the Reign of Auguftus Cæfar they fuffer'd another Alteration; for that Emperor having worsted Antony in a Sea-fight at Aɛtìum, and, in Memory of that Victory, founded the City Nicopolis, was defirous that its Inhabitants fhould be admitted into this Affembly; and, to make Way for them, order'd that the Magnefians, Meleans, Pthians, and Ænianians, who, till that Time, had diftinct Voices, should be number'd with the Theffalians, and fend no Reprefentatives, but fuch as were common to them all; and that the Right of Suffrage, which formerly belonged to those Nations, and the Dolopians (a People whofe State and Name were extinct long before) fhould be given to the Nicopolitans (p).

Strabo, who flourish'd in the Reign of Auguftus and Tiberius, reports, that this Council, as alfo the general Affembly of the Acheans, was at that Time diffolv'd; but Paufanias, who liv'd many Years after, under Antoninus Pius, affures us, that in his Time it remain'd intire, and that the Number of the Amphictyones was then thirty, being delegated by the following Nations, viz. the Nicopolitans, Macedonians, Theffalians, Baotians, (who, in former Times, were call'd Æolians, and inhabited fome Parts of Theffaly) Phocians, Delphians, Locrians, call'd Ozole, with those that lie oppofite to Erbæa, Dorians, Athenians, and Eubeans.

This Affembly had every Year only two fet Meetings, one in the Beginning of Spring, the other in Autumn (9), except fome extraordinary Occafion called them together. The Defign of their Meetings was to determine publick Quarrels, and decide the Differences that happen'd between any of the Cities of Greece, when no other Means were left to compose them. Before they entered upon Bufinefs, they jointly facrificed an Ox cut into fmall Pieces to Delphian Apollo, thereby fig

(n) Orat. Пepi Пag@psoß. (0) Paufanias Phocicis. (p) Idem ibid. (q) Strabo

loc. edit.

nifying

Kifying the Union or Agreement of the Cities, which they reprefented. Their Determinations were always receiv'd with a great deal of Respect and Veneration; and held inviolable, the Grecians being always ready to join against those that rejected them, as common Enemies.

An Affembly of neighbouring Cities, met to confult about the common Good, feems ufually to have been call'd Augixtiovía; and, befide the famous one already spoken of, Strabo mentions another held in the Temple of Neptune at Træzen, at which the Delegates of the seven following States were prefent, viz. Hermione, Epidaurus, Ægina, Athens, the Perfians, Nauplians, and the Orchomenians of Baotia (r).

CHA P. XVII.

Of the Athenian Exxλnoía. or Publick Affemblies.

E

KKAHƐIA, was an Affembly of the People met together according to Law, to confult about the Good of the Commonwealth. It confifted of all fuch as were Freemen of Athens, of what Quality foever, as has been elsewhere mentioned. But such as had been punished with Infamy (ariuia), Slaves, Foreigners, Women, and Children, were excluded. In the Reign of Cecrops, Women are faid to have been allow'd Voices in the popular Affembly: Where Minerva contending with Neptune, which of them two fhould be declared Protector of Athens, and gaining the Women to her Party, is reported by their Voices, which were more numerous than thofe of the Men, to have obtain'd the Victory (). It was of two Sorts, the first of which they call'd Kveía, the other Anт. ΣύγκλητΘ.

Κυρίαι, were fo call'd, ἀπὸ τὸ κύρειν τὰ ψηφίσματα, becaufe in them the People confirmed and ratified the Decrees of the Senate; or rather becaufe they were held upon ἡμέραι κυρία, οι ώρισμλύαι και νόμιμοι, Days ftated and appointed by Law (t).

They were held four Times in five and thirty Days, which was the Time that each Пgulávesa, or Company of Prytanes, prefided in the Senate. The first Afembly was employ'd in approving and rejecting Magiftrates, in hearing Actions call'd Eiray fexía, and Proposals concerning the publick Good; as alfo in hearing the Catalogue of fuch Poffeffions, as were confifcated for the Service of the Commonwealth, and several other Things. The fecond made Provifions both for the Community and private Perfons; and it was permitted every Man to prefer any Petition, or fpeak his Judgment concerning either of them. In the third, Audience was given to the Ambaffadors of foreign States. The fourth was wholly taken up with Religion, and Matters relating to the Divine Worship (u). At this Time the Prytanes, who were obliged Júav indsoтe noivy, every Day to offer Sacrifices for

(r) Geogr. lib. VII. () Varro apud Sanctum Auguftinum de Civitate Dei, 1. XVIII. cap. 9. (t) Suidas. Ariftoph. Schel. Acharn. (u) Pollux. 1. VIII. c. 8. the

46

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the publick Safety, feem to have acquainted the Affembly with the Succefs of their Devotions after this Manner: "It is juft and meet, O Athenians, as has been cuftomary with you, that we should take Care that "the Gods be religiously worshipped. We have therefore faithfully difcharged this Duty for you. We have facrificed to Jupiter the Saviour, to Minerva, to Victory; all which Oblations have been accepted "for your Safety. We have likewife offered Sacrifices to Perfuafion (He), to the Mother of Gods, to Apollo, which have met with the "like good Succefs. Alfo the Sacrifices, offered to the rest of the Gods, "have been all fecure, and acceptable, and falutiferous: Receive there"fore the Happiness, which the Gods have vouchfafed to grant you(w)". The first Affembly was upon the eleventh Day of the Prytanea; the fecond, upon the twentieth; the third, upon the thirtieth; the fourth, upon the thirty-third. Some there are, that reckon by the Month, and tell us, that they had three Assemblies every Month, upon the firft, tenth, and thirtieth Days; or upon the tenth, twentieth, and thirtieth (x). But the former Computation feems to be more agreeable to the Custom of the ancient Athenians, amongst whom were ten Пpulaveau, according to the Number of their Tribes, each of which ruled thirty-five Days, in which they had four Affemblies. Afterwards the Number of the Tribes being increased by an Acceffion of two new ones, the Пgulaveia were also twelve in Number, each of which ruled a Month, and then perhaps the later Computation might take Place.

Σύγκλητοι Ἐκκλησίαι, were fo call'd, Στὸ τὸ συγκαλεῖν, becaufe the People were fummoned together, whereas in the Kueim, they met of their own Accord, without receiving any Notice from the Magiftrates, as Ulpian obferves (y). The Perfons that fummoned the People were commonly the Στρατηγοί, the Πολέμαχοι, or the Κήρυκες in their Names, because the Occafion of thefe extraordinary Affemblies was, for the most part, the coming on of fome sudden, unexpected, and dangerous War; fometimes the Prytanes, if the Senate fo order'd it, as they usually did, when any civil Affairs, in which the galnyol were not concerned, required a quicker Difpatch than could be given them in Kvein. The Crier (unpu) feems to have fummon'd them twice at the least. Whence, in Aristophanes, it is faid to be full Time to go to the Affembly, because the Crier had given the fecond Call:

Ωρα βαδίζειν, ὡς ὁ κῆρυξ αρτίως,

Ημῶν προσιόντων, δεύτερον κεκόκκυκεν (π).

Καλεκκλησίαι, as Pollux, καζακλήσεις, as Ammonius, or Καζακληoia, as Hefychius calls them, were Affemblies held upon fome very weighty and momentous Affair, to which they fummoned not only those Citizens that refided in the City, but all that lived in the Country, or were in the Ships then at Anchor in the Haven.

The Places, where the 'Exxanoia were affembled, were feveral; as ift,

(w) Demofthenis Procem. LXIII. (x) Ulpian. in Demofthen. Ariftoph. Schol. (y) In Orat. de falfa Legat. (2) Concionatricibus, p. 686. Ed, Amftelod.

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